1
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Yang MC, Su MD. A theoretical study of the reactivity of ethene and benzophenone with a hyper-coordinated alkene containing a so-called E=E (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) unit. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12842-12853. [PMID: 32902537 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of a reported hyper-coordinated alkene (Rea-E; Rea = reactant; E = group 14 element) featuring a central E[double bond, length as m-dash]E moiety was theoretically analyzed using DFT (density functional theory) and the EDA-NOCV (energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence) method. M06-2X/def2-SVP and B3LYP-D3/def2-SVP results demonstrate that five Rea-E molecules have an energy minimum as their structures have no imaginary frequency. Theoretical examinations based on three types of bond order calculations (Wiberg, Mayer, and Fuzzy), the LOL (localized orbital locator) analyses, Lewis structures and the NBO (natural bond orbital) analyses suggest that a very weak central Si-Si single bond and an extremely weak central Ge-Ge single bond, rather than a double bond, are present in the Rea-Si and Rea-Ge molecules, respectively. On the other hand, no bond is found between the two central group 14 atoms in Rea-C, Rea-Sn, and Rea-Pb. The theoretical investigation demonstrates that the reactivity of the Rea-E compound decreases in the order Rea-Si > Rea-Ge > Rea-C, a trend that results from the differences in the atomic radii of the group 14 elements. Carbon has the smallest atomic radius in the group 14 family, causing steric crowding between Rea-C and other attacking species. This circumstance, in turn, increases the activation energies of its addition reactions and renders these reactions energetically infeasible. For the cyclic product of Rea-Ge, the theoretical evidence reveals that the comparatively large atomic radius of Ge induces the weakest Pauli repulsions and the smallest overlap integrals between Rea-Ge and the other doubly bonded molecules. This situation, in turn, makes the overall cyclization reaction of Rea-Ge endothermic. As a result, only the silicon-centered molecule, Rea-Si, can undergo the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with doubly bonded molecules without kinetic or thermodynamic difficulty, which agrees well with the available experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan and Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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2
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Tashkandi NY, Pavelka LC, Hanson MA, Baines KM. The addition of terminal alkynes to dimesitylfluorenylidenegermane. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of terminal alkynes were added to dimesitylfluorenylidenegermane, Mes2Ge=CR2 (where CR2 = fluorenylidene). The addition of phenylacetylene and 1-hexyne to Mes2Ge=CR2 gave a germacyclohexene via a cycloaddition where the germene acts as the 4π component and the alkyne as the 2π component. Through the use of a mechanistic probe, trans-(2-phenylcyclopropyl)-acetylene, the reaction was postulated to proceed through a concerted [2+4] cycloaddition. The addition of ethoxyacetylene to the germene produced both a [2+2] cycloadduct, a germacyclobutene, and a [2+4] cycloadduct, a germacyclohexene. The results of this study are compared to the results of the addition of alkynes to Mes2Ge=CHCH2-t-Bu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Y. Tashkandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Laura C. Pavelka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Margaret A. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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3
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Leung WP, Kan KW, Chan YC, Mak TCW. Synthesis of Hetero-Binuclear Complexes from Bisgermavinylidene. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4571-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Por Leung
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Wai Kan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuk-Chi Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas C. W. Mak
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Su MD, Liu LH. A mechanistic analysis of the tetrasilyl-substituted trimetallaallenes, >EEE< (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb). Dalton Trans 2013; 42:4873-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32917d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Fatah A, Ghereg D, Escudié J, Saffon N, Ladeira S, Ranaivonjatovo H. Versatile Reactivity of Stannene Tip 2Sn═CR 2 with Unsaturated Compounds. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3004916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul Fatah
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062
Toulouse, France CNRS, LHFA, UMR 5069, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09,
France
- Laboratoire de Chimie
Organique,
Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antsiranana, B.P. 0, 201 Antsiranana, Madagascar
| | - Dumitru Ghereg
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062
Toulouse, France CNRS, LHFA, UMR 5069, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09,
France
| | - Jean Escudié
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062
Toulouse, France CNRS, LHFA, UMR 5069, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09,
France
| | - Nathalie Saffon
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse,
ICT-FR 2599, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Sonia Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse,
ICT-FR 2599, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Henri Ranaivonjatovo
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062
Toulouse, France CNRS, LHFA, UMR 5069, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09,
France
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6
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Guo JY, Li Y, Ganguly R, So CW. Reactivity of a Tin(II) (Iminophosphinoyl)(thiophosphinoyl)methanediide Complex toward Isocyanates and Rhodium(I) Chloride. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300062n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Guo
- Division of Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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7
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Hardwick JA, Baines KM. Addition of Nitriles to Two Brook Silenes. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200182q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Hardwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
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8
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Ghereg D, Gornitzka H, Escudié J, Ladeira S. The Reactivity of Phosphagermaallene Tip(t-Bu)Ge═C═PMes* with Doubly and Triply Bonded Nitrogen Compounds. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10497-505. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1014913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Ghereg
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, LHFA, UMR 5069, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Heinz Gornitzka
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, LCC, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Escudié
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, LHFA, UMR 5069, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Sonia Ladeira
- Structure Fédérative Toulousaine en Chimie Moléculaire, FR 2599, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
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9
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Ech-Cherif El Kettani S, Lazraq M, Ranaivonjatovo H, Escudié J, Couret C, Gornitzka H, Atmani A. Reactivity of Germene Mes2GeCR2 with Cumulative Unsaturation-Containing Compounds: Synthesis of New Germanium Heterocycles. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om0504607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakina Ech-Cherif El Kettani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, BP 1796, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès-Atlas, Fès, Morocco, and Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UMR 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Mohamed Lazraq
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, BP 1796, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès-Atlas, Fès, Morocco, and Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UMR 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Henri Ranaivonjatovo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, BP 1796, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès-Atlas, Fès, Morocco, and Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UMR 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Escudié
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, BP 1796, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès-Atlas, Fès, Morocco, and Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UMR 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Couret
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, BP 1796, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès-Atlas, Fès, Morocco, and Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UMR 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Heinz Gornitzka
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, BP 1796, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès-Atlas, Fès, Morocco, and Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UMR 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Aziz Atmani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, BP 1796, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès-Atlas, Fès, Morocco, and Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UMR 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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