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Mukherjee N, Majumdar M. Diverse Functionality of Molecular Germanium: Emerging Opportunities as Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24209-24232. [PMID: 39172926 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental research on germanium as the central element in compounds for bond activation chemistry and catalysis has achieved significant feats over the last two decades. Designing strategies for small molecule activations and the ultimate catalysts established capitalize on the orbital modalities of germanium, apparently imitating the transition-metal frontier orbitals. There is a growing body of examples in contemporary research implicating the tunability of the frontier orbitals through avant-garde approaches such as geometric constrained empowered reactivity, bimetallic orbital complementarity, cooperative reactivity, etc. The goal of this Perspective is to provide readers with an overview of the emerging opportunities in the field of germanium-based catalysis by perceiving the underlying key principles. This will help to convert the discrete set of findings into a more systematic vision for catalyst designs. Critical exposition on the germanium's frontier orbitals participations evokes the key challenges involved in innovative catalyst designs, wherein viewpoints are provided. We close by addressing the forward-looking directions for germanium-based catalytic manifold development. We hope that this Perspective will be motivational for applied research on germanium as a constituent of pragmatic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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2
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Wohltmann WM, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Covalent triflates as synthons for silolyl- and germolyl cations. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9836-9842. [PMID: 35708108 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01446g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-silolyl and 1-germolyl triflates from the corresponding chlorides by salt metathesis reaction is reported. These covalent triflates are ideal starting materials for the preparation of ionic silolyl- and germolyl-imidazolium triflates by their reaction with N-heterocyclic carbenes. Similarily, ionic silolyl- and germolyl-oxophosphonium triflates are obtained by substitution of the triflate group by triethylphosphane oxide Et3PO. The analysis of their 31P NMR chemical shifts according to the Gutmann-Beckett method reveal the high Lewis acidity of the underlying silolyl and germolyl cations. Further analysis of structural and NMR parameters of the silolyl- and germolyl-imidazolium and oxophosphonium triflates indicates that these compounds are covalently bonded silole and germole derivatives with insignificant contributions from silolyl- or germolyl cations. Silolyl and germolyl triflates are however synthetic equivalents of these cations and might serve as a source for electrophilic silolyl and germolyl units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Marie Wohltmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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3
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Talavera M, Meißner G, Rachor SG, Braun T. C–F activation reactions at germylium ions: dehydrofluorination of fluoralkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4452-4455. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01420f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The germylium ions [GeR3]+ catalyze dehydrodefluorination reactions of fluorinated alkanes when germanes are used as hydrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talavera
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Gisa Meißner
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Simon G. Rachor
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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4
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Balasubramaniam S, Kumar S, Andrews AP, Varghese B, Jemmis ED, Venugopal A. A Dicationic Bismuth(III) Lewis Acid: Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Olefins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Balasubramaniam
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Alex P. Andrews
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Babu Varghese
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; 600036 Chennai India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Ajay Venugopal
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
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5
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Hepp A, Labbow R, Reiß F, Schulz A, Villinger A. Carba-closo
-dodecaborates - Synthesis, Structure, and Energetics. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Correnstrasse 28-30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - René Labbow
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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6
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Forster F, Rendón López VM, Oestreich M. Catalytic Dehydrogenative Stannylation of C(sp)–H Bonds Involving Cooperative Sn–H Bond Activation of Hydrostannanes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1259-1262. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Forster
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria M. Rendón López
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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7
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The thermal decomposition of Ni(H2O)6[B12Cl12] · 6 H2O under X-ray and TG monitoring. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Beyond carbocations: Synthesis, structure and reactivity of heavier Group 14 element cations. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Meißner G, Dirican D, Jäger C, Braun T, Kemnitz E. Et3GeH versus Et3SiH: controlling reaction pathways in catalytic C–F bond activations at a nanoscopic aluminum chlorofluoride. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00845g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic C–F activations at Lewis-acidic amorphous aluminum chlorofluoride (ACF) with Et3GeH and Et3SiH for reaction pathway control are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Meißner
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - D. Dirican
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - C. Jäger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - T. Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - E. Kemnitz
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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11
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Fang H, Jing H, Zhang A, Ge H, Yao Z, Brothers PJ, Fu X. Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Reactivity Studies of a 4-Coordinate Square Planar Germanium(IV) Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7705-10. [PMID: 27243114 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-coordinate, square planar germanium(IV) cation [(TPFC)Ge](+) (TPFC = tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole) was synthesized quantitatively by the reaction of (TPFC)Ge-H with [Ph3C](+)[B(C6F5)4](¯). The highly reactive [(TPFC)Ge](+) cation reacted with benzene to form phenyl complex (TPFC)Ge-C6H5 through an electrophilic pathway. The key intermediate, a σ-type germylium-benzene adduct, [(TPFC)Ge(η(1)-C6H6)](+), was isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Deprotonation of [(TPFC)Ge(η(1)-C6H6)](+) cation led to the formation of (TPFC)Ge-C6H5. [(TPFC)Ge](+) also reacted with ethylene and cyclopropane in benzene at room temperature to form (TPFC)Ge-CH2CH2C6H5 and (TPFC)Ge-CH2CH2CH2C6H5, respectively. The observed electrophilic reactivity is ascribed to the highly exposed cationic germanium center with novel frontier orbitals comprising two vacant sp-hybridized orbitals that are not conjugated to π-system. The three electron-withdrawing pentafluorophenyl groups on the corrole ligand also enhance the electrophilicity of the cationic germanium corrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayi Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huize Jing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haonan Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengmin Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Penelope J Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Núñez R, Romero I, Teixidor F, Viñas C. Icosahedral boron clusters: a perfect tool for the enhancement of polymer features. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5147-73. [PMID: 27188393 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron clusters and organic molecules display manifestly different electronic, physical, chemical and geometrical characteristics. These differences highlight the complementarity of organic synthons and boron clusters, and therefore the feasibility of producing hybrid polymers incorporating both types of fragments. This review focuses on the development of hybrid organic-inorganic π conjugated, silane, siloxane and coordination polymers containing icosahedral boron clusters in the last few decades, which have received considerable academic and technological interest due to the combination of the electronic, optical and thermal properties of traditional inorganic materials with many of the desirable properties of organic plastics, including mechanical flexibility and low production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Núñez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la U.A.B., E-08193 Bellaterra-Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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15
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Abstract
Once seldom encountered outside of a few laboratories, carboranes are now everywhere, playing a role in the development of a broad range of technologies encompassing organic synthesis, radionuclide handling, drug design, heat-resistant polymers, cancer therapy, nanomaterials, catalysis, metal-organic frameworks, molecular machines, batteries, electronic devices, and more. This perspective highlights selected examples in which the special attributes of carboranes and metallacarboranes are being exploited for targeted purposes in the laboratory and in the wider world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell N Grimes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
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Kordts N, Borner C, Panisch R, Saak W, Müller T. Hydrogen-Bridged Digermyl and Germylsilyl Cations. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500154n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kordts
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Corinna Borner
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Robin Panisch
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Wolfgang Saak
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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17
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Douvris C, Michl J. Update 1 of:Chemistry of the Carba-closo-dodecaborate(−) Anion, CB11H12–. Chem Rev 2014; 113:PR179-233. [PMID: 23944158 DOI: 10.1021/cr400059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Douvris
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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Kanazawa J, Takita R, Jankowiak A, Fujii S, Kagechika H, Hashizume D, Shudo K, Kaszyński P, Uchiyama M. Copper-Mediated CC Cross-Coupling Reaction of Monocarba-closo-dodecaborate Anion for the Synthesis of Functional Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8017-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Kanazawa J, Takita R, Jankowiak A, Fujii S, Kagechika H, Hashizume D, Shudo K, Kaszyński P, Uchiyama M. Copper-Mediated CC Cross-Coupling Reaction of Monocarba-closo-dodecaborate Anion for the Synthesis of Functional Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Wehmschulte RJ, Wojtas L. Cationic Ethylzinc Compound: A Benzene Complex with Catalytic Activity in Hydroamination and Hydrosilylation Reactions. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:11300-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201921d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J. Wehmschulte
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150
West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4201 East
Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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21
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Kessler M, Knapp C, Zogaj A. Cationic Dialkyl Metal Compounds of Group 13 Elements (E = Al, Ga, In) Stabilized by the Weakly Coordinating Dianion [B12Cl12]2–. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om2003333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kessler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Carsten Knapp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Ardiana Zogaj
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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