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Collins S, Linnolahti M. Sheet Models for Methylaluminoxane (MAO) Activators? A Theoretical Case Study involving rac-Me 2Si(η 5-C 9H 6) 2Zr (SBIZr) Complexes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300856. [PMID: 38469662 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Activation of SBIZrMe2 or SBIZrMeCl and a sheet model for an active component of hydrolytic MAO, (MeAlO)16(Me3Al)6, (16,6) has been studied by DFT. Contact ion-pair formation occurs through the intermediacy of SBIZrMe(Cl) or SBIZrMe2 reacting with sheet 16,6 to furnish SBIZrMe-μ-X(MeAlO)16(Me3Al)6 (2, X=Me, Cl). Contact ion-pairs 2 would be in equilibrium with heterodinuclear catalyst precursors [SBIZrMe2AlMe2][(MeAlO)16(Me3Al)6X] (3 (X=Me, Cl) through reversible binding of Me3Al at higher Al : Zr ratios. Calculations show that formation of ion-pairs 3 from contact ion-pairs 2 is more favourable for the SBIZr compared with the parent Cp2Zr complexes. TD-DFT calculations were conducted on relevant SBIZr complexes to relate the results to earlier spectroscopic studies of catalyst activation using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Finally, propene insertion into ion-pairs 2, SBIZrMe-μ-MeB(C6F5)3 (6) and [SBIZrMe][B(C6F5)4] (7) was studied at M06-2X/TZVP level of theory. These studies suggest that contact ion-pairs 2 are significantly less reactive towards insertion than 6 or 7, in disagreement with experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80100, Joensuu, Finland
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2
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Collins S, Linnolahti M. Activation of Substituted Metallocene Catalysts using Methylaluminoxane. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Collins
- University of Victoria Faculty of Science chemistry CANADA
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- University of Eastern Finland Department of Chermistry Yliopistokatu 7 80100 Joensuu FINLAND
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3
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Zaccaria F, Sian L, Zuccaccia C, Macchioni A. Ion pairing in transition metal catalyzed olefin polymerization. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Multi-Alkenylsilsesquioxanes as Comonomers and Active Species Modifiers of Metallocene Catalyst in Copolymerization with Ethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020223. [PMID: 30966258 PMCID: PMC6415135 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The copolymers of ethylene (E) with open-caged iso-butyl-substituted tri-alkenyl-silsesquioxanes (POSS-6-3 and POSS-10-3) and phenyl-substituted tetra-alkenyl-silsesquioxane (POSS-10-4) were synthesized by copolymerization over the ansa-metallocene catalyst. The influence of the kind of silsesquioxane and of the copolymerization conditions on the reaction performance and on the properties of the copolymers was studied. In the case of copolymerization of E/POSS-6-3, the positive comonomer effect was observed, which was associated with the influence of POSS-6-3 on transformation of the bimetallic ion pair to the active catalytic species. Functionality of silsesquioxanes and polymerization parameters affected the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) contents in the copolymers which varied in the range of 1.33–7.43 wt %. Tri-alkenyl-silsesquioxanes were incorporated into the polymer chain as pendant groups while the tetra-alkenyl-silsesquioxane derivative could act as a cross-linking agent which was proved by the changes in the contents of unsaturated end groups, by the glass transition temperature values, and by the gel contents (up to 81.3% for E/POSS-10-4). Incorporation of multi-alkenyl-POSS into the polymer chain affected also the melting and crystallization behaviors.
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5
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Annunziata L, Roisnel T, Razavi A, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E. Conformationally dynamic titanium and zirconium cationic complexes of bis(naphthoxy)pyridine ligands: structure, "oscillation" and olefin polymerization catalysis. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3150-3159. [PMID: 28134373 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04680k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Discrete ionic complexes {ONOSiMe2tBu}M(CH2Ph)((η6-Ph)CH2B(C6F5)3) (M = Ti, 2-Ti; Zr, 2-Zr) have been prepared from the parent neutral dibenzyl precursors and B(C6F5)3. Also, a neutral dichloro complex {ONOSiMe2tBu}ZrCl2(Me2NH) (3) was synthesized by the reaction of a proligand {ONOSiMe2tBu}H2 (1-H2) with (Me2N)2ZrCl2(DME). The compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography (for 2-Zr and 3). In the solid state, both 2-Zr and 3 feature meso-like binding of the ligand. VT NMR studies of 2-Ti and 2-Zr revealed that the former species dissociates in solution to form an outer-sphere ion pair (OSIP) that features a complicated dynamic behavior, while the latter compound retains an inner-sphere ion pair (ISIP) structure that interconverts between Cs-symmetric (meso-like) and C1-symmetric (rac-like) conformations. The mechanism of this interconversion was assessed by DFT calculations and the corresponding barrier for the straightforward interconversion was calculated ().
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Annunziata
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Abbas Razavi
- Total Petrochemicals Research, Zone Industrielle C, B-7181 Feluy, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Evgueni Kirillov
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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6
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Theurkauff G, Bader M, Marquet N, Bondon A, Roisnel T, Guegan JP, Amar A, Boucekkine A, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E. Discrete Ionic Complexes of Highly Isoselective Zirconocenes. Solution Dynamics, Trimethylaluminum Adducts, and Implications in Propylene Polymerization. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Theurkauff
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Manuela Bader
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Marquet
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Bondon
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Ingénierie Chimique et Molécules
pour le Vivant, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, PRISM, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Centre de diffraction X, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Paul Guegan
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, F-35708 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Anissa Amar
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Chimie Théorique Inorganique, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Abdou Boucekkine
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Chimie Théorique Inorganique, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Evgueni Kirillov
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Trefz TK, Henderson MA, Linnolahti M, Collins S, McIndoe JS. Mass spectrometric characterization of methylaluminoxane-activated metallocene complexes. Chemistry 2014; 21:2980-91. [PMID: 25556910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometric studies of poly(methylaluminoxane) (MAO) in the presence of [Cp2 ZrMe2 ], [Cp2 ZrMe(Cl)], and [Cp2 ZrCl2 ] in fluorobenzene (PhF) solution are reported. The results demonstrate that alkylation and ionization are separate events that occur at competitive rates in a polar solvent. Furthermore, there are significant differences in ion-pair speciation that result from the use of metallocene dichloride complexes in comparison to alkylated precursors at otherwise identical Al/Zr ratios. Finally, the counter anions that form are dependent on the choice of precursor and Al/Zr ratio; halogenated aluminoxane anions [(MeAlO)x (Me3 Al)y-z (Me2 AlCl)z Me](-) (z=1, 2, 3…︁) are observed using metal chloride complexes and under some conditions may predominate over their non-halogenated precursors [(MeAlO)x (Me3 Al)y Me](-) . Specifically, this halogenation process appears selective for the anions that form in comparison to the neutral components of MAO. Only at very high Al/Zr ratios is the same "native" anion distribution observed when using [Cp2 ZrCl2 ] when compared with [Cp2 ZrMe2 ]. Together, the results suggest that the need for a large excess of MAO when using metallocene dichloride complexes is a reflection of competitive alkylation vs. ionization, the persistence of unreactive, homodinuclear ion pairs in the case of [Cp2 ZrCl2 ], as well as a change in ion pairing resulting from modification of the anions formed at lower Al/Zr ratios. Models for neutral precursors and anions are examined computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K Trefz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065 Victoria, BC V8W3V6 (Canada)
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8
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Zijlstra HS, Harder S. Methylalumoxane – History, Production, Properties, and Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harmen S. Zijlstra
- Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, http://www.harder‐research.com
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9
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Long YY, Wang YX, Li BX, Li YG, Li YS. Living syndiospecific polymerization of propylene with sterically encumbered titanium complexes activated by MMAO. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00813h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On activation with MMAO, the newly designed titanium complex with bulky substituent promotes living polymerization of propylene, affording highly syndiotactic (rrrr 98.0%) polymers with high molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.26).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yong-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yan-Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering
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10
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Nejabat GR, Nekoomanesh M, Arabi H, Salehi-Mobarakeh H, Zohuri GH, Omidvar M, Miller SA. Synthesis and microstructural study of stereoblock elastomeric polypropylenes from metallocene catalyst (2-PhInd)2
ZrCl2
activated with cocatalyst mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Occhipinti G, Meermann C, Dietrich HM, Litlabø R, Auras F, Törnroos KW, Maichle-Mössmer C, Jensen VR, Anwander R. Synthesis and stability of homoleptic metal(III) tetramethylaluminates. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6323-37. [PMID: 21466201 DOI: 10.1021/ja2001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whereas a number of homoleptic metal(III) tetramethylaluminates M(AlMe(4))(3) of the rare earth metals have proven accessible, the stability of these compounds varies strongly among the metals, with some even escaping preparation altogether. The differences in stability may seem puzzling given that this class of metals usually is considered to be relatively uniform with respect to properties. On the basis of quantum chemically obtained relative energies and atomic and molecular descriptors of homoleptic tris(tetramethylaluminate) and related compounds of rare earth metals, transition metals, p-block metals, and actinides, multivariate modeling has identified the importance of ionic metal-methylaluminate bonding and small steric repulsion between the methylaluminate ligands for obtaining stable homoleptic compounds. Low electronegativity and a sufficiently large ionic radius are thus essential properties for the central metal atom. Whereas scandium and many transition metals are too small and too electronegative for this task, all lanthanides and actinides covered in this study are predicted to give homoleptic compounds stable toward loss of trimethylaluminum, the expected main decomposition reaction. Three of the predicted lanthanide-based compounds Ln(AlMe(4))(3) (Ln = Ce, Tm, Yb) have been prepared and fully characterized in the present work, in addition to Ln(OCH(2)tBu)(3)(AlMe(3))(3) (Ln = Sc, Nd) and [Eu(AlEt(4))(2)](n). At ambient temperature, donor-free hexane solutions of Ln(AlMe(4))(3) of the Ln(3+)/Ln(2+) redox-active metal centers display enhanced reduction to [Ln(AlMe(4))(2)](n) with decreasing negative redox potential, in the order Eu ≫ Yb ≫ Sm. Whereas Eu(AlMe(4))(3) could not be identified, Yb(AlMe(4))(3) turned out to be isolable in low yield. All attempts to prepare the putative Sc(AlMe(4))(3), featuring the smallest rare earth metal center, failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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12
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Bochmann M. The Chemistry of Catalyst Activation: The Case of Group 4 Polymerization Catalysts. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1004447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Bochmann
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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13
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Zimmermann M, Estler F, Herdtweck E, Törnroos KW, Anwander R. Distinct C−H Bond Activation Pathways in Diamido-Pyridine-Supported Rare-Earth Metal Hydrocarbyl Complexes. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway, and Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Frank Estler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway, and Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Eberhardt Herdtweck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway, and Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Karl W. Törnroos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway, and Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway, and Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
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Duderstadt RE, Tsuie BM, Macha SF, Limbach PA. Investigation of single-site zirconium azaborolinyl complexes by laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:124-31. [PMID: 17616249 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) was performed on selected azaborolinyl zirconium complexes in order to study them as potential industrial polyolefin catalyst compounds. UV-vis absorption data in conjunction with negative and positive ionization analyses revealed the mechanistic workings of the compounds when such single-site catalysts function in olefin polymerization reactions. Results presented highlight the many benefits of LDI-MS in the study of single-site zirconium azaborolinyl catalyst complexes including minimal sample preparation, the absence of matrix/pH/solvation effects, a lower degree of fragmentation as compared to EI ionization, high sensitivity and the ability to observe interesting and unique gas phase chemistry including ring slippage, and distinctive metal coordination and oxidation states. The extreme lability of the chlorine ligands was apparent, as well as the reactivity of the resulting zirconium metal center as demonstrated by the appearance of numerous similar four-coordinate zirconium species along with di-chloro-bridged dimers. LDI-MS permits analysis at low molecular weights, improving spectral characterization of these zirconium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E Duderstadt
- Equistar Chemicals, A Lyondell Company, 11530 Northlake Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45249, United States.
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15
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Lyakin OY, Bryliakov KP, Panchenko VN, Semikolenova NV, Zakharov VA, Talsi EP. EPR Identification of Zr(III) Complexes Formed upon Interaction of (2-PhInd)2ZrCl2 andrac-Me2Si(1-Ind)2ZrCl2 with MAO and MMAO. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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