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Antonio JJ, Kraka E. Metal-ring interactions in group 2 ansa-metallocenes: assessed with the local vibrational mode theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15143-15155. [PMID: 38647402 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ansa-metallocenes, a vital class of organometallic compounds, have attracted significant attention due to their diverse structural motifs and their pivotal roles in catalysis and materials science. We investigated 37 distinct group 2 ansa-metallocenes at the B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory. Utilizing local mode force constants derived from our local vibrational mode theory, including a special force constant directly targeting the metal-ring interaction, we could unveil latent structural differences between solvated and non-solvated metallocenophanes and the influence of the solvent on complex stability and structure. We could quantify the intrinsic strength of the metal-cyclopentadienyl (M-Cp) bonds and the influence of the bridging motifs on the stiffness of the Cp-M-Cp angles, another determinant of complex stability. LMA was complemented by the analysis of electronic density, utilizing the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), which confirmed both the impact of solvent coordination on the strength of the M-Cp bond(s) and the influence of the bridging motif on the Cp-M-Cp angles. The specific effect of the ansa-motif on the M-Cp interaction was further elucidated by a comparison with linear/bent metallocene structures. In summary, our results identify the local mode analysis as an efficient tool for unraveling the intricate molecular properties of ansa-metallocenes and their unique structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana J Antonio
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
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2
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Mondal S, Sarkar S, Mandal C, Mallick D, Mukherjee D. Fluorenyl-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC): an exclusive C-donor ligand for heteroleptic calcium and strontium chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4553-4556. [PMID: 38568715 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Exclusive C-donating ligands are rarely used with kinetically labile heavier alkaline earths (Ca, Sr, Ba). We report herein the aptitude of a combination of NHC with fluorenyl connected by a flexible -(CH2)2- linker as a ligand support for heteroleptic Ca- and Sr-N(SiMe3)2 and iodides. The Ca-N(SiMe3)2 complex even catalyzes the intramolecular hydroamination of aminoalkenes to showcase the effectiveness of this ligand framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subham Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India.
| | - Chhotan Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dibyendu Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India.
| | - Debabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India.
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3
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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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4
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Baguli S, Mondal S, Mandal C, Goswami S, Mukherjee D. Cyclopentadienyl Complexes of the Alkaline Earths in Light of the Periodic Trends. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202100962. [PMID: 34825506 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The electron-rich cyclopentadienyl and the analogous indenyl and fluorenyl ligands (collectively denoted here as Cp') have been impactful in stabilizing electron-deficient metal centers including the highly electropositive alkaline earths. Being in the s-block, the group 2 metals follow a major periodic variation in their atomic and ionic properties which is reflected in those Cp' compounds. This article presents an overview of this class of compounds for all the five metals from beryllium to barium (radium is excluded for its radioactivity), highlighting their systematic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Baguli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumana Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Chhotan Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Santu Goswami
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
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5
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Abstract
Metallocenes with interlinked cyclopentadienide ligands are commonly referred to as ansa‐metallocenes or metallocenophanes. These can have drastically different properties than their unbridged parent compounds. While this concept is best known for transition metals such as iron, it can also be adopted for many main‐group elements. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the field of metallocenophanes based on main‐group elements of group 2, group 13, group 14 and group 15, focusing on synthesis, structure and properties of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wirtz
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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6
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Speight IR, Chmely SC, Hanusa TP, Rheingold AL. Mechanochemically directed metathesis in group 2 chemistry: calcium amide formation without solvent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2202-2205. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry nails the synthesis of a bulky calcium amide without producing the contamination that can occur with a solution preparation
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego, La Jolla
- USA
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7
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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8
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Kunz D, Mazzotta F. Ylidic Cp-Ligands: Properties and New Developments. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Kim KH, Lee S, Lee J, Kim JN. Synthesis of Ramirez ylides from Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts of α-bromocinnamaldehyde: an intramolecular 1,6-conjugate addition of phosphorus ylide. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Wei B, Li H, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of a Fluorene-Based Calcium Oxycyclopentadienide Complex. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Wei
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Heng Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry (SIOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Schröder FG, Sundermeyer J. Fluorenylidene-Functionalized Lithium Phosphonium Di- and Triylides. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian G. Schröder
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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12
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Li H, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Alkaline Earth Metallocenes Coordinated with Ester Pendants: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Application in Metathesis Reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:12859-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Westerhausen M, Krieck S, Langer J, Al-Shboul TM, Görls H. Phosphanides of calcium and their oxidation products. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Lichtenberg C, Hillesheim NS, Elfferding M, Oelkers B, Sundermeyer J. New Lithium Phosphonium Diylides: A Methylene and a Cyclopentadienyl Moiety as Ylidic Coordination Sites. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om201182y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina S. Hillesheim
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Elfferding
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Oelkers
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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15
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Michel O, Dietrich HM, Litlabø R, Törnroos KW, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Complexes of the Alkaline-Earth Metals: Alkylaluminate Precursors and Schlenk-Type Rearrangements. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Michel
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18A, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen,
Norway
| | - H. Martin Dietrich
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18A, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rannveig Litlabø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen,
Norway
| | - Karl W. Törnroos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen,
Norway
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18A, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18A, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Chmely SC, Hanusa TP, Rheingold AL. Influence of Ring Methylation in Group 15 Tetramethylcyclopentadienyl Complexes, M(C5Me4H)nI3−n (M = As, Sb). Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100474m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Chmely
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
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17
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Johns AM, Chmely SC, Hanusa TP. Solution Interaction of Potassium and Calcium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amides; Preparation of Ca[N(SiMe3)2]2 from Dibenzylcalcium. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:1380-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8012766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Johns
- The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas 77541, and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Stephen C. Chmely
- The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas 77541, and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas 77541, and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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18
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Wang H, Shen H, Chan HS, Xie Z. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Group 4 Metal Complexes Bearing Pentavalent Phosphorus-Bridged Ligands [(C13H8)(iPr2N)P(−O)(C2B10H10)]2− and [(C13H9)(iPr2N)P(═O)(C2B9H10)]2−. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800319w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Peopleʼs Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Peopleʼs Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Hoi-Shan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Peopleʼs Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Peopleʼs Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, Peopleʼs Republic of China
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