1
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Drummond Turnbull R, Bell NL. f-Block hydride complexes - synthesis, structure and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38953848 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00776j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Complexes formed between the heaviest and lightest elements in the periodic table yield the f-block hydrides, a unique class of compounds with wide-ranging utility and interest, from catalysis to light-responsive materials and nuclear waste storage. Recent developments in syntheses and analytics, such as exploiting low-oxidation state metal ions and improvements in X-ray diffraction tools, have transformed our ability to understand, access and manipulate these important species. This perspective brings together insights from binary metal hydrides, with molecular solution phase studies on heteroleptic complexes and gas phase investigations. It aims to provide an overview of how the f-element influences hydride formation, structure and reactivity including the sometimes-surprising power of co-ligands to tune their behaviour towards a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola L Bell
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
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2
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Sheng W, Rajeshkumar T, Zhao Y, Maron L, Zhu C. Electronic Delocalization and σ-Aromaticity in Heterometallic Cluster with Multiple Thorium-Palladium Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12790-12798. [PMID: 38684067 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Research on metal-metal bonds involving f-block actinides, such as thorium, lags far behind the well-studied metal-metal bonds of d-block transition metals. The complexes with Th-TM bonds are extremely rare; all previously identified examples have only a single Th-TM bond with the Th center at an invariably +IV oxidation state. Herein, we report a series of Th2Pdn (n = 2, 3, and 6) clusters (complexes 3, 4, and 7) with multiple Th(III)-Pd bonds. Theoretical studies reveal that the Th2Pdn unit allows electronic delocalization and σ aromaticity, leading to unexpected closed-shell singlet structures for these Th(III) species. This electronic delocalization is evident in the highest occupied molecular orbital of Th(III) complexes and facilitates a 2e reduction of alkyne by complex 7, resulting in the formation of 8. Complexes 7 and 8 are distinctive in featuring a Th2Pd6 core with six and eight Th-Pd bonds, respectively, making them the largest known d-f heterometallic clusters exhibiting metal-metal bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Nguyen JQ, Wedal JC, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Investigating Steric and Electronic Effects in the Synthesis of Square Planar 6d 1 Th(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6217-6230. [PMID: 38502000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The factors affecting the formation and crystal structures of unusual 6d1 Th(III) square planar aryloxide complexes, as exemplified by [Th(OArMe)4]1- (OArMe = OC6H2tBu2-2,6-Me-4), were explored by synthetic and reduction studies of a series of related Th(IV) tetrakis(aryloxide) complexes, Th(OArR)4 (OArR = OC6H2tBu2-2,6-R-4). Specifically, electronic, steric, and countercation effects were explored by varying the aryloxide ligand, the alkali metal reducing agent, and the alkali metal chelating agent. Salt metathesis reactions between ThBr4(DME)2 (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) and 4 equiv of the appropriate potassium aryloxide salt were used to prepare a series of Th(IV) aryloxide complexes in high yields: Th(OArH)4 (OArH = OC6H3tBu2-2,6), Th(OArtBu)4 (OArtBu = OC6H2tBu3-2,4,6), Th(OArOMe)4 (OArOMe = OC6H2tBu2-2,6-OMe-4), and Th(OArPh)4 (OArPh = OC6H2tBu2-2,6-Ph-4). Th(OArH)4 can be reduced by KC8, Na, or Li in the absence or presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) or 18-crown-6 (crown) to form dark purple solutions that have EPR and UV-visible spectra similar to those of the square planar Th(III) complex, [Th(OArMe)4]1-. Hence, the para position of the aryloxide ligand does not have to be alkylated to obtain the Th(III) complexes. Furthermore, reduction of Th(OArOMe)4, Th(OArtBu)4, and Th(OArPh)4 with KC8 in THF generated purple solutions with EPR and UV-visible spectra that are similar to those of the previously reported Th(III) anion, [Th(OArMe)4]1-. Although many of these reduction reactions did not produce single crystals suitable for study by X-ray diffraction, reduction of Th(OArH)4, Th(OArtBu)4, and Th(OArOMe)4 with Li provided X-ray quality crystals whose structures had square planar coordination geometries. Reduction of Th(OArPh)4 with Li also gave a product with EPR and UV-visible spectra that matched those of [Th(OArMe)4]1-, but X-ray quality crystals of the reduction product were too unstable to provide data. Neither Th(Odipp)4(THF)2 (Odipp = OC6H3iPr2-2,6) nor Th(Odmp)4(THF)2 (Odmp = OC6H3Me2-2,6) could be reduced to Th(III) products under similar conditions. Reduction of U(OArH)3(THF) with KC8 in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) was examined for comparison and formed [K(crypt)][U(OArH)4], which has a tetrahedral arrangement of the aryloxide ligands. Moreover, no further reduction was observed when either [K(crypt)][U(OArH)4] or [K(crown)(THF)2][U(OArH)4] were treated with KC8 or Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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4
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Xu H, Lv ZJ, Chen X, Xi Z, Wei J. N-Aryloxide-Amidinate Thorium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5530-5540. [PMID: 38457482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
An N-aryloxide-amidine ligand (1), [ONNO] ligand, integrating phenoxide (PhO-) and amidine ligands through methylene linkers, was employed in actinide chemistry. Upon reaction of the deprotonated ligand with ThCl4(DME)2 in ether, the corresponding dimer complex 2 was obtained. Upon treatment of 2 with KCp* (Cp* = Cp(Me)5) in tetrahydrofuran, the corresponding {[ONNO]ThIVCp*(LiCl)}2 (4) was obtained. In complex 2, the two ArO- arms bonded from the same ligand to different ThIV centers. In contrast, both ArO- arms coordinated to the same metal center in 4. Notably, when a mixture of 2 and bipyridine was treated with one or two equiv of KC8, the [ONNO]ThIV-bipyridyl•̅ radical dimer complex (5) and [ONNO]ThIV-bipyridyl2- dianionic dimer species (6) were obtained, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhua Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ze-Jie Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Wedal JC, Moore WNG, Lukens WW, Evans WJ. Perplexing EPR Signals from 5f 36d 1 U(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2945-2953. [PMID: 38279200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes with unpaired electrons in orbitals of different angular momentum quantum numbers (e.g., f and d orbitals) are unusual and opportunities to study the interactions among these electrons are rare. X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data were collected at <10 and 77 K on 10 U(II) complexes with 5f36d1 electron configurations and on some analogous Ce(II), Pr(II), and Nd(II) complexes with 4fn5d1 electron configurations. The U(II) compounds unexpectedly display similar two-line axial signals with g|| = 2.04 and g⊥ = 2.00 at 77 K. In contrast, U(II) complexes with 5f4 configurations are EPR-silent. Unlike U(II), the congenic 4f35d1 Nd(II) complex is EPR-silent. The Ce(II) complex with a 4f15d1 configuration is also EPR-silent, but a signal is observed for the Pr(II) complex, which has a 4f25d1 configuration. Whether or not an EPR signal is expected for these complexes depends on the coupling between f and d electrons. Since the coupling in U(II) systems is expected to be sufficiently strong to preclude an EPR signal from compounds with a 5f36d1 configuration, the results are viewed as unexplained phenomena. However, they do show that 5f36d1 U(II) samples can be differentiated from 5f4 U(II) complexes by EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - William N G Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Wayne W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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6
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Hsueh FC, Chen D, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Maron L, Mazzanti M. Two-Electron Redox Reactivity of Thorium Supported by Redox-Active Tripodal Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317346. [PMID: 38100190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
The high stability of the + IVoxidation state limits thorium redox reactivity. Here we report the synthesis and the redox reactivity of two Th(IV) complexes supported by the arene-tethered tris(siloxide) tripodal ligands [(KOSiR2 Ar)3 -arene)]. The two-electron reduction of these Th(IV) complexes generates the doubly reduced [KTh((OSi(Ot Bu)2 Ar)3 -arene)(THF)2 ] (2OtBu ) and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Th((OSiPh2 Ar)3 -arene)(THF)2 ](2Ph -crypt) where the formal oxidation state of Th is +II. Structural and computational studies indicate that the reduction occurred at the arene anchor of the ligand. The robust tripodal frameworks store in the arene anchor two electrons that become available at the metal center for the two-electron reduction of a broad range of substrates (N2 O, COT, CHT, Ph2 N2 , Ph3 PS and O2 ) while retaining the ligand framework. This work shows that arene-tethered tris(siloxide) tripodal ligands allow implementation of two-electron redox chemistry at the thorium center while retaining the ligand framework unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien Chen
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Windorff CJ, Goodwin CAP, Sperling JM, Albrecht-Schönzart TE, Bai Z, Evans WJ, Huffman ZK, Jeannin R, Long BN, Mills DP, Poe TN, Ziller JW. Stabilization of Pu(IV) in PuBr 4(OPCy 3) 2 and Comparisons with Structurally Similar ThX 4(OPR 3) 2 (R = Cy, Ph) Molecules. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18136-18149. [PMID: 37875401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of a trivalent plutonium halide phosphine oxide compound, e.g., "PuBr3(OPR)3," instead led to the isolation of the tetravalent trans-PuIVBr4(OPCy3)2, PuBr/Cy, compound by spontaneous oxidation of PuIII. The donating nature of phosphine oxides has allowed the isolation and characterization of PuBr/Cy by crystallographic, multinuclear NMR, solid state, and solution phase UV-vis-NIR spectroscopic techniques. The presence of a putative plutonyl(VI) complex formulated as "trans-PuVIO2Br2(OPCy3)2" was also observed spectroscopically and tentatively by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as a cocrystal of PuBr/Cy. A series of trans-ThX4(OPCy3)2 (X = Cl, ThCl/Cy; Br, ThBr/Cy; I, ThI/Cy) complexes were synthesized for comparison to PuBr/Cy. The triphenylphosphine oxide, OPPh3, complexes, trans-AnI4(OPPh3)2 (An = Th, ThI/Ph; U, UI/Ph), were also synthesized for comparison, completing the series trans-UX4(OPPh3)2 (X = Cl, Br, I), UX/Ph. To enable the synthesis of ThI/Cy and ThI/Ph, a new nonaqueous thorium iodide starting material, ThI4(Et2O)2, was synthesized. The syntheses of organic solvent soluble ThI4L2 (L = Et2O, OPCy3, and OPPh3) are the first examples of crystallographically characterized neutral thorium tetraiodide materials beyond binary ThI4. To show the viability of ThI4(Et2O)2 as a starting material for organothorium chemistry, (C5Me4H)3ThI was synthesized and crystallographically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Windorff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Conrad A P Goodwin
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Sperling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear Science & Engineering Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Thomas E Albrecht-Schönzart
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear Science & Engineering Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zhuanling Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear Science & Engineering Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zachary K Huffman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Renaud Jeannin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Brian N Long
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - David P Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Todd N Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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8
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Rice NT, Dalodière E, Adelman SL, Jones ZR, Kozimor SA, Mocko V, Root HD, Stein BW. Oxidizing Americium(III) with Sodium Bismuthate in Acidic Aqueous Solutions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12948-12953. [PMID: 35939562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Historic perspectives describing f-elements as being redox "inactive" are fading. Researchers continue to discover new oxidation states that are not as inaccessible as once assumed for actinides and lanthanides. Inspired by those contributions, we studied americium(III) oxidation in aqueous media under air using NaBiO3(s). We identified selective oxidation of Am3+(aq) to AmO22+(aq) or AmO21+(aq) could be achieved by changing the aqueous matrix identity. AmO22+(aq) formed in H3PO4(aq) (1 M) and AmO21+(aq) formed in dilute HCl(aq) (0.1 M). These americyl products were stable for weeks in solution. Also included is a method to recover 243Am from the americium and bismuth mixtures generated during these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie T Rice
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Elodie Dalodière
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sara L Adelman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Zachary R Jones
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Veronika Mocko
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Harrison D Root
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Benjamin W Stein
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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9
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Ward RJ, Kelley SP, Lukens WW, Walensky JR. Reduction of CO 2 and CS 2 with Uranium(III) Metallocene Aryloxides. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven P. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Wayne W. Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin R. Walensky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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10
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Wedal JC, Cajiao N, Neidig ML, Evans WJ. Anion-induced disproportionation of Th(III) complexes to form Th(II) and Th(IV) products. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5289-5291. [PMID: 35403646 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of Th(II) complexes has been identified involving addition of simple MX salts (M = Li, Na, K; X = H, Cl, Me, N3) to Cp''3ThIII [Cp'' = [C5H3(SiMe3)2] in the presence of 18-crown-6 or 2.2.2-cryptand, forming [M(chelate)][Cp''3ThII] and Cp''3ThIVX. Cptet3ThIII (Cptet = C5Me4H) reacts with KH to form Cptet3ThIVH and the C-H bond activation product, [K(crypt)]{[Cptet2ThIVH[η1:η5-C5Me3H(CH2)]}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Nathalia Cajiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
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11
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Wedal JC, Furche F, Evans WJ. Density Functional Theory Analysis of the Importance of Coordination Geometry for 5f 36d 1 versus 5f 4 Electron Configurations in U(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16316-16325. [PMID: 34644069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on four known and seven hypothetical U(II) complexes indicate the importance of coordination geometry in favoring 5f36d1 versus 5f4 electronic ground states. The known [Cp″3U]-, [Cptet3U]-, and [U(NR2)3]- [Cp″ = C5H3(SiMe3)2, Cptet = C5Me4H, and R = SiMe3] anions were found to have 5f36d1 ground states, while a 5f4 ground state was found for the known compound (NHAriPr6)2U. The UV-visible spectra of the known 5f36d1 compounds were simulated via time-dependent DFT and are in qualitative agreement with the experimental spectra. For the hypothetical U(II) compounds, the 5f36d1 configuration is predicted for [U(CHR2)3]-, [U(H3BH)3]-, [U(OAr')4]2-, and [(C8H8)U]2- (OAr' = O-C6H2tBu2-2,6-Me-4). In the case of [U(bnz')4]2- (bnz' = CH2-C6H4tBu-4), a 5f3 configuration with a ligand-based radical was found as the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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12
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Boronski JT, Seed JA, Hunger D, Woodward AW, van Slageren J, Wooles AJ, Natrajan LS, Kaltsoyannis N, Liddle ST. A crystalline tri-thorium cluster with σ-aromatic metal-metal bonding. Nature 2021; 598:72-75. [PMID: 34425584 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-metal bonding is a widely studied area of chemistry1-3, and has become a mature field spanning numerous d transition metal and main group complexes4-7. By contrast, actinide-actinide bonding, which is predicted to be weak8, is currently restricted to spectroscopically detected gas-phase U2 and Th2 (refs. 9,10), U2H2 and U2H4 in frozen matrices at 6-7 K (refs. 11,12), or fullerene-encapsulated U2 (ref. 13). Furthermore, attempts to prepare thorium-thorium bonds in frozen matrices have produced only ThHn (n = 1-4)14. Thus, there are no isolable actinide-actinide bonds under normal conditions. Computational investigations have explored the probable nature of actinide-actinide bonding15, concentrating on localized σ-, π-, and δ-bonding models paralleling d transition metal analogues, but predictions in relativistic regimes are challenging and have remained experimentally unverified. Here, we report thorium-thorium bonding in a crystalline cluster, prepared and isolated under normal experimental conditions. The cluster exhibits a diamagnetic, closed-shell singlet ground state with a valence-delocalized three-centre-two-electron σ-aromatic bond16,17 that is counter to the focus of previous theoretical predictions. The experimental discovery of actinide σ-aromatic bonding adds to main group and d transition metal analogues, extending delocalized σ-aromatic bonding to the heaviest elements in the periodic table and to principal quantum number six, and constitutes a new approach to elaborate actinide-actinide bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T Boronski
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - John A Seed
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - David Hunger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adam W Woodward
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ashley J Wooles
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Louise S Natrajan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Nikolas Kaltsoyannis
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
| | - Stephen T Liddle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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13
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Tarlton ML, Yang Y, Kelley SP, Maron L, Walensky JR. Formation and Reactivity with tBuCN of a Thorium Phosphinidiide through a Combined Experimental and Computational Analysis. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Tarlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Yan Yang
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS, INSA, UPS, CNRS, UMR, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Steven P. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS, INSA, UPS, CNRS, UMR, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Justin R. Walensky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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14
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Wedal JC, Barlow JM, Ziller JW, Yang JY, Evans WJ. Electrochemical studies of tris(cyclopentadienyl)thorium and uranium complexes in the +2, +3, and +4 oxidation states. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8501-8511. [PMID: 34221331 PMCID: PMC8221189 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01906f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements on tris(cyclopentadienyl)thorium and uranium compounds in the +2, +3, and +4 oxidation states are reported with C5H3(SiMe3)2, C5H4SiMe3, and C5Me4H ligands. The reduction potentials for both U and Th complexes trend with the electron donating abilities of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. Thorium complexes have more negative An(iii)/An(ii) reduction potentials than the uranium analogs. Electrochemical measurements of isolated Th(ii) complexes indicated that the Th(iii)/Th(ii) couple was surprisingly similar to the Th(iv)/Th(iii) couple in Cp''-ligated complexes. This suggested that Th(ii) complexes could be prepared from Th(iv) precursors and this was demonstrated synthetically by isolation of directly from UV-visible spectroelectrochemical measurements and reactions of with elemental barium indicated that the thorium system undergoes sequential one electron transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Jeffrey M Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
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15
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Characterization of a strong covalent Th 3+-Th 3+ bond inside an I h(7)-C 80 fullerene cage. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2372. [PMID: 33888719 PMCID: PMC8062539 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the actinide-actinide bonds is of fundamental importance to understand the electronic structure of the 5f elements. It has attracted considerable theoretical attention, but little is known experimentally as the synthesis of these chemical bonds remains extremely challenging. Herein, we report a strong covalent Th-Th bond formed between two rarely accessible Th3+ ions, stabilized inside a fullerene cage nanocontainer as Th2@Ih(7)-C80. This compound is synthesized using the arc-discharge method and fully characterized using several techniques. The single-crystal X-Ray diffraction analysis determines that the two Th atoms are separated by 3.816 Å. Both experimental and quantum-chemical results show that the two Th atoms have formal charges of +3 and confirm the presence of a strong covalent Th-Th bond inside Ih(7)-C80. Moreover, density functional theory and ab initio multireference calculations suggest that the overlap between the 7s/6d hybrid thorium orbitals is so large that the bond still exists at Th-Th separations larger than 6 Å. This work demonstrates the authenticity of covalent actinide metal-metal bonds in a stable compound and deepens our fundamental understanding of f element metal bonds.
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16
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Du J, Balázs G, Wooles AJ, Scheer M, Liddle ST. The “Hidden” Reductive [2+2+1]‐Cycloaddition Chemistry of 2‐Phosphaethynolate Revealed by Reduction of a Th‐OCP Linkage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Du
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ashley J. Wooles
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Stephen T. Liddle
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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17
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Du J, Balázs G, Wooles AJ, Scheer M, Liddle ST. The "Hidden" Reductive [2+2+1]-Cycloaddition Chemistry of 2-Phosphaethynolate Revealed by Reduction of a Th-OCP Linkage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1197-1202. [PMID: 33051949 PMCID: PMC7839465 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The reduction chemistry of the newly emerging 2‐phosphaethynolate (OCP)− is not well explored, and many unanswered questions remain about this ligand in this context. We report that reduction of [Th(TrenTIPS)(OCP)] (2, TrenTIPS=[N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)]3−), with RbC8 via [2+2+1] cycloaddition, produces an unprecedented hexathorium complex [{Th(TrenTIPS)}6(μ‐OC2P3)2(μ‐OC2P3H)2Rb4] (5) featuring four five‐membered [C2P3] phosphorus heterocycles, which can be converted to a rare oxo complex [{Th(TrenTIPS)(μ‐ORb)}2] (6) and the known cyclometallated complex [Th{N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)2(CH2CH2SiPri2CHMeCH2)}] (4) by thermolysis; thereby, providing an unprecedented example of reductive cycloaddition reactivity in the chemistry of 2‐phosphaethynolate. This has permitted us to isolate intermediates that might normally remain unseen. We have debunked an erroneous assumption of a concerted fragmentation process for (OCP)−, rather than cycloaddition products that then decompose with [Th(TrenTIPS)O]− essentially acting as a protecting then leaving group. In contrast, when KC8 or CsC8 were used the phosphinidiide C−H bond activation product [{Th(TrenTIPS)}Th{N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)2[CH2CH2SiPri2CH(Me)CH2C(O)μ‐P]}] (3) and the oxo complex [{Th(TrenTIPS)(μ‐OCs)}2] (7) were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ashley J Wooles
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephen T Liddle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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18
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Chen R, Qin G, Li S, Edwards AJ, Piltz RO, Del Rosal I, Maron L, Cui D, Cheng J. Molecular Thorium Trihydrido Clusters Stabilized by Cyclopentadienyl Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11250-11255. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runhai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
| | - Guorui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
| | - Shihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
| | - Alison J. Edwards
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization New IIIawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Ross O. Piltz
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization New IIIawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA UPS Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA UPS Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230039 China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230039 China
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19
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Chen R, Qin G, Li S, Edwards AJ, Piltz RO, Del Rosal I, Maron L, Cui D, Cheng J. Molecular Thorium Trihydrido Clusters Stabilized by Cyclopentadienyl Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runhai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
| | - Guorui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
| | - Shihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
| | - Alison J. Edwards
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization New IIIawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Ross O. Piltz
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization New IIIawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA UPS Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA UPS Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230039 China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 5625, Renmin Street Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230039 China
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20
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Wedal JC, Bekoe S, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. In search of tris(trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl) thorium. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16633-16640. [PMID: 31659358 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03674a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of Cp'3ThCl, Cp'3ThBr, and Cp'3ThI (Cp' = C5H4SiMe3) with potassium graphite generates dark blue solutions with reactivity and spectroscopic properties consistent with the formation of Cp'3Th. The EPR and UV-visible spectra of the solutions are similar to those of crystallographically-characterized tris(cyclopentadienyl) Th(iii) complexes: [C5H3(SiMe3)2]3Th, (C5Me4H)3Th, (C5tBu2H3)3Th, and (C5Me5)3Th. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis indicates that the UV-visible spectrum is consistent with Cp'3Th and not [Cp'3ThBr]1-. Although single crystals of Cp'3Th have not been isolated, the blue solution reacts with Me3SiCl, I2, and HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh to afford products expected from Cp'3Th, namely, Cp'3ThCl, Cp'3ThI, and Cp'3Th(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh), respectively. Reactions with MeI give mixtures of Cp'3ThI and Cp'3ThMe. Evidence for further reduction of the blue solutions to a Cp'-ligated Th(ii) complex has not been observed. The crystal structures of Cp'3ThMe and (Cp'3Th)2(μ-O) were also determined as part of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Samuel Bekoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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21
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Huh DN, Roy S, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Isolation of a Square-Planar Th(III) Complex: Synthesis and Structure of [Th(OC 6H 2tBu 2-2,6-Me-4) 4] 1. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12458-12463. [PMID: 31331166 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of Th(OC6H2tBu2-2,6-Me-4)4 using either KC8 or Li in THF forms a new example of a crystallographically characterizable Th(III) complex in the salts [K(THF)5(Et2O)][Th(OC6H2tBu2-2,6-Me-4)4] and [Li(THF)4][Th(OC6H2tBu2-2,6-Me-4)4]. Surprisingly, in each structure the four aryloxide ligands are arranged in a square-planar geometry, the first example of this coordination mode for an f element complex. The Th(III) ion and four oxygen donor atoms are coplanar to within 0.05 Å with O-Th-O angles of 89.27(8) to 92.02(8)° between cis ligands. The ligands have Th-O-C(ipso) angles of 173.9(2) to 178.6(4)°, and the aryl rings make angles of 58.5 to 65.1° with the ThO4 plane. The effect of the eight tert-butyl substituents in generating the unusual structure through packing and/or dispersion forces is discussed. EPR spectroscopy reveals an axial signal consistent with a metal-based radical in a planar complex. DFT calculations yield a C4-symmetric structure that accommodates a low-lying SOMO of 6dz2 character with 7s Rydberg admixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Huh
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Saswata Roy
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
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22
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Inman CJ, Cloke FGN. The experimental determination of Th(iv)/Th(iii) redox potentials in organometallic thorium complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10782-10784. [PMID: 31183480 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01553a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first ThIV/ThIII redox couple values have been determined experimentally using cyclic voltammetry (CV), which has been facilitated by the use of [nBu4N][BPh4] as a supporting electrolyte in THF. Th(iv) and Th(iii) metallocene compounds have been studied and their redox couple values are in the range of -2.96 V to -3.32 V vs FeCp2+/0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Inman
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - F Geoffrey N Cloke
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
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23
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Zhang C, Hou G, Zi G, Walter MD. A base-free terminal thorium phosphinidene metallocene and its reactivity toward selected organic molecules. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2377-2387. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule activation mediated by a base-free terminal phosphinidene thorium metallocene is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
| | - Marc D. Walter
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
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24
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Talbi-Ingrachen F, Talbi F, Kias F, Elkechai A, Boucekkine A, Daul C. DFT investigation of methane metathesis with L2AnCH3 actinide complexes catalysts (L = Cl, Cp, Cp*; An = Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu). COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Altman AB, Brown AC, Rao G, Lohrey TD, Britt RD, Maron L, Minasian SG, Shuh DK, Arnold J. Chemical structure and bonding in a thorium(iii)-aluminum heterobimetallic complex. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4317-4324. [PMID: 29780563 PMCID: PMC5944380 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the syntheses of [Th(iii)]–[Al] and [U(iii)]–[Al] bimetallics that demonstrate An→Al interactions where the actinide behaves as an electron donor.
Thorium sits at a unique position on the periodic table. On one hand, there is little evidence that its 5f orbitals engage in bonding as they do in other early actinides; on the other hand, its chemistry is distinct from Lewis acidic transition metals. To gain insight into the underlying electronic structure of Th and develop trends across the actinide series, it is useful to study Th(iii) and Th(ii) systems with valence electrons that may engage in non-electrostatic metal–ligand interactions, although only a handful of such systems are known. To expand the range of low-valent compounds and gain deeper insight into Th electronic structure, we targeted actinide bimetallic complexes containing metal–metal bonds. Herein, we report the syntheses of Th–Al bimetallics from reactions between a di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl supported Th(iv) dihalide (Cp‡2ThCl2) and an anionic aluminum hydride salt [K(H3AlC(SiMe3)3) (1)]. Reduction of the [Th(iv)](Cl)–[Al] product resulted in a [Th(iii)]–[Al] complex [Cp‡2Th(μ-H3)AlC(SiMe3)3 (4)]. The U(iii) analogue [Cp‡2U(μ-H3)AlC(SiMe3)3 (5)] could be synthesized directly from a U(iii) halide starting material. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on 4 demonstrate hyperfine interactions between the unpaired electron and the Al atom indicative of spin density delocalization from the Th metal center to the Al. Density functional theory and atom in molecules calculations confirmed the presence of An→Al interactions in 4 and 5, which represents the first examples of An→M interactions where the actinide behaves as an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Altman
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA
| | - Trevor D Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO , Université de Toulouse , INAS Toulouse , 135 Avenue de Rangueil , 31077 , Toulouse , France
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - David K Shuh
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
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26
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Liu J, Seed JA, Formanuik A, Ortu F, Wooles AJ, Mills DP, Liddle ST. Thorium(IV) alkyl synthesis from a thorium(III) cyclopentadienyl complex and an N-heterocyclic olefin. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Behrle AC, Myers AJ, Rungthanaphatsophon P, Lukens WW, Barnes CL, Walensky JR. Uranium(iii) and thorium(iv) alkyl complexes as potential starting materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:14373-14375. [PMID: 27847956 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08105c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterisation of a rare U(iii) alkyl complex, U[η4-Me2NC(H)C6H5]3, using the dimethylbenzylamine (DMBA) ligand has been accomplished. While attempting to prepare the U(iv) compound, reduction to the U(iii) complex occurred. In the analogous Th(iv) system, C-H bond activation of a methyl group of one dimethylamine was observed yielding Th[η4-Me2NC(H)C6H5]2[η5-(CH2)MeNC(H)C6H5] with a dianionic DMBA ligand. The utility of these complexes as starting materials has been analyzed using a bulky dithiocarboxylate ligand to yield tetravalent actinide species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Behrle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Alexander J Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | - Wayne W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Charles L Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Justin R Walensky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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28
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Windorff CJ, MacDonald MR, Ziller JW, Evans WJ. Trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl (Cp
′
) Uranium Chemistry: Synthetic and Structural Studies of Cp
′
4
U and Cp
′
3
U
X
(
X
= Cl, I, Me). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory J. Windorff
- Department of Chemistry University of California‐Irvine 92697 Irvine CA USA
| | | | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry University of California‐Irvine 92697 Irvine CA USA
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry University of California‐Irvine 92697 Irvine CA USA
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29
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Suvova M, O’Brien KTP, Farnaby JH, Love JB, Kaltsoyannis N, Arnold PL. Thorium(IV) and Uranium(IV) trans-Calix[2]benzene[2]pyrrolide Alkyl and Alkynyl Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Electronic Structure. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Suvova
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran T. P. O’Brien
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Joy H. Farnaby
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas Kaltsoyannis
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Polly L. Arnold
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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30
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Windorff CJ, Dumas MT, Ziller JW, Gaunt AJ, Kozimor SA, Evans WJ. Small-Scale Metal-Based Syntheses of Lanthanide Iodide, Amide, and Cyclopentadienyl Complexes as Analogues for Transuranic Reactions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11981-11989. [PMID: 28915015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Small-scale reactions of the Pu analogues La, Ce, and Nd have been explored in order to optimize reaction conditions for milligram scale reactions of radioactive plutonium starting from the metal. Oxidation of these lanthanide metals with iodine in ether and pyridine has been studied, and LnI3(Et2O)x (1-Ln; x = 0.75-1.9) and LnI3(py)4 (2-Ln; py = pyridine, NC5H5) have been synthesized on scales ranging from 15 mg to 2 g. The THF adducts LnI3(THF)4 (3-Ln) were synthesized by dissolving 1-Ln in THF. The viability of these small-scale samples as starting materials for amide and cyclopentadienyl f-element complexes was tested by reacting KN(SiMe3)2, KCp' (Cp' = C5H4SiMe3), KCp'' (Cp'' = C5H3(SiMe3)2-1,3), and KC5Me4H with 1-Ln generated in situ. These reactions produced Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (4-Ln), Cp'3Ln (5-Ln), Cp″3Ln (6-Ln), and (C5Me4H)3Ln (7-Ln), respectively. Small-scale samples of Cp'3Ce (5-Ce) and Cp'3Nd (5-Nd) were reduced with potassium graphite (KC8) in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand to check the viability of generating the crystallographically characterizable Ln2+ complexes [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp'3Ln] (8-Ln; Ln = Ce, Nd).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Windorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Megan T Dumas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andrew J Gaunt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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31
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Ortu F, Formanuik A, Innes JR, Mills DP. New vistas in the molecular chemistry of thorium: low oxidation state complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 45:7537-49. [PMID: 27094204 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the molecular chemistry of thorium is dominated by the +4 oxidation state accounts of Th(iii) complexes have continued to increase in frequency since the first structurally characterised example was reported thirty years ago. The isolation of the first Th(ii) complexes in 2015 and exciting recent Th(iii) and Th(ii) reactivity studies both indicate that this long-neglected area is set to undergo a rapid expansion in research activity over the next decade, as previously seen since the turn of the millennium for analogous U(iii) small molecule activation chemistry. In this perspective article, we review synthetic routes to Th(iii) and Th(ii) complexes and summarise their distinctive physical properties. We provide a near-chronological discussion of these systems, focusing on structurally characterised examples, and cover complementary theoretical studies that rationalise electronic structures. All reactivity studies of Th(iii) and Th(ii) complexes that have been reported to date are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ortu
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Alasdair Formanuik
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - James R Innes
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - David P Mills
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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32
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Settineri NS, Garner ME, Arnold J. A Thorium Chalcogenolate Series Generated by Atom Insertion into Thorium–Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6261-6269. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Settineri
- Chemical Science Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mary E. Garner
- Chemical Science Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Chemical Science Division,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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33
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Langeslay RR, Chen GP, Windorff CJ, Chan AK, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of the Sterically Crowded Th 3+ Complex (C 5Me 5) 3Th Including Formation of the Thorium Carbonyl, [(C 5Me 5) 3Th(CO)][BPh 4]. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3387-3398. [PMID: 28240899 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Th3+ complex, (C5Me5)3Th, has been isolated despite the fact that tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complexes are highly reactive due to steric crowding and few crystallographically characterizable Th3+ complexes are known due to their highly reducing nature. Reaction of (C5Me5)2ThMe2 with [Et3NH][BPh4] produces the cationic thorium complex [(C5Me5)2ThMe][BPh4] that can be treated with KC5Me5 to generate (C5Me5)3ThMe, 1. The methyl group on (C5Me5)3ThMe can be removed with [Et3NH][BPh4] to form [(C5Me5)3Th][BPh4], 2, the first cationic tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) metal complex, which can be reduced with KC8 to yield (C5Me5)3Th, 3. Complexes 1-3 have metrical parameters consistent with the extreme steric crowding that previously has given unusual (C5Me5)- reactivity to (C5Me5)3M complexes in reactions that form less crowded (C5Me5)2M-containing products. However, neither sterically induced reduction nor (η1-C5Me5)- reactivity is observed for these complexes. (C5Me5)3Th, which has a characteristic EPR spectrum consistent with a d1 ground state, has the capacity for two-electron reduction via Th3+ and sterically induced reduction. However, it reacts with MeI to make two sterically more crowded complexes, (C5Me5)3ThI, 4, and (C5Me5)3ThMe, 1, rather than (C5Me5)2Th(Me)I. Complex 3 also forms more crowded complexes in reactions with I2, PhCl, and Al2Me6, which generate (C5Me5)3ThI, (C5Me5)3ThCl, and (C5Me5)3ThMe, 1, respectively. The reaction of (C5Me5)3Th, 3, with H2 forms the known (C5Me5)3ThH as the sole thorium-containing product. Surprisingly, (C5Me5)3ThH is also observed when (C5Me5)3Th is combined with 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene. [(C5Me5)3Th][BPh4] reacts with tetrahydrofuran (THF) to make [(C5Me5)3Th(THF)][BPh4], 2-THF, which is the first (C5Me5)3M of any kind that does not have a trigonal planar arrangement of the (C5Me5)- rings. It is also the first (C5Me5)3M complex that does not ring-open THF. [(C5Me5)3Th][BPh4], 2, reacts with CO to generate a product characterized as [(C5Me5)3Th(CO)][BPh4], 5, the first example of a molecular thorium carbonyl isolable at room temperature. These results have been analyzed using density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Langeslay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Guo P Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Cory J Windorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alan K Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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34
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Pagano JK, Erickson KA, Scott BL, Morris DE, Waterman R, Kiplinger JL. Synthesis and characterization of a new and electronically unusual uranium metallacyclocumulene, (C5Me5)2U(η4-1,2,3,4-PhC4Ph). J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Formanuik A, Ortu F, Liu J, Nodaraki LE, Tuna F, Kerridge A, Mills DP. Double Reduction of 4,4′-Bipyridine and Reductive Coupling of Pyridine by Two Thorium(III) Single-Electron Transfers. Chemistry 2017; 23:2290-2293. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Formanuik
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Jingjing Liu
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Lydia E. Nodaraki
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Floriana Tuna
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Andrew Kerridge
- Department of Chemistry; Lancaster University; Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
| | - David P. Mills
- School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
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36
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Ghatak T, Drucker S, Fridman N, Eisen MS. Thorium complexes possessing expanded ring N-heterocyclic iminato ligands: synthesis and applications. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12005-12009. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02126g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel thorium complexes containing six- and seven-membered rings iminato moieties are disclosed. The complexes are highly active for the Tishchenko and cross-Tishchenko reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Ghatak
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion − Israel Institute of Technology
- Technion Haifa
- Israel
| | - Shani Drucker
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion − Israel Institute of Technology
- Technion Haifa
- Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion − Israel Institute of Technology
- Technion Haifa
- Israel
| | - Moris S. Eisen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion − Israel Institute of Technology
- Technion Haifa
- Israel
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37
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Actinide covalency measured by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nat Chem 2016; 9:578-583. [PMID: 28537586 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of actinide chemical bonds lags far behind our understanding of the bonding regimes of any other series of elements. This is a major issue given the technological as well as fundamental importance of f-block elements. Some key chemical differences between actinides and lanthanides-and between different actinides-can be ascribed to minor differences in covalency, that is, the degree to which electrons are shared between the f-block element and coordinated ligands. Yet there are almost no direct measures of such covalency for actinides. Here we report the first pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of actinide compounds. We apply the hyperfine sublevel correlation technique to quantify the electron-spin density at ligand nuclei (via the weak hyperfine interactions) in molecular thorium(III) and uranium(III) species and therefore the extent of covalency. Such information will be important in developing our understanding of the chemical bonding, and therefore the reactivity, of actinides.
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38
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Evans WJ. Tutorial on the Role of Cyclopentadienyl Ligands in the Discovery of Molecular Complexes of the Rare-Earth and Actinide Metals in New Oxidation States. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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39
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Coburn KM, Hardy DA, Patterson MG, McGraw SN, Peruzzi MT, Boucher F, Beelen B, Sartain HT, Neils T, Lawrence CL, Staples RJ, Werner EJ, Biros SM. f-Element coordination and extraction selectivity of a carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide ligand based on a tripodal phosphine oxide scaffold. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Th(IV) complexes with cis-ethylenebis(diphenylphosphine oxide): X-ray structures and NMR solution studies. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Yang P, Zhou E, Fang B, Hou G, Zi G, Walter MD. Preparation of (η5-C5Me5)2Th(bipy) and Its Reactivity toward Small Molecules. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pikun Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Enwei Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Marc D. Walter
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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42
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Langeslay RR, Fieser ME, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Expanding Thorium Hydride Chemistry Through Th²⁺, Including the Synthesis of a Mixed-Valent Th⁴⁺/Th³⁺ Hydride Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4036-45. [PMID: 26977714 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the recently discovered Th(2+) complex [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2][Cp″3Th], 1 [Cp'' = C5H3(SiMe3)2-1,3], with hydrogen reagents has been investigated and found to provide syntheses of new classes of thorium hydride compounds. Complex 1 reacts with [Et3NH][BPh4] to form the terminal Th(4+) hydride complex Cp″3ThH, 2, a reaction that formally involves a net two-electron reduction. Complex 1 also reacts in the solid state and in solution with H2 to form a mixed-valent bimetallic product, [K(18-crown-6)(Et2O)][Cp″2ThH2]2, 3, which was analyzed by X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy, and density functional theory. The existence of 3, which formally contains Th(3+) and Th(4+), suggested that KC8 could reduce [(C5Me5)2ThH2]2. In the presence of 18-crown-6, this reaction forms an analogous mixed-valent product formulated as [K(18-crown-6)(THF)][(C5Me5)2ThH2]2, 4. A similar complex with (C5Me4H)(1-) ligands was not obtained, but reaction of (C5Me4H)3Th with H2 in the presence of KC8 and 2.2.2-cryptand at -45 °C produced two monometallic hydride products, namely, (C5Me4H)3ThH, 5, and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)]{(C5Me4H)2[η(1):η(5)-C5Me3H(CH2)]ThH]}, 6. Complex 6 contains a metalated tetramethylcyclopentadienyl dianion, [C5Me3H(CH2)](2-), that binds in a tuck-in mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Langeslay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Megan E Fieser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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43
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Batrice RJ, Fridman N, Eisen MS. Synthesis of Coordinatively Unsaturated Tetravalent Actinide Complexes with η(5) Coordination of Pyrrole. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2998-3006. [PMID: 26950463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new actinide complexes utilizing bridged α-alkyl-pyrrolyl ligands is presented. Lithiation of the ligands followed by treatment with 1 equiv of actinide tetrachloride (uranium or thorium) produces the desired complex in good yield. X-ray diffraction studies reveal unique η(5):η(5) coordination of the pyrrolyl moieties; when the nonsterically demanding methylated ligand is used, rapid addition of the lithiated ligand solution to the metal precursor forms a bis-ligated complex that reveals η(5):η(1) coordination as determined by crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami J Batrice
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, 3200008 Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, 3200008 Israel
| | - Moris S Eisen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, 3200008 Israel
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44
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Formanuik A, Ortu F, Beekmeyer R, Kerridge A, Adams RW, Mills DP. White phosphorus activation by a Th(iii) complex. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:2390-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lappert's original Th(iii) complex, [Th{C5H3(SiMe3)2-1,3}3], reduces white phosphorus to give a cyclo-P4 dianion, which exhibits an unprecedented μ–η1:η1-binding mode in the dinuclear Th(iv) product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | | | | | - Ralph W. Adams
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - David P. Mills
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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45
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Corbey JF, Woen DH, Palumbo CT, Fieser ME, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Ligand Effects in the Synthesis of Ln2+ Complexes by Reduction of Tris(cyclopentadienyl) Precursors Including C–H Bond Activation of an Indenyl Anion. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan F. Corbey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - David H. Woen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Chad T. Palumbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Megan E. Fieser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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46
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Pagano JK, Dorhout JM, Waterman R, Czerwinski KR, Kiplinger JL. Phenylsilane as a safe, versatile alternative to hydrogen for the synthesis of actinide hydrides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17379-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06856h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thorium and uranium dihydride dimer complexes [(C5Me5)2An(H)(μ-H)]2 (An = Th, U) have been easily prepared using phenylsilane, which is an efficient and safer alternative to hydrogen gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. Pagano
- Chemistry Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jacquelyn M. Dorhout
- Chemistry Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Rory Waterman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Vermont
- Cook Physical Sciences Building
- Burlington
- USA
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48
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Langeslay RR, Fieser ME, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C 5H 3(SiMe 3) 2] 3Th} 1- anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state. Chem Sci 2015; 6:517-521. [PMID: 29560172 PMCID: PMC5811171 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of the Th3+ complex Cp''3Th, 1 [Cp'' = C5H3(SiMe3)2], with potassium graphite in THF in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand generates [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp''3Th], 2, a complex containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state. Reaction of 1 with KC8 in the presence of 18-crown-6 generates the analogous Th2+ compound, [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2][Cp''3Th], 3. Complexes 2 and 3 form dark green solutions in THF with ε = 23 000 M-1 cm-1, but crystallize as dichroic dark blue/red crystals. X-ray crystallography revealed that the anions in 2 and 3 have trigonal planar coordination geometries, with 2.521 and 2.525 Å Th-(Cp'' ring centroid) distances, respectively, equivalent to the 2.520 Å distance measured in 1. Density functional theory analysis of (Cp''3Th)1- is consistent with a 6d2 ground state, the first example of this transition metal electron configuration. Complex 3 reacts as a two-electron reductant with cyclooctatetraene to make Cp''2Th(C8H8), 4, and [K(18-crown-6)]Cp''.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Langeslay
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , USA . ; ; ; Tel: +1-949-824-5174
| | - Megan E Fieser
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , USA . ; ; ; Tel: +1-949-824-5174
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , USA . ; ; ; Tel: +1-949-824-5174
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , USA . ; ; ; Tel: +1-949-824-5174
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , USA . ; ; ; Tel: +1-949-824-5174
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49
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Fieser ME, MacDonald MR, Krull BT, Bates JE, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Structural, Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Comparison of Traditional vs Recently Discovered Ln2+ Ions in the [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3Ln] Complexes: The Variable Nature of Dy2+ and Nd2+. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 137:369-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510831n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Fieser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Matthew R. MacDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brandon T. Krull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jefferson E. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Arnold PL, McMullon MW, Rieb J, Kühn FE. CH Bond Activation by f‐Block Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:82-100. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polly L. Arnold
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ (UK)
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching (Germany)
| | - Max W. McMullon
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ (UK)
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching (Germany)
| | - Julia Rieb
- Fakultät für Chemie, Zentralinstitut für Katalyseforschung, Technische Universität München (Germany)
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching (Germany)
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Fakultät für Chemie, Zentralinstitut für Katalyseforschung, Technische Universität München (Germany)
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching (Germany)
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