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Shao J, Breuer R, Schmittel M, Ye T. Potential-Dependent Adhesion Forces between dsDNA and Electroactive Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11899-11908. [PMID: 36149766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A promising approach to regulating the interactions between polyelectrolytes and materials is the use of electroactive surfaces that can change their charge state. However, common electroactive groups are too unstable to be practical for this purpose. Here we have performed a single molecule force spectroscopy study of the interactions between dsDNA and an 1,1'-biferrocenylene (BFD = bis(fulvalene)diiron)-terminated self-assembled monolayer surface that allows us to reversibly change the charge state. We found that the interaction force between DNA and the surface is correlated to the oxidation state of the BFD groups, which is conveniently controlled by the electrochemical potentials. We discovered that the electroactive SAM produces much stronger interaction forces than its nonelectroactive counterpart. A model based on the Grahame equation was able to quantitatively reproduce the experimentally observed relation between the applied potentials and adhesion forces. Our electroactive surface provides a model system for quantitative studies of the interactions between polyelectrolyte and charged surfaces in liquid. These insights may enable new opportunities for actively manipulating the binding, orientations, and conformations of polyelectrolytes for biosensing, nanomotors, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Shao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Rochus Breuer
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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2
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Gaikwad S, Özer MS, Pramanik S, Schmittel M. Three-state switching in a double-pole change-over nanoswitch controlled by redox-dependent self-sorting. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7956-7963. [PMID: 31408072 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01456j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The four-arm nanomechanical switch 1 with four different terminals exhibits two switching arms (contacts A and D) and two distinct stations for binding (contacts B and C). In switching State I, the azaterpyridine arm is intramolecularly coordinated to a zinc(ii) porphyrin station (connection A ↔ B) while contact D (a ferrocenylbipyridine unit) and contact C (phenanthroline) remain disconnected. After addition of copper(i) ions (State II) both connections A ↔ B and C ↔ D are established. Upon one-electron oxidation, double-pole change-over switching cleaves both connections A ↔ B & C ↔ D and establishes the new connection A ↔ C (State III). Fully reversible three-state switching (State I → State II → State III → State II → State I) was achieved by adding appropriate chemical and redox stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Gaikwad
- Center of Micro-and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse-2, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
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3
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Pensa E, Karpowicz R, Jabłoński A, Trzybiński D, Woźniak K, Šakić D, Vrček V, Long NJ, Albrecht T, Kowalski K. Gold-Induced Desulfurization in a Bis(ferrocenyl) Alkane Dithiol. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Pensa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Rafał Karpowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Artur Jabłoński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Davor Šakić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valerije Vrček
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
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Long-distance electronic coupling in diferrocenyl compounds with cross-conjugated germinal -diethynylethene bridges. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sheridan MV, Gamm P, Schneebeli ST, Breuer R, Schmittel M, Geiger WE. Effect of Large Electrolyte Anions on the Sequential Oxidations of Bis(fulvalene)diiron Attached to Glassy Carbon by an Ethynyl Linkage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1327-1339. [PMID: 29309154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two ethynyl-derivatized isomers of bis(fulvalene)diiron (BFD, 1,1'-biferrocenylene) were prepared and covalently attached to glassy carbon electrodes through their ethynyl group by three different electrode modification methods. Cyclic voltammetry and square wave (SW) voltammetry were used to characterize surface coverages of 1.4-5.5 × 10-10 mol cm-2, the higher of these corresponding to roughly a monolayer, based on computation of an idealized close-packing structure for ethynylbis(fulvalene)diiron (E-BFD) on a solid surface. In a dichloromethane solution containing a smaller electrolyte anion such as [PF6]- or [ClO4]-, the E-BFD-modified electrodes exhibited two quasi-Nernstian one-electron oxidations. In contrast, the current for the second oxidation process, [E-BFD]+/2+, was diminished in electrolytes containing one of the large fluoroaryl borate anions, [B(C6F5)4]- or [B(C6H3(CF3)2)4]-. The effect was enhanced for electrodes having higher surface coverages being probed at shorter voltammetric time scales. SW voltammetry showed that the diminished currents for [E-BFD]+/2+ in large-anion electrolytes are not caused by slow electron transfer. Rather, they are attributed to mixed diffusivity of the counter-anions at the electrode/solution interface, as [E-BFD]+ and the anion form the optimum (lowest-energy) configuration of a 1:1 ion pair. The interior transport of the anion required to reach this configuration may be sterically encumbered, accounting for the diminished charge transfer observed with electrolytes containing large anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Paul Gamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Rochus Breuer
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie 1, Universität Siegen , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie 1, Universität Siegen , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - William E Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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Gaikwad S, Pramanik S, De S, Schmittel M. A high-speed network of nanoswitches for on/off control of catalysis. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1786-1790. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04695b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper(i) ion translocation is the key for fast and reliable communication between networked devices in the catalytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Gaikwad
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Susnata Pramanik
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Soumen De
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
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Anderson MJ, Crooks RM. Microfluidic Surface Titrations of Electroactive Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7053-7061. [PMID: 28665618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of microfluidic surface titrations (MSTs) for studying electroactive self-assembled monolayers (eSAMs) and other thin films. The technique of MST utilizes a microfluidic generation-collection dual channel electrode (DCE) configuration to quantify the charge associated with electroactive thin films that might or might not be in direct contact with an electrode surface. This technique allows for quantitative measurement of surface coverages, Γ, as low as 30 pmol cm-2 for electrodeposited Cu thin films. Additionally, we show that it is possible to quantify Γ for ferrocene (Fc)-terminated alkylthiols in mixed-monolayer eSAMs. Interestingly, MSTs sometimes reveal a two-fold higher eSAM concentration compared to direct electrochemical measurements. This finding suggests that in these instances not all the constituent Fc-moieties of the eSAM are in sufficiently close proximity to the surface to be addressable via direct electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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Haag AL, Toader V, Lennox RB, Grutter P. Selective in situ potential-assisted SAM formation on multi electrode arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:455501. [PMID: 27694698 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/45/455501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The selective modification of individual components in a biosensor array is challenging. To address this challenge, we present a generalizable approach to selectively modify and characterize individual gold surfaces in an array, in an in situ manner. This is achieved by taking advantage of the potential dependent adsorption/desorption of surface-modified organic molecules. Control of the applied potential of the individual sensors in an array where each acts as a working electrode provides differential derivatization of the sensor surfaces. To demonstrate this concept, two different self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-forming electrochemically addressable ω-ferrocenyl alkanethiols (C11) are chemisorbed onto independent but spatially adjacent gold electrodes. The ferrocene alkanethiol does not chemisorb onto the surface when the applied potential is cathodic relative to the adsorption potential and the electrode remains underivatized. However, applying potentials that are modestly positive relative to the adsorption potential leads to extensive coverage within 10 min. The resulting SAM remains in a stable state while held at potentials <200 mV above the adsorption potential. In this state, the chemisorbed SAM does not significantly desorb nor do new ferrocenylalkythiols adsorb. Using three set applied potentials provides for controlled submonolayer alkylthiol marker coverage of each independent gold electrode. These three applied potentials are dependent upon the specifics of the respective adsorbate. Characterization of the ferrocene-modified electrodes via cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that each specific ferrocene marker is exclusively adsorbed to the desired target electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Lauriene Haag
- Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, H3A 2T8, QC, Canada
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Garrigues AR, Yuan L, Wang L, Mucciolo ER, Thompon D, del Barco E, Nijhuis CA. A Single-Level Tunnel Model to Account for Electrical Transport through Single Molecule- and Self-Assembled Monolayer-based Junctions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26517. [PMID: 27216489 PMCID: PMC4877922 DOI: 10.1038/srep26517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis aimed at understanding electrical conduction in molecular tunnel junctions. We focus on discussing the validity of coherent versus incoherent theoretical formulations for single-level tunneling to explain experimental results obtained under a wide range of experimental conditions, including measurements in individual molecules connecting the leads of electromigrated single-electron transistors and junctions of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of molecules sandwiched between two macroscopic contacts. We show that the restriction of transport through a single level in solid state junctions (no solvent) makes coherent and incoherent tunneling formalisms indistinguishable when only one level participates in transport. Similar to Marcus relaxation processes in wet electrochemistry, the thermal broadening of the Fermi distribution describing the electronic occupation energies in the electrodes accounts for the exponential dependence of the tunneling current on temperature. We demonstrate that a single-level tunnel model satisfactorily explains experimental results obtained in three different molecular junctions (both single-molecule and SAM-based) formed by ferrocene-based molecules. Among other things, we use the model to map the electrostatic potential profile in EGaIn-based SAM junctions in which the ferrocene unit is placed at different positions within the molecule, and we find that electrical screening gives rise to a strongly non-linear profile across the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar R. Garrigues
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816 - USA
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Lejia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Eduardo R. Mucciolo
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816 - USA
| | - Damien Thompon
- Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Ireland
- Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Enrique del Barco
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816 - USA
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, 117546 Singapore
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Roemer M, Donnadieu B, Nijhuis CA. Functionalized 1′-Substituted Iodoferrocenes and Their Pd-Catalyzed Heck Cross-Coupling Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Pramanik S, De S, Schmittel M. A trio of nanoswitches in redox-potential controlled communication. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13254-7. [PMID: 25227112 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05773b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A potential-controlled two-step bidirectional communication protocol between the nanoswitches [Cu(1)](+), 2 and 3 is set up, in which ligand followed by metal-ion oxidation drives two subsequent metal ion translocations (self-sorting) changing the switching state at each switch. The communication is reset to its starting point by a two-electron reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susnata Pramanik
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany.
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Pramanik S, De S, Schmittel M. Bidirektionale Chemische Kommunikation zwischen nanomechanischen Schaltern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Pramanik S, De S, Schmittel M. Bidirectional Chemical Communication between Nanomechanical Switches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4709-13. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Martínez-Montero I, Bruña S, González-Vadillo AM, Cuadrado I. Thiol–Ene Chemistry of Vinylferrocene: A Simple and Versatile Access Route to Novel Electroactive Sulfur- and Ferrocene-Containing Model Compounds and Polysiloxanes. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4025202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez-Montero
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Bruña
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M González-Vadillo
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuadrado
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Breuer R, Schmittel M. Unsymmetrically Substituted 1,1′-Biferrocenylenes Maintain Class III Mixed-Valence Character. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400502e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rochus Breuer
- Center
of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center
of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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16
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Metal complex oligomer and polymer wires on electrodes: Tactical constructions and versatile functionalities. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Chen K, Schmittel M. Reversible binding and quantification of heparin and chondroitin sulfate in water using redox-stable biferrocenylene SAMs. Analyst 2013; 138:2405-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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