1-Zircona-2-cyclohexenes: Novel Synthesis and Preliminary Reactions

Alkylzirconocenes in Organic Synthesis: An Overview

Organozirconium chemistry has found extensive applications in organic synthesis since its discovery in the last century. Alkyl­zirconocenes, which are easily generated by the hydrozirconation of alkenes with the Schwartz reagent, are widely utilized for carbon–carbon­ and carbon–heteroatom bond formation. This short review summarizes the progress to date on the applications alkylzirconocenes in organic synthesis.

1 Introduction

2 General Methods for Generating Alkylzirconocenes

3 Transformations of Alkylzirconocenes by Heteroatoms

4 Insertion of Unsaturated Groups into Alkylzirconocenes

5 Transmetalations

6 Cross-Coupling Reactions of Alkylzirconocenes

7 Photochemistry of Alkylzirconocenes

8 Bimetallic Reagents of Zirconium

9 Asymmetric Transformations

10 Applications of Alkylzirconocenes Generated from the Negishi Reagent

11 Conclusions and Outlook

Zirconocene and Si-tethered diynes: a happy match directed toward organometallic chemistry and organic synthesis

Characterizing reactive organometallic intermediates is critical for understanding the mechanistic aspects of metal-mediated organic reactions. Moreover, the isolation of reactive organometallic intermediates can often result in the ability to design new synthetic methods. In this Account, we outline synthetic methods that we developed for a variety of diverse Zr/Si organo-bimetallic compounds and Si/N heteroatom-organic compounds through the detailed study of zirconacyclobutene-silacyclobutene fused compounds. Two basic components are involved in this chemistry. The first is the Si-tethered diyne, which owes its rich reactive palette to the combination of the Si-C bond and the C≡C triple bond. The second is the low-valent zirconocene species Cp(2)Zr(II), which has proven very useful in organic synthesis. The reaction of these two components affords the zirconacyclobutene-silacyclobutene fused compound, which is the key reactive Zr/Si organo-bimetallic intermediate discussed here. We discuss the three types of reactions that have been developed for the zirconacyclobutene-silacyclobutene fused intermediate. The reaction with nitriles (the C≡N triple bond) is introduced in the first section. In this one-pot reaction, up to four different components can be combined: the Si-tethered diyne can be reacted with three identical nitriles, with differing nitriles, or with a nitrile and other unsaturated organic substrates such as formamides, isocyanides, acid chlorides, aldehydes, carbodiimides, and azides. Several unexpected multiring, fused Zr/Si organo-bimetallic intermediates were isolated and characterized. A wide variety of N-heterocycles, such as 5-azaindole, pyrrole, and pyrroloazepine derivatives, were obtained. We then discuss the reaction with alkynes (the C≡C triple bond). A consecutive skeletal rearrangement, differing from that observed in the reactions with nitriles, takes place in this reaction. Finally, we discuss the reaction with the C═X substrates (where X is O or N), including ketones, aldehydes, and isocyanides. Oxa- and azazirconacycles are formed via a new skeletal rearrangement. Our results show that the zirconocene and the Si-tethered diyne cooperate as a "chemical transformer" after treatment with various substrates, leading to a diverse range of cyclic Zr/Si organo-bimetallic compounds. This mechanism-derived synthesis of organometallic and organic compounds demonstrates that the investigation of metal-mediated reactions and the isolation of reactive organometallic intermediates not only contribute to the understanding of complex reactions but can also lead to the discovery of synthetically useful methods.