Insertion Reactions of Allenes with Palladium Aryl Complexes [PdI(Ph)(PPh3)]2 and PdI(Ph)(dppe)

Mechanochemical Regulation of Oxidative Addition to a Palladium(0) Bisphosphine Complex

Here, we report the effect of force applied to the biaryl backbone of a bisphosphine ligand on the rate of oxidative addition of bromobenzene to a ligand-coordinated palladium center. Local compressive and tensile forces on the order of 100 pN were generated using a stiff stilbene force probe. A compressive force increases the rate of oxidative addition, whereas a tensile force decreases the rate, relative to that of the parent complex of strain-free ligand. Rates vary by a factor of ∼6 across ∼340 pN of force applied to the complexes. The crystal structures and DFT calculations support that force-induced perturbation of the geometry of the reactant is negligible. The force-rate relationship observed is mainly attributed to the coupling of force to nuclear motion comprising the reaction coordinate. These observations inform the development of catalysts whose activity can be tuned by an external force that is adjusted within a catalytic cycle.

Reactivity towards nitriles, cyanamides, and carbodiimides of palladium complexes derived from benzyl alcohol. Synthesis of a mixed Pd2Ag complex

The chelate complex [Pd(κ(2)-C,O-C6H4CH2O-2)(bpy)] () reacts with acetonitrile, cyanamides, or carbodiimides, in the presence of AgOTf (1 : 5 : 1 molar ratio) and residual water, to form complexes [Pd{κ(2)-C,N-C6H4{CH2OC([double bond, length as m-dash]NX)Y}-2}(bpy)](OTf), where X = H, Y = Me (), NMe2 (), NEt2 (), X = R, Y = NHR (R = (i)Pr (), Tol ()), as a result of the insertion of the unsaturated reagent into the O-Pd bond of and the protonation of one of the N atoms. In the absence of AgOTf the reaction of with TolN[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]NTol (Tol = p-Tolyl) results in the formation of the neutral complex [Pd{κ(2)-C,N-C6H4{CH2OC([double bond, length as m-dash]NTol)NTol}-2}(bpy)] (). Complexes and can be interconverted by deprotonation ( + KO(t)Bu) or protonation ( + KOTf + HOTf) reactions. When the reaction of with TolN[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]NTol in the presence of AgOTf is carried out in a 1 : 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio, or for a short period of time, a mixture of and a mixed heterometallic Ag2Pd complex is obtained ( = [Ag(N-)2](OTf)). Complex is the major product when the AgOTf is added before the carbodiimide, and the reaction is stopped immediately. can also be obtained by reaction of with 0.5 equiv. of AgOTf. When complex [PdI(C6H4CH2OH-2)(bpy)] () reacts with (i)PrN[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]N(i)Pr in the presence of TlOTf, instead of AgOTf, a ca. 1 : 1 mixture of and [Pd{κ(2)-O,N-OCH2{C6H4{C([double bond, length as m-dash]NH(i)Pr)N(i)Pr}-2}}(bpy)](OTf) () forms. Complex is the result of the insertion of the carbodiimide into the C-Pd bond. Complexes have been extensively characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and the crystal structures of , , and ·2.5CHCl3·0.5Et2O have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies.

Unexpected 1,2-migration in metallasilabenzenes: theoretical evidence for reluctance of silicon to participate in π bonding

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the 1,2-migration in metallasilabenzenes. The results suggested that the chloride migration of metallabenzenes is unfavorable due to the loss of aromaticity in the nonaromatic analogues. In sharp contrast, such a migration in metallasilabenzenes is favorable due to the reluctance of silicon to participate in π bonding. The migration of hydride and methyl group from the metal center to the silicon atom in metallasilabenzenes is computed to be also feasible. In addition, the π donor ligand and the third row transition metal can stabilize metallasilabenzenes. Thus, such a migration becomes less favorable thermodynamically and kinetically. These findings could be very helpful for synthetic chemists to realize the first metallasilabenzene.

DFT STUDIES ON THE STABILITY OF THE TRANS AND CIS ISOMERS IN THE SQUARE PLANAR PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES Pd(I)(PPh3)(η3-XCHC(Ph)CHR) (X = CMe3, CO2Me, P(O)(OMe)2, AND SO2H; R = H, Me)

The relative stability of the trans and cis isomers in the square planar palladium(II) complexes Pd ( I )( PPh 3)(η3- XCHC ( Ph ) CHR ) ( X = H , Me , CMe 3, CO 2 Me , P ( O )( OMe )2, and SO 2 H ; R = H , Me ) was investigated with the aid of the B3LYP density functional theory calculations. We examined how the substituents X, with different electronic properties, of the η3-allyl ligands affect the relative stability of the trans and cis isomers. Through the investigation, we were able to explain the trans/cis relative stability derived from the experimentally measured trans/cis isomer ratios in the palladium(II) complexes.