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Gan W, Huang B, Cui C, Hansen K, Luo Z. Weak Interactions Initiate C-H and C-C Bond Dissociation of Ethane on Nb n + Clusters. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200530. [PMID: 36807961 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of ethane into value-added chemicals under ambient conditions has attracted much attention but the mechanisms remain not fully understood. Here we report a study on the reaction of ethane with thermalized Nbn + clusters based on a multiple-ion laminar flow tube reactor combined with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MIFT-TQMS). It is found that ethane reacts with Nbn + clusters to form both products of dehydrogenation and methane-removal (odd-carbon products). Combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we studied the reaction mechanisms of the C-C bond activation and C-H bond cleavage on the Nbn + clusters. It is unveiled that hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) initiates the reaction process, giving rise to the formation of Nb-C bonds and an elongated C-C distance in the HNbn + CH2 CH3 motif. Subsequent reactions allow for C-C bond activation and a competitive HAT process which is associated with CH4 removal or H2 release, resulting in the production of the observed carbides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Benben Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Lu F, Li L, Zhang X, Nie Y, Geng Z. Enhancement of the Catalytic Activities of Heteronuclear Bimetallic Cations for the C-H Bond Activation of Cyclohexane. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10397-10405. [PMID: 31693370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterometallic cations NiCu+ and CoNi+ can easily induce triple dehydrogenation of cyclohexane with high yield, and monometallic cations Ni+ and Co+ only give rise to double dehydrogenation with low yield. Reaction mechanisms of the six C-H bond activations for cyclohexane are systematically investigated by comparing the difference between bimetallic cations and monometallic ones. Fragment molecular orbital analysis clearly indicates that charge transfer (CT) occurs from the occupied interacting orbital of the metallic cation to the σ*-antibonding orbital of the first, third, and fifth activated C-H bonds in transition states. The synergistic effects of heteronuclear bimetallic cations result in the destabilization of the occupied interacting orbital in bimetallic cations, which raise the reactivity of bimetallic cations and enhance the CT between catalysts and substrates. Contrary to the absence of the third dehydrogenation product in the mononuclear metallic cation catalytic reaction, a significant amount of the third dehydrogenation product is observed in the presence of heteronuclear cations (NiCu+ and CoNi+). π back-bonding between Ni of heteronuclear metallic cations and the substrate cyclohexadiene plays an essential role in lowering the energies of transition states, which accelerate the third dehydrogenation. The reasons why heteronuclear bimetallic cations are more reactive than monometallic ones are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China.,Department of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering , Gansu Vocational & Technical College of Nonferrous Metallurgy , Jinchang , Gansu 737100 , P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China.,Department of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering , Gansu Vocational & Technical College of Nonferrous Metallurgy , Jinchang , Gansu 737100 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Nie
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Geng
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China
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3
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Baloglou A, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Gas-Phase Reactivity Studies of Small Molybdenum Cluster Ions with Dimethyl Disulfide. Top Catal 2018; 61:20-27. [PMID: 31258300 PMCID: PMC6566215 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum sulfide is a potent hydrogen evolution catalyst, and is discussed as a replacement of platinum in large-scale electrochemical hydrogen production. To learn more about the elementary steps of MoS2 production by sputtering in the presence of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), the reactions of Mox+, x = 1–3, with DMDS are studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. A rich variety of products composed of molybdenum, sulfur, carbon and hydrogen was observed. MoxSy+ species are formed in the first reaction step, together with products containing carbon and hydrogen. The calculations indicate that the strong Mo-S bonds are formed preferentially, followed by Mo–C bonds. Hydrogen is exclusively bound to carbon atoms, i.e. no insertion of a molybdenum atom into a C–H bond is observed. The reactions are efficient and highly exothermic, explaining the rich chemistry observed in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Baloglou
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Firouzbakht M, Zhou S, González-Navarrete P, Schlangen M, Kaupp M, Schwarz H. Metal-Dependent Strengthening and Weakening of M−H and M−C Bonds by an Oxo Ligand: Thermal Gas-Phase Activation of Methane by [OMH]+
and [MH]+
(M=Mo, Ti). Chemistry 2017; 23:12346-12352. [PMID: 28548213 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Firouzbakht
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straβe des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straβe des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straβe des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straβe des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straβe des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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5
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Theoretical study on the H2S activation by PtCH2 + in the gas phase. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Sahoo S, Reber AC, Khanna SN. Conceptual Basis for Understanding C–C Bond Activation in Ethane by Second Row Transition Metal Carbides. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12855-61. [PMID: 26616749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjubala Sahoo
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Arthur C. Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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7
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Zhao L, Ding Q, Xu W, Sang P, He X, Shi Z, Chi Y, Lu X, Guo W. The ligand effect on the selective C–H versus C–C bond activation of propane by NiBr+: a theoretical study. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Shilina MI, Vasilevskii GY, Rostovshchikova TN, Murzin VY. Unusual coordination state of cobalt ions in zeolites modified by aluminum chloride. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:13282-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of Co–ZSM-5 with anhydrous AlCl3 changes the cobalt coordination state and the adsorption properties, due to the formation of Co–Cl–Al structures on the zeolite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Shilina
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- GSP-1 Moscow
- Russia
| | - G. Yu. Vasilevskii
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- GSP-1 Moscow
- Russia
| | | | - V. Yu. Murzin
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”
- Moscow
- Russia
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9
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Espy RD, Wleklinski M, Yan X, Cooks RG. Beyond the flask: Reactions on the fly in ambient mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Shilina MI, Udalova OV, Nevskaya SM. Synergism in the actions of a transition metal cation and a Lewis acid in the liquid- and gas-phase catalytic conversion of alkanes over modified ZSM-5 zeolites under mild conditions. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158413060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Activation of propane C–H and C–C bonds by a diplatinum cluster: potential energy surfaces and reaction mechanisms. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Quantum chemical study of butane isomerization on clusters of aluminum and cobalt chlorides. Mixed complexes. Russ Chem Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-012-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Li G, Li X, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation in Saturated Hydrocarbons by Field-Assisted Nitrogen Fixation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Li G, Li X, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation in Saturated Hydrocarbons by Field-Assisted Nitrogen Fixation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Li FM, Yang HQ, Ju TY, Li XY, Hu CW. Activation of propane C-H and C-C bonds by gas-phase Pt atom: a theoretical study. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9278-9297. [PMID: 22942766 PMCID: PMC3430297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13079278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the gas-phase Pt atom with C3H8 has been systematically investigated on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces at CCSD(T)//BPW91/6-311++G(d, p), Lanl2dz level. Pt atom prefers the attack of primary over secondary C-H bonds in propane. For the Pt + C3H8 reaction, the major and minor reaction channels lead to PtC3H6 + H2 and PtCH2 + C2H6, respectively, whereas the possibility to form products PtC2H4 + CH4 is so small that it can be neglected. The minimal energy reaction pathway for the formation of PtC3H6 + H2, involving one spin inversion, prefers to start at the triplet state and afterward proceed along the singlet state. The optimal C-C bond cleavages are assigned to C-H bond activation as the first step, followed by cleavage of a C-C bond. The C-H insertion intermediates are kinetically favored over the C-C insertion intermediates. From C-C to C-H oxidative insertion, the lowering of activation barrier is mainly caused by the more stabilizing transition state interaction ΔE≠int, which is the actual interaction energy between the deformed reactants in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ming Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China; E-Mails: (F.-M.L.); (T.-Y.J.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Hua-Qing Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China; E-Mails: (F.-M.L.); (T.-Y.J.); (X.-Y.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or ; Tel./Fax: +86-28-85415608
| | - Ting-Yong Ju
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China; E-Mails: (F.-M.L.); (T.-Y.J.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Xiang-Yuan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China; E-Mails: (F.-M.L.); (T.-Y.J.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Chang-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; E-Mail:
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16
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Density functional theory studies on the mechanism of activation of methane by homonuclear bimetallic Ni–Ni. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Li FM, Yang HQ, Ju TY, Li XY, Hu CW. Activation of C–H and C–C bonds of ethane by gas-phase Pt atom: Potential energy surface and reaction mechanism. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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HAN DEMAN, DAI GUOLIANG, CHEN HAO, YAN HUA, WU JUNYONG, WANG CHUANFENG, ZHONG AIGUO. DFT study of the reactions of Mo and Mo + with CO2 in gas phase. J CHEM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-011-0072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Propane transformations on aluminum chloride—cobalt chloride clusters: a quantum chemical study. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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21
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Shilina MI, Smirnov VV, Bakharev RV. Reactions of 2-chlorobutane with polynuclear bimetallic aluminum and cobalt chloride complexes: low-temperature synthesis and structure of adducts. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Roithová J, Schröder D. Selective activation of alkanes by gas-phase metal ions. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1170-211. [PMID: 20041696 DOI: 10.1021/cr900183p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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23
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de Petris G, Cartoni A, Troiani A, Barone V, Cimino P, Angelini G, Ursini O. Double CH Activation of Ethane by Metal-Free SO2.+ Radical Cations. Chemistry 2010; 16:6234-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Lv LL, Wang YC, Geng ZY, Si YB, Wang Q, Liu HW. Activation of C2H6 by Gas-Phase Ta+: Potential Energy Surfaces, Spin−Orbit Coupling, Spin-Inversion Probabilities, and Reaction Mechanisms. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900360z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, LanZhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, LanZhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Geng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, LanZhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Bing Si
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, LanZhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, LanZhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Wen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, LanZhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
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25
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Di Santo E, Michelini MC, Russo N. Activation of Ethane C−H and C−C Bonds by Gas Phase Th+ and U+: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:14699-705. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9048154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MURST, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - M. C. Michelini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MURST, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - N. Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d’Eccellenza MURST, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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26
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Armentrout PB. Activation of C2H6 and C3H8 by Gas-Phase Mo+: Thermochemistry of Mo−Ligand Complexes. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700579m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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