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Hylland KT, Schmidtke IL, Wragg DS, Nova A, Tilset M. Synthesis of substituted (N,C) and (N,C,C) Au(III) complexes: the influence of sterics and electronics on cyclometalation reactions. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5082-5097. [PMID: 35262546 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Au(III) complexes are of interest due to their catalytic, medicinal, and photophysical properties. Herein, we describe the synthesis of derivatives of the type (N,C)Au(OAcF)2 (OAcF = trifluoroacetate) and (N,C,C)AuOAcF by a cyclometalation route, where (N,C) and (N,C,C) are chelating 2-arylpyridine ligands. The scope of the synthesis is explored by substituting the 2-arylpyridine core with electron donor or acceptor substituents at one or both rings. Notably, a variety of functionalized Au(III) complexes can be obtained in one step from the corresponding ligand and Au(OAc)3, eliminating the need for organomercury intermediates, which is commonly reported for similar syntheses. The influence of substituents in the ligand backbone on the resulting complexes was assessed using DFT calculations, 15N NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. A correlation between the electronic properties of the (N,C) ligands and their ability to undergo cyclometalation was found from experimental studies combined with natural charge analysis, suggesting the cyclometalation at Au(III) to take place via an electrophilic aromatic substitution-type mechanism. The formation of Au(III) pincer complexes from tridentate (N,C,C) ligands was investigated by synthesis and DFT calculations, in order to assess the feasibility of C(sp3)-H bond activation as a synthetic pathway to (N,C,C) cyclometalated Au(III) complexes. It was found that C(sp3)-H bond activation is feasible for ligands containing different alkyl groups (isopropyl and ethyl), although the C-H activation is less energetically favored compared to a ligand containing tert-butyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut T Hylland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inga L Schmidtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - David S Wragg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ainara Nova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.,Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.,UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mats Tilset
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.,Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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2
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Huang T, Xu Z, Yan P, Liu X, Fan H, Zhang ZC. Direct Partial Oxidation of Methane Catalyzed by an In Situ Generated Active Au(III) Complex at Low Temperature in Ionic Liquids. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Zhanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peifang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongjun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Z. Conrad Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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3
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Trujillo C, Sánchez-Sanz G, Elguero J, Alkorta I. The Lewis acidities of gold(I) and gold(III) derivatives: a theoretical study of complexes of AuCl and AuCl3. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Kohler L, Nease L, Vo P, Garofolo J, Heidary DK, Thummel RP, Glazer EC. Photochemical and Photobiological Activity of Ru(II) Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes Containing Methylated Bipyridyl-type Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12214-12223. [PMID: 28949518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated compounds are powerful tools and potential agents for medical applications, as biological effects can be controlled in space and time. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can induce cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms, including acting as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen (1O2) production, generating other reactive oxygen species (ROS), releasing biologically active ligands, and creating reactive intermediates that form covalent bonds to biological molecules. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was performed on a series of Ru(II) complexes containing isomeric tetramethyl-substituted bipyridyl-type ligands. Three of the ligand systems studied contained strain-inducing methyl groups and created photolabile metal complexes, which can form covalent bonds to biomolecules upon light activation, while the fourth was unstrained and resulted in photostable complexes, which can generate 1O2. The compounds studied included both bis-heteroleptic complexes containing two bipyridine ligands and a third, substituted ligand and tris-homoleptic complexes containing only the substituted ligand. The photophysics, electrochemistry, photochemistry, and photobiology were assessed. Strained heteroleptic complexes were found to be more photoactive and cytotoxic then tris-homoleptic complexes, and bipyridine ligands were superior to bipyrimidine. However, the homoleptic complexes exhibited an enhanced ability to inhibit protein production in live cells. Specific methylation patterns were associated with improved activation with red light, and photolabile complexes were generally more potent cytotoxic agents than the photostable 1O2-generating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Leona Nease
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Pascal Vo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jenna Garofolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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5
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Cyclometallierte AuIII
-Komplexe: Synthese, Reaktivität und physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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6
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Kumar R, Nevado C. Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Physicochemical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1994-2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 CH-8057 Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 CH-8057 Switzerland
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Brede FA, Heine J, Sextl G, Müller-Buschbaum K. Mechanochemical Synthesis of 3d Transition-Metal-1,2,4-Triazole Complexes as Precursors for Microwave-Assisted and Thermal Conversion to Coordination Polymers with a High Influence on the Dielectric Properties. Chemistry 2016; 22:2708-18. [PMID: 26797710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The complexes [MCl2 (TzH)4] (M=Mn (1), Fe (2); TzH=1,2,4-1H-triazole) and [ZnCl2 (TzH)2] (3) have been obtained by mechanochemical reactions of the corresponding divalent metal chloride and 1,2,4-1H-triazole. They were successfully used as precursors for the formation of coordination polymers either by a microwave-assisted reaction or by thermal conversion. For manganese, the conversion directly yielded 1∞ [MnCl2 TzH] (4), whereas for the iron-containing precursor, 1∞ [FeCl2 TzH] (6), was formed via the intermediate coordination polymer 1∞ [FeCl(TzH)2]Cl (5). For cobalt, the isotypic polymer 1∞ [CoCl(TzH)2]Cl (7) was obtained, but exclusively by a microwave-induced reaction directly from CoCl2 . The crystal structures were resolved from single crystals and powders. The dielectric properties were determined and revealed large differences in permittivity between the precursor complexes and the rigid chain-like coordination polymers. Whereas the monomeric complexes exhibit very different dielectric behaviour, depending on the transition metal, from "low-k" to "high-k" with the permittivity ranging from 4.3 to >100 for frequencies of up to 1000 Hz, the coordination polymers and complexes with strong intermolecular interactions are all close to "low-k" materials with very low dielectric constants up to 50 °C. Therefore, the conversion procedures can be used to deliberately influence the dielectric properties from complex to polymer and for different 3d transition-metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Brede
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724
| | - Johanna Heine
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724.,Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sextl
- Institut für Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müller-Buschbaum
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724.
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Montanel-Pérez S, Herrera RP, Laguna A, Villacampa MD, Gimeno MC. The fluxional amine gold(III) complex as an excellent catalyst and precursor of biologically active acyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:9052-62. [PMID: 25893402 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00703h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new amine gold(III) complex [Au(C6F5)2(DPA)]ClO4 with the di-(2-picolyl)amine (DPA) ligand has been synthesised. In the solid state the complex has a chiral amine nitrogen because the ligand coordinates to the gold centre through one nitrogen atom from a pyridine and through the NH moiety, whereas in solution it shows a fluxional behaviour with a rapid exchange between the pyridine sites. This complex can be used as an excellent synton to prepare new gold(III) carbene complexes by the reaction with isocyanide CNR. The resulting gold(III) derivatives have unprecedented bidentate C^N acyclic carbene ligands. All the complexes have been spectroscopically and structurally characterized. Taking advantage of the fluxional behaviour of the amine complex, its catalytic properties have been tested in several reactions with the formation of C-C and C-N bonds. The complex showed excellent activity with total conversion, without the presence of a co-catalyst, and with a catalyst loading as low as 0.1%. These complexes also present biological properties, and cytotoxicity studies have been performed in vitro against three tumour human cell lines, Jurkat (T-cell leukaemia), MiaPaca2 (pancreatic carcinoma) and A549 (lung carcinoma). Some of them showed excellent cytotoxic activity compared with the reference cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montanel-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Shibata Y, Nagae H, Sumiya S, Rochat R, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. 2,2'-Bipyridyl formation from 2-arylpyridines through bimetallic diyttrium intermediate. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5394-5399. [PMID: 28757942 PMCID: PMC5510530 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01599e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of dianionic 2,2′-bipyridyl-bridged dinuclear yttrium complexes proceeded upon treatment of (ArNCH2CH2NAr)Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)2 with 2-arylpyridine, in which mononuclear (2-pyridylphenyl)yttrium complexes were detected as key intermediates.
An alkylyttrium complex supported by an N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)ethylenediamido ligand, (ArNCH2CH2NAr)Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)2 (1, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), activated an ortho-phenyl C–H bond of 2-phenylpyridine (2a) to form a (2-pyridylphenyl)yttrium complex (3a) containing a five-membered metallacycle. Subsequently, a unique C(sp2)–C(sp2) coupling of 2-phenylpyridine proceeded through a bimetallic yttrium intermediate, derived from an intramolecular shift of the yttrium center to an ortho-position of the pyridine ring in 3a, to yield a bimetallic yttrium complex (4a) bridged by two-electron reduced 6,6′-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridyl. Aryl substituents at the ortho-position of the pyridine ring were key in order to destabilize the μ,κ2-(C,N)-pyridyldiyttrium intermediate prior to the C(sp2)–C(sp2) bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shibata
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan . ;
| | - Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan . ;
| | - Shiki Sumiya
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan . ;
| | - Raphaël Rochat
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan . ;
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan . ;
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan . ;
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Cai R, Lu M, Aguilera EY, Xi Y, Akhmedov NG, Petersen JL, Chen H, Shi X. Ligand-Assisted Gold-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Aryldiazonium Salts: Redox Gold Catalysis without an External Oxidant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Cai R, Lu M, Aguilera EY, Xi Y, Akhmedov NG, Petersen JL, Chen H, Shi X. Ligand-Assisted Gold-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Aryldiazonium Salts: Redox Gold Catalysis without an External Oxidant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8772-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Synthesis, characterization, and antitumor activity of unusual pseudo five coordinate gold(III) complexes: Distinct cytotoxic mechanism or expensive ligand delivery systems? J Inorg Biochem 2014; 141:121-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Iwashita S, Saito Y, Ohtsu H, Tsuge K. Synthesis, structures and stability of amido gold(iii) complexes with 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:15719-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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14
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Cyclometallated gold(III) complexes with a trithiacrown ligand: Solventless Au(III) cyclometallation, intramolecular gold–sulfur interactions, and fluxional behavior in 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane Au(III) complexes. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abellán-López A, Chicote MT, Bautista D, Vicente J. Cyclopalladated complexes derived from benzamidoxime. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:592-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Antitumor properties of five-coordinate gold(III) complexes bearing substituted polypyridyl ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Akhmadullina NS, Borissova AO, Garbuzova IA, Retivov VM, Sandu RA, Kargin YF, Shishilov ON. Gold(III) Carboxylate Complexes with N, N-Chelating Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Features of IR Spectra. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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