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Gao Y, Christianson MD, Wang Y, Chen J, Marshall S, Klosin J, Lohr TL, Marks TJ. Unexpected Precatalyst σ-Ligand Effects in Phenoxyimine Zr-Catalyzed Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerizations. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7822-7830. [PMID: 31017398 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed intense research efforts aimed at developing new homogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts, with a primary focus on metal-Cl or metal-hydrocarbyl precursors. Curiously, metal-NR2 precursors have received far less attention. In this contribution, the Zr-amido complex FI2ZrX2 (FI = 2,4-di- tert-butyl-6-((isobutylimino)methyl)phenolate, X = NMe2) is found to exhibit high ethylene polymerization activity and relatively high 1-octene coenchainment selectivity (up to 7.2 mol%) after sequential activation with trimethylaluminum, then Ph3C+B(C6F5)4-. In sharp contrast, catalysts with traditional hydrocarbyl ligands such as benzyl and methyl give low 1-octene incorporation (0-1.0 mol%). This unexpected selectivity persists under scaled/industrial operating conditions and was previously inaccessible with traditional metal-Cl or -hydrocarbyl precursors. NMR, X-ray diffraction, and catalytic control experiments indicate that in this case an FI ligand is abstracted from FI2Zr(NMe2)2 by trimethylaluminum in the activation process to yield a catalytically active cationic mono-FIZr species. Heretofore this process was believed to serve only as a major catalyst deactivation pathway to be avoided. This work demonstrates the importance of investigating diverse precatalyst monodentate σ-ligands in developing new catalyst systems, especially for group 4 olefin polymerization catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Matthew D Christianson
- Corporate R&D , The Dow Chemical Company , 1776 Building , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Jiazhen Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Steve Marshall
- Corporate R&D , The Dow Chemical Company , 1776 Building , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Jerzy Klosin
- Corporate R&D , The Dow Chemical Company , 1776 Building , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Tracy L Lohr
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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Fryga J, Białek M. Effect of AlR3 (R = Me, Et, iBu) addition on the composition and microstructure of ethylene/1-olefin copolymers made with post-metallocene complexes of group 4 elements. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Crabtree RH. Deactivation in Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis: Causes, Avoidance, and Cure. Chem Rev 2014; 115:127-50. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5004375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Crabtree
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Makio H, Prasad AV, Terao H, Saito J, Fujita T. Isospecific propylene polymerization with in situ generated bis(phenoxy-amine)zirconium and hafnium single site catalysts. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:9112-9. [PMID: 23515526 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis(phenoxy-imine) Zr and Hf complexes were activated with (i)Bu3Al or (i)Bu2AlH in conjunction with Ph3CB(C6F5)4 and tested as catalysts for propylene polymerization with emphasis on the enantioselectivity of the isospecific species and the single site polymerization characteristics. The isoselective species was identified as the in situ generated bis(phenoxy-amine) complex whose isoselectivity was sensitive to subtle changes in ligand structure. By employing specific substituents at certain key positions the isotacticity reached an extremely high level comparable to high-end commercial isotactic polypropylenes (Tm > 160 °C). Single site polymerization characteristics depended upon the efficiency and selectivity of the in situ imine reduction which is sensitive to the substituent on the imine nitrogen and the reaction conditions. By using (i)Bu2AlH as a reducing agent, quantitative imine reduction can be achieved with a stoichiometric amount of the reducing agent. This lower alkylaluminum loading is beneficial for the catalyst and significantly enhances the polymerization activity and the molecular weight of the resultant polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyuki Makio
- Mitsui Chemicals Singapore R&D Centre, Pte. Ltd. 50 Science Park Road, #06-08 The Kendall, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117406.
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Bryliakov KP, Talsi EP. Frontiers of mechanistic studies of coordination polymerization and oligomerization of α-olefins. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bravaya NM, Mukhina EV, Panin AN, Faingol’d EE, Makhaev VD, Petrova LA, Gagieva SC, Tuskaev VA, Bulychev BM. Effect of the nature of an organoaluminum activator on catalytic properties of phenoxyimine zirconium complexes in homo- and copolymerization reactions of ethylene. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dagorne S, Fliedel C. Organoaluminum Species in Homogeneous Polymerization Catalysis. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2012_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Barabanov AA, Semikolenova NV, Mats’ko MA, Echevskaya LG, Zakharov VA. Kinetics of ethylene polymerization in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst based on a bis(phenoxyimine) complex of zirconium(IV). KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158411020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Terao H, Iwashita A, Matsukawa N, Ishii S, Mitani M, Tanaka H, Nakano T, Fujita T. Ethylene and Ethylene/α-Olefin (Co)Polymerization Behavior of Bis(phenoxy−imine)Ti Catalysts: Significant Substituent Effects on Activity and Comonomer Incorporation. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs100148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marchetti F, Pampaloni G, Patil Y, Galletti AMR, Renili F, Zacchini S. Ethylene Polymerization by Niobium(V) N,N-Dialkylcarbamates Activated with Aluminum Co-catalysts. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om101187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Yogesh Patil
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Renili
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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Makio H, Terao H, Iwashita A, Fujita T. FI Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization—A Comprehensive Treatment. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2363-449. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100294r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruyuki Makio
- Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., 580-32 Nagaura, Sodegaura, Chiba 299-0265, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Terao
- Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., 580-32 Nagaura, Sodegaura, Chiba 299-0265, Japan
| | - Akihiko Iwashita
- Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., 580-32 Nagaura, Sodegaura, Chiba 299-0265, Japan
| | - Terunori Fujita
- Research Center, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., 580-32 Nagaura, Sodegaura, Chiba 299-0265, Japan
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The kinetic evidence for the formation of multiple active species in a bis(phenoxy-imine) zirconium dichloride/MAO catalyst during ethylene polymerization. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Bochmann M. The Chemistry of Catalyst Activation: The Case of Group 4 Polymerization Catalysts. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1004447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Bochmann
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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Makio H, Fujita T. Development and application of FI catalysts for olefin polymerization: unique catalysis and distinctive polymer formation. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:1532-44. [PMID: 19588950 DOI: 10.1021/ar900030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catalysts contribute to the efficient production of chemicals and materials in almost all processes in the chemical industry. The polyolefin industry is one prominent example of the importance of catalysts. The discovery of Ziegler-Natta catalysts in the 1950s resulted in the production of high-density polyethylenes (PEs) and isotactic polypropylenes (iPPs). Since then, further catalyst development has led to the production of a new series of polyolefins, including linear low-density PEs, amorphous ethylene/1-butene copolymers, ethylene/propylene/diene elastomers, and syndiotactic PPs (sPPs). Polyolefins are now the most important and the most produced synthetic polymers. This Account describes a family of next-generation olefin polymerization catalysts (FI catalysts) that are currently being used in the commercial production of value-added olefin-based materials. An FI catalyst is a heteroatom-coordinated early transition metal complex that combines a pair of nonsymmetric phenoxy-imine [O(-), N] chelating ligands with a group 4 transition metal. The catalytically active species derived from FI catalysts is highly electrophilic and can assume up to five isomeric structures based on the coordination of the phenoxy-imine ligand. In addition, the accessibility of the ligands of the FI catalysts and their amenability to modification offers an opportunity for the design of diverse catalytic structures. FI catalysts exhibit many unique chemical characteristics: precise control over chain transfers (including highly controlled living ethylene and propylene polymerizations), extremely high selectivity for ethylene, high functional group tolerance, MAO- and borate-free polymerization catalysis, significant morphology polymer formation, controlled multimodal behavior, high incorporation ability for higher alpha-olefins and norbornene, and highly syndiospecific and isospecific polymerizations of both propylene and styrene. These reactions also occur with very high catalyst efficiency. The reaction products include a wide variety of unique olefin-based materials, many of which were previously unavailable via other means of polymerization. We have produced selective vinyl- and Al-terminated PEs, ultrahigh molecular weight linear PEs, regio- and stereoirregular high molecular weight poly(higher alpha-olefin)s, ethylene- and propylene-based telechelic polymers, a wide array of polyolefinic block copolymers from ethylene, propylene, and higher alpha-olefins, and ultrafine noncoherent PE particles. FI catalysts are important from the organometallic, catalytic, and polymer science points of view, and the chemical industry is now using them for the production of value-added olefin-based materials. We anticipate that future research on FI catalysts will produce additional olefin-based materials with unique architectures and material properties and will offer scientists the chance to further study olefin polymerization catalysis and related reaction mechanisms.
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Soshnikov IE, Semikolenova NV, Bryliakov KP, Shubin AA, Zakharov VA, Redshaw C, Talsi EP. An EPR Study of the V(IV) Species Formed Upon Activation of a Vanadyl Phenoxyimine Polymerization Catalyst with AlR3and AlR2Cl (R = Me, Et). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Niemeyer J, Kehr G, Fröhlich R, Erker G. Bis(“ferrocene-saliminato”) group 4 metal complexes: synthesis, structural features and use in homogenous Ziegler–Natta polymerization catalysis. Dalton Trans 2009:3731-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b822741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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