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Komorski S, Leszczyński MK, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Structural diversity of ethylzinc derivatives of 3,5-substituted pyrazoles. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17388-17394. [PMID: 33211038 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03026k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Equimolar reactions of Et2Zn with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (H-pzMe2), 3,5-di-iso-propylpyrazole (H-pziPr2), 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole (H-pztBu2) and indazole (H-ind) were investigated in toluene or tetrahydrofuran (as a coordinating solvent). A series of diverse ethylzinc pyrazolates and indazolates were identified using advanced NMR spectroscopy and the single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The NMR experiments indicate that dimeric moieties of the general formula [EtZn(pz)]2 or [Et2Zn2(pz)2(THF)] are favoured in solution. Nevertheless, these types of complexes are kinetically labile and tend to undergo ligand scrambling reactions according to the Schlenk equilibrium. For example, the alkyl substituents in the pzMe2 and pziPr2 ligands do not appear to be a strong determinant of the dimeric moieties and the composition of the isolated complexes by crystallisation from the parent reaction mixture varies between spiro-type tri- and tetranuclear aggregates, [Et2Zn3(pz)4(THF)x] (x = 0 or 2) and [Et2Zn4(pz)6(THF)2], respectively. The nonstoichiometric formula of these organozinc derivatives is likely related to both the Schlenk-type equilibria and solubility of the respective moieties. In turn, the high steric demands of the 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolate ligand promote the dimeric form in solution and the solid state. Interestingly, the ethylzinc indazolate complex also does not undergo a redistribution reaction and yields a dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Komorski
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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Wolska-Pietkiewicz M, Tokarska K, Wojewódzka A, Wójcik K, Chwojnowska E, Grzonka J, Cywiński PJ, Chudy M, Lewiński J. ZnO nanocrystals derived from organometallic approach: Delineating the role of organic ligand shell on physicochemical properties and nano-specific toxicity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18071. [PMID: 31792318 PMCID: PMC6889378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface organic ligands have profound effect on modulation of different physicochemical parameters as well as toxicological profile of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most versatile semiconductor material with multifarious potential applications and systematic approach to in-depth understand the interplay between ZnO NCs surface chemistry along with physicochemical properties and their nano-specific toxicity is indispensable for development of ZnO NCs-based devices and biomedical applications. To this end, we have used recently developed the one-pot self-supporting organometallic (OSSOM) approach as a model platform to synthesize a series of ZnO NCs coated with three different alkoxyacetate ligands with varying the ether tail length which simultaneously act as miniPEG prototypes. The ligand coating influence on ZnO NCs physicochemical properties including the inorganic core size, the hydrodynamic diameter, surface charge, photoluminescence (quantum yield and decay time) and ZnO NCs biological activity toward lung cells was thoroughly investigated. The resulting ZnO NCs with average core diameter of 4-5 nm and the hydrodynamic diameter of 8-13 nm exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yield reaching 33% and a dramatic slowing down of charge recombination up to 2.4 µs, which is virtually unaffected by the ligand's character. Nano-specific ZnO NCs-induced cytotoxicity was tested using MTT assay with normal (MRC-5) and cancer (A549) human lung cell lines. Noticeably, no negative effect has been observed up to the NCs concentration of 10 µg/mL and essentially very low negative toxicological impact could be noticed at higher concentrations. In the latter case, the MTT data analysis indicate that there is a subtle interconnection between inorganic core-organic shell dimensions and toxicological profile of ZnO NCs (strikingly, the NCs coated by the carboxylate bearing a medium ether chain length exhibit the lowest toxicity level). The results demonstrate that, when fully optimized, our organometallic self-supporting approach can be a highly promising method to obtain high-quality and bio-stable ligand-coated ZnO NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Tokarska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wojewódzka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Chwojnowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Grzonka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr J Cywiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Chudy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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Garth K, Döring M, Kraemer R, Roth M, Thomas C. Novel phosphinate-containing zinc polyacrylate and its utilization as flame retardant for polyamides. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Garth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289, Darmstadt Germany
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289, Darmstadt Germany
| | - Roland Kraemer
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Michael Roth
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Carsten Thomas
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
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Pankhurst JR, Paul S, Zhu Y, Williams CK, Love JB. Polynuclear alkoxy-zinc complexes of bowl-shaped macrocycles and their use in the copolymerisation of cyclohexene oxide and CO 2. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4887-4893. [PMID: 30896006 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reactions between alcohols and the tetranuclear ethyl-Zn complexes of an ortho-phenylene-bridged polypyrrole macrocycle, Zn4Et4(L1) 1 and the related anthracenyl-bridged macrocyclic complex, Zn4Et4(THF)4(L2) 2 have been studied. With long-chain alcohols such as n-hexanol, the clean formation of the tetranuclear hexoxide complex Zn4(OC6H13)4(L1) 3 occurs. In contrast, the use of shorter-chain alcohols such as i-propanol results in the trinuclear complex Zn3(μ2-OiPr)2(μ3-OiPr)(HL1) 4 that arises from demetalation; this complex was characterised by X-ray crystallography. The clean formation of these polynuclear zinc clusters allowed a study of their use as catalysts in the ring-opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) reaction between cyclohexene oxide and CO2. In situ reactions involving the pre-catalyst 1 and n-hexanol formed the desired polymer with the best selectivity for polycarbonate (90%) at 30 atm CO2, whilst the activity and performance of pre-catalyst 2 was poor in comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Pankhurst
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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Wolska-Pietkiewicz M, Grala A, Justyniak I, Hryciuk D, Jędrzejewska M, Grzonka J, Kurzydłowski KJ, Lewiński J. From Well-Defined Alkylzinc Phosphinates to Quantum-Sized ZnO Nanocrystals. Chemistry 2017; 23:11856-11865. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Grala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dymitr Hryciuk
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maria Jędrzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Justyna Grzonka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Wołoska 141 02-507 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Wołoska 141 02-507 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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Gómez-Hurtado MA, Nava-Andrade K, Villagómez-Guzmán AK, del Río RE, Andrade-López N, Alvarado-Rodríguez JG, Martínez-Otero D, Morales-Morales D, Rodríguez-García G. Facile synthesis and structural characterization of μ4-oxo tetrazinc clusters of beyerenoic and kaurenoic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Grala A, Wolska-Pietkiewicz M, Wojewódzka A, Dabergut M, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Structural Diversity of Ethylzinc Carboxylates. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Grala
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Wojewódzka
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dabergut
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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