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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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2
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Schüler P, Sengupta S, Koch A, Görls H, Krieck S, Westerhausen M. In situ Grignard Metalation Method, Part II: Scope of the One-Pot Synthesis of Organocalcium Compounds. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201897. [PMID: 35912418 PMCID: PMC9804548 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The in situ Grignard Metalation Method (iGMM) is a straightforward one-pot strategy to synthesize alkaline-earth metal amides in multi-gram scale with high yields via addition of bromoethane to an ethereal suspension of a primary or secondary amine and magnesium (Part I) or calcium (Part II). This method is highly advantageous because no activation of calcium is required prior to the reaction. Contrary to the magnesium-based iGMM, there are some limitations, the most conspicuous one is the large influence of steric factors. The preparation of Ca(hmds)2 succeeds smoothly within a few hours with excellent yields opening the opportunity to prepare large amounts of this reagent. Side reactions and transfer of the iGMM to substituted anilines and N-heterocycles as well as other H-acidic substrates such as cyclopentadienes are studied. Bulky amidines cannot be converted directly to calcium amidinates via the iGMM but stoichiometric calciation with Ca(hmds)2 enables their preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schüler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Simon Sengupta
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Alexander Koch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Sven Krieck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
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3
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Speight IR, Chmely SC, Hanusa TP, Rheingold AL. Mechanochemically directed metathesis in group 2 chemistry: calcium amide formation without solvent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2202-2205. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry nails the synthesis of a bulky calcium amide without producing the contamination that can occur with a solution preparation
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego, La Jolla
- USA
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5
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Coles MP. The role of the bis-trimethylsilylamido ligand, [N{SiMe3}2]−, in main group chemistry. Part 1: Structural chemistry of the s-block elements. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Marchois J, Fressigné C, Lecachey B, Maddaluno J. Base or nucleophile? DFT finally elucidates the origin of the selectivity between the competitive reactions triggered by MeLi or LDA on propanal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9801-4. [PMID: 25925129 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01549a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The competition between basicity and nucleophilicity of two standard organolithium reagents was studied using DFT. Comparing the reactivity of solvated (MeLi)2 and (LDA)2 toward propanal finally explains why methyllithium adds onto the carbonyl while LDA deprotonates the α-position, in accord with experiment and Ireland's deprotonation TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marchois
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821-Mont St Aignan Cedex, France.
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Kang BC, Shim SY, Ryu DH. Highly Stereoselective Oxazaborolidinium Ion Catalyzed Synthesis of (Z)-Silyl Enol Ethers from Alkyl Aryl Ketones and Trimethylsilyldiazomethane. Org Lett 2014; 16:2077-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500174q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chul Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Su Yong Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Do Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
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Torvisco A, Ruhlandt-Senge K. Heavy Alkaline-Earth Metal Organometallic and Metal Organic Chemistry: Synthetic Methods and Properties. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36270-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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9
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Younis FM, Görls H, Krieck S, Westerhausen M. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Bis(tetrahydropyran)calcium Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jochmann P, Davin JP, Maslek S, Spaniol TP, Sarazin Y, Carpentier JF, Okuda J. Allyl strontium compounds: synthesis, molecular structure and properties. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:9176-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30743j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hill MS, Kociok-Köhn G, MacDougall DJ. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Charge Separation in Heterometallic s-Block Silylamides. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:5234-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2005634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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Vanden Eynden MJ, Kunchithapatham K, Stambuli JP. Calcium-Promoted Pictet-Spengler Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8542-9. [PMID: 21090691 DOI: 10.1021/jo1019283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Vanden Eynden
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kamala Kunchithapatham
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - James P. Stambuli
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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13
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Buchanan WD, Allis DG, Ruhlandt-Senge K. Synthesis and stabilization—advances in organoalkaline earth metal chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4449-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c002600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Verma A, Guino-o M, Gillett-Kunnath M, Teng W, Ruhlandt-Senge K. Ion Association Trends in Alkaline Earth-Metal Tetraphenylborates. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Glock C, Görls H, Westerhausen M. Alkyl-Substituted Amides as Ligands in Homometallic and Heterobimetallic Calcium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2008; 48:394-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic801857m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Glock
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena August-Bebel-Strasse 2, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena August-Bebel-Strasse 2, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena August-Bebel-Strasse 2, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Vanden Eynden
- Evans Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - James P. Stambuli
- Evans Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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