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Morris RH. Reactivity umpolung (reversal) of ligands in transition metal complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2808-2827. [PMID: 38353155 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The success and power of homogeneous catalysis derives in large part from the wide choice of transition metal ions and their ligands. This tutorial review introduces examples where the reactivity of a ligand is completely reversed (umpolung) from Lewis basic/nucleophilic to acidic/electrophilic or vice versa on changing the metal and co-ligands. Understanding this phenomenon will assist in the rational design of catalysts and the understanding of metalloenzyme mechanisms. Labelling a metal and ligand with Seebach donor and acceptor labels helps to identify whether a reaction involving the intermolecular attack on the ligand is displaying native reactivity or reactivity umpolung. This has been done for complexes of nitriles, carbonyls, isonitriles, dinitrogen, Fischer carbenes, alkenes, alkynes, hydrides, methyls, methylidenes and alkylidenes, silylenes, oxides, imides/nitrenes, alkylidynes, methylidynes, and nitrides. The electronic influence of the metal and co-ligands is discussed in terms of the energy of (HOMO) d electrons. The energy can be related to the pKLACa (LAC is ligand acidity constant) of the theoretical hydride complexes [H-[M]-L]+ formed by the protonation of pair of valence d electrons on the metal in the [M-L] complex. Preliminary findings indicate that a negative pKLACa indicates that nucleophilic attack by a carbanion or amine on the ligand will likely occur while a positive pKLACa indicates that electrophilic attack by strong acids on the ligand will usually occur when the ligand is nitrile, carbonyl, isonitrile, alkene and η6-arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3H6.
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2
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Martínez-Vivas S, Gusev DG, Poyatos M, Peris E. Tuning the Catalytic Activity of a Pincer Complex of Rhodium(I) by Supramolecular and Redox Stimuli. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313899. [PMID: 37792812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the rhodium(I) complex [Rh(CNC-NDI)(CO)]+ , in which CNC-NDI refers to a pincer-CNC ligand decorated with a naphthalenediimide moiety. Due to the presence of the planar CNC ligand and the naphthalenediimide moiety, the electronic nature of the complex can be modulated by means of supramolecular and redox stimuli, respectively. The metal complex shows a strong π-π-stacking interaction with coronene. This interaction has an impact on the electron-richness of the metal, as demonstrated by the shifting of the ν(CO) stretching band to a lower frequency. The addition of tetrabutylammonium fluoride facilitates the sequential one- and two-electron reduction of the NDI moiety of the ligand, thus resulting in a situation in which the ligand can increase its electron-donor strength in two levels. The nature of the interaction with the fluoride anion was studied computationally. The catalytic activity of the [Rh(CNC-NDI)(CO)]+ complex was tested in the cycloisomerization of alkynoic acids, where it is observed that the activity of the catalyst can be modulated between four levels of activity, which correspond to i) the use of the unmodified catalyst, ii) catalyst+coronene, iii) catalyst+2 equivalents of fluoride, and iv) catalyst+5 equivalents of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Martínez-Vivas
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n., Castellón, E-12071, Spain
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Macarena Poyatos
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n., Castellón, E-12071, Spain
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n., Castellón, E-12071, Spain
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3
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Martínez-Vivas S, Poyatos M, Peris E. Supramolecular Control of the Oxidative Addition as a Way To Improve the Catalytic Efficiency of Pincer-Rhodium (I) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307198. [PMID: 37342877 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
1 H NMR studies using a cationic complex with a pyridine-di-imidazolylidene pincer ligand of formula [Rh(CNC)(CO)]+ revealed that this compound showed high binding affinity with coronene in CH2 Cl2 . The interaction between coronene and the planar RhI complex is established by means of π-stacking interactions. This interaction has a strong impact on the electron-donating strength of the pincer CNC ligand, which is increased significantly, as demonstrated by the shifting of the ν(CO) stretching bands to lower frequencies. The addition of coronene increases the reaction rate of the nucleophilic attack of methyl iodide on the rhodium (I) pincer complex, and also has a positive effect on the performance of the complex as a catalyst in the cycloisomerization of 4-pentynoic acid. These findings highlight the importance of supramolecular interactions for tuning the reactivity and catalytic activity of square-planar metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Martínez-Vivas
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n., 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Macarena Poyatos
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n., 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n., 12071, Castellón, Spain
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4
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Remarkably flexible 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines and their group 8–10 transition metal complexes – Chemistry and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Gu S, Chen J, Musgrave CB, Gehman ZM, Habgood LG, Jia X, Dickie DA, Goddard WA, Gunnoe TB. Functionalization of Rh III–Me Bonds: Use of “Capping Arene” Ligands to Facilitate Me–X Reductive Elimination. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyan Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles B. Musgrave
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zoë M. Gehman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Laurel G. Habgood
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida 32789, United States
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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6
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Gu S, Nielsen RJ, Taylor KH, Fortman GC, Chen J, Dickie DA, Goddard WA, Gunnoe TB. Use of Ligand Steric Properties to Control the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination with Pincer-Ligated Rh Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyan Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robert J. Nielsen
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kathleen H. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - George C. Fortman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Moore WNG, Henke WC, Lionetti D, Day VW, Blakemore JD. Single-Electron Redox Chemistry on the [Cp*Rh] Platform Enabled by a Nitrated Bipyridyl Ligand. Molecules 2018; 23:E2857. [PMID: 30400193 PMCID: PMC6278249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
[Cp*Rh] complexes (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) are attracting renewed interest in coordination chemistry and catalysis, but these useful compounds often undergo net two-electron redox cycling that precludes observation of individual one-electron reduction events. Here, we show that a [Cp*Rh] complex bearing the 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-bipyridyl ligand (dnbpy) (3) can access a distinctive manifold of five oxidation states in organic electrolytes, contrasting with prior work that found no accessible reductions in aqueous electrolyte. These states are readily generated from a newly isolated and fully characterized rhodium(III) precursor complex 3, formulated as [Cp*Rh(dnbpy)Cl]PF₆. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, previously unavailable for the dnbpy ligand bound to the [Cp*Rh] platform, confirm the presence of both [η⁵-Cp*] and [κ²-dnbpy]. Four individual one-electron reductions of 3 are observed, contrasting sharply with the single two-electron reductions of other [Cp*Rh] complexes. Chemical preparation and the study of the singly reduced species with electronic absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies indicate that the first reduction is predominantly centered on the dnbpy ligand. Comparative cyclic voltammetry studies with [NBu₄][PF₆] and [NBu₄][Cl] as supporting electrolytes indicate that the chloride ligand can be lost from 3 by ligand exchange upon reduction. Spectroelectrochemical studies with ultraviolet (UV)-visible detection reveal isosbestic behavior, confirming the clean interconversion of the reduced forms of 3 inferred from the voltammetry with [NBu₄][PF₆] as supporting electrolyte. Electrochemical reduction in the presence of triethylammonium results in an irreversible response, but does not give rise to catalytic H₂ evolution, contrasting with the reactivity patterns observed in [Cp*Rh] complexes bearing bipyridyl ligands with less electron-withdrawing substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N G Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Wade C Henke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Davide Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Victor W Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - James D Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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King CR, Rollins N, Holdaway A, Konnick MM, Periana RA, Ess DH. Electrophilic Impact of High-Oxidation State Main-Group Metal and Ligands on Alkane C–H Activation and Functionalization Reactions. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton R. King
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Nick Rollins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ashley Holdaway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Michael M. Konnick
- Hyconix, Inc., 4575 Weaver Parkway, Warrenville, Illinois 60555, United States
| | - Roy A. Periana
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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9
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Propane CH activation by palladium complexes bearing ligands with Charge-shift bonding characteristics: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Stevens TE, Smoll KA, Goldberg KI. Direct Formation of Carbon(sp 3)-Heteroatom Bonds from Rh III To Produce Methyl Iodide, Thioethers, and Alkylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7725-7728. [PMID: 28574703 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermolysis of the RhIII-Me complex (DPEphos)RhMeI2 (1) results in reductive elimination of MeI. Mechanistic studies are consistent with SN2 attack by I- at the RhIII-Me group via two separate competing paths. Addition of sulfur and nitrogen nucleophiles allows effective competition and formation of C(sp3)-S and C(sp3)-N coupled products in high yields. C(sp3)-N bond formation is second-order in amine, consistent with amine substitution of iodide at the metal followed by nucleophilic attack at carbon by a second amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Karena A Smoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Karen I Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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11
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Activation and selective oxy-functionalization of alkanes with metal complexes: Shilov reaction and some new aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Webster-Gardiner MS, Piszel PE, Fu R, McKeown BA, Nielsen RJ, Goddard WA, Gunnoe TB. Electrophilic RhI catalysts for arene H/D exchange in acidic media: Evidence for an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Ma D, Zhang C, Chen ZN, Xu X. Rational design of model Pd(ii)-catalysts for C–H activation involving ligands with charge-shift bonding characteristics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:2417-2424. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium(ii) complex with a bis-2-borabicyclo[1.1.0]but-1(3)-ene ligand having charge-shift bonding characteristics contributes to better performance for C–H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Congjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Zhe-Ning Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- MOE Laboratory for Computational Physical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
| | - Xin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- MOE Laboratory for Computational Physical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
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Sberegaeva AV, Watts D, Vedernikov AN. Oxidative Functionalization of Late Transition Metal–Carbon Bonds. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Gustafson SJ, Fuller JT, Devarajan D, Snyder J, Periana RA, Hashiguchi BG, Konnick MM, Ess DH. Contrasting Mechanisms and Reactivity of Tl(III), Hg(II), and Co(III) for Alkane C–H Functionalization. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Gustafson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jack T. Fuller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Deepa Devarajan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Justin Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Roy A. Periana
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Brian G. Hashiguchi
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Michael M. Konnick
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Fallah H, Cundari TR. Reductive functionalization of 3d metal–methyl complexes: The greater importance of ligand than metal. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Winston M, Wolf WJ, Toste FD. Halide-Dependent Mechanisms of Reductive Elimination from Gold(III). J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7921-8. [PMID: 26065722 PMCID: PMC4482415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two unique organometallic halide series (Ph3P)Au(4-Me-C6H4)(CF3)(X) and (Cy3P)Au(4-F-C6H4)(CF3)(X) (X = I, Br, Cl, F) have been synthesized. The PPh3-supported complexes can undergo both C(aryl)-X and C(aryl)-CF3 reductive elimination. Mechanistic studies of thermolysis at 122 °C reveal a dramatic reactivity and kinetic selectivity dependence on halide ligand. For X = I or F, zero-order kinetic behavior is observed, while for X = Cl or Br, kinetic studies implicate product catalysis. The selectivity for C(aryl)-CF3 bond formation increases in the order X = I < Br < Cl < F, with exclusively C(aryl)-I bond formation when X = I, and exclusively C(aryl)-CF3 bond formation when X = F. Thermodynamic measurements show that Au(III)-X bond dissociation energies increase in the order X = I < Br < Cl, and that ground state Au(III)-X bond strength ultimately dictates selectivities for C(aryl)-X and C(aryl)-CF3 reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
S. Winston
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William J. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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