1
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Qin J, Jiang S, Luo X, Wang T, Liu P, Yuan B, Yan R. I 2-catalyzed synthesis of 3-aminopyrrole with homopropargylic amines and nitrosoarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38477099 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3-aminopyrrole using the amination reagent nitrosoarenes and homopropargylic amines catalyzed by I2 through cyclization and amination has been developed. This protocol features excellent functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions, yielding 3-aminopyrroles in moderate to good yields without a metal catalyst. This method realizes the construction and amination of the 3-aminopyrroles in which nitrosoarenes serve as the amine source and oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaze Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, Gansu, China.
| | - Shixuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, Gansu, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Chengdu Guibao Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianqiang Wang
- Chengdu Guibao Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Peihua Liu
- Research Institute of Oil and Gas Technology of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xian 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingxiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, Gansu, China.
| | - Rulong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, Gansu, China.
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2
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Tong Z, Smith PJ, Pickford HD, Christensen KE, Anderson EA. Gold-Catalyzed Cyclization of Yndiamides with Isoxazoles via α-Imino Gold Fischer Carbenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302821. [PMID: 37767940 PMCID: PMC10947298 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Gold catalysis is an important method for alkyne functionalization. Here we report the gold-catalyzed formal [3+2] aminative cyclization of yndiamides and isoxazoles in a direct synthesis of polysubstituted diaminopyrroles, which are important motifs in drug discovery. Key to this process is the formation, and subsequent cyclization, of an α-imino gold Fischer carbene, which represents a new type of gold carbene intermediate. The reaction proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, with high regioselectivity being achieved by introducing a subtle steric bias between the nitrogen substituents on the yndiamide. DFT calculations revealed that the key to this regioselectivity was the interconversion of isomeric gold keteniminiun ions via a low-barrier π-complex transition state, which establishes a Curtin-Hammett scenario for isoxazole addition. By using benzisoxazoles as substrates, the reaction outcome could be switched to a formal [5+2] cyclization, leading to 1,4-oxazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Tong
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Philip J. Smith
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Helena D. Pickford
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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3
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Fortier S, Gomez-Torres A. Redox chemistry of discrete low-valent titanium complexes and low-valent titanium synthons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10292-10316. [PMID: 34533140 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02772g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Titanium is a versatile metal that has important applications in practical synthesis, though this is typically limited to stoichiometric reactions or Lewis acid catalysis. Recently, interest has grown in using titanium and other early-metals for redox catalysis; however, notable limitations exist due to the thermodynamic preference of these metals to adopt high oxidation states. Nonetheless, discrete low-valent titanium (LVT) complexes and their synthons (titanium complexes which chemically behave as LVT sources) are known. Here, we detail the various ligand platforms that are capable of stabilizing LVT compounds and present the redox chemistry of these systems. This includes a discussion of recent developments in the use of LVT synthons for accessing fully reversible oxidative-addition/reductive-elimination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | - Alejandra Gomez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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4
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Huh DN, Cheng Y, Frye CW, Egger DT, Tonks IA. Multicomponent syntheses of 5- and 6-membered aromatic heterocycles using group 4-8 transition metal catalysts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9574-9590. [PMID: 34349931 PMCID: PMC8293814 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03037j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Perspective, we discuss recent syntheses of 5- and 6-membered aromatic heterocycles via multicomponent reactions (MCRs) that are catalyzed by group 4-8 transition metals. These MCRs can be categorized based on the substrate components used to generate the cyclized product, as well as on common mechanistic features between the catalyst systems. These particular groupings are intended to highlight mechanistic and strategic similarities between otherwise disparate transition metals and to encourage future work exploring related systems with otherwise-overlooked elements. Importantly, in many cases these early- to mid-transition metal catalysts have been shown to be as effective for heterocycle syntheses as the later (and more commonly implemented) group 9-11 metals.
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5
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Gao Y, Carta V, Pink M, Smith JM. Catalytic Carbodiimide Guanylation by a Nucleophilic, High Spin Iron(II) Imido Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5324-5329. [PMID: 33793235 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the three-coordinate iron(III) imido [Ph2B(tBuIm)2Fe═NDipp] (1) affords [Ph2B(tBuIm)2Fe═NDipp][K(18-C-6)THF2] (2), a rare example of a high-spin (S = 2) iron(II) imido complex. Unusually for a late metal imido complex, the imido ligand in 2 has nucleophilic character, as demonstrated by the reaction with DippNH2, which establishes an equilibrium with the bis(anilido) complex [Ph2B(tBuIm)2Fe(NHDipp)2][K(18-C-6)THF2] (3). In an unusual transformation, formal insertion of iPrN═C═NiPr into the Fe═N(imido) bond yields the guanidinate [Ph2B(tBuIm)2Fe(iPrN)2CNDipp][K(18-C-6)THF2] (4). Reaction of 4 with excess DippNH2 provides 3, along with the guanidine (iPrNH)2C═NDipp. As suggested by these stoichiometric reactions, 2 is an efficient catalyst for the guanylation of carbodiimides, converting a wide range of aniline substrates under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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6
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Cheng Y, Klein CK, Tonks IA. Synthesis of pentasubstituted 2-aryl pyrroles from boryl and stannyl alkynes via one-pot sequential Ti-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] pyrrole synthesis/cross coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10236-10242. [PMID: 34094289 PMCID: PMC8162107 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisubstituted pyrroles are commonly found in many bioactive small molecule scaffolds, yet the synthesis of highly-substituted pyrrole cores remains challenging. Herein, we report an efficient catalytic synthesis of 2-heteroatom-substituted (9-BBN or SnR3) pyrroles via Ti-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] heterocoupling of heteroatom-substituted alkynes. In particular, the 9-BBN-alkyne coupling reactions were found to be very sensitive to Lewis basic ligands in the reaction: exchange of pyridine ligands from Ti to B inhibited catalysis, as evidenced by in situ 11B NMR studies. The resulting 2-boryl substituted pyrroles can then be used in Suzuki reactions in a one-pot sequential fashion, resulting in pentasubstituted 2-aryl pyrroles that are inaccessible via previous [2 + 2 + 1] heterocoupling strategies. This reaction provides a complementary approach to previous [2 + 2 + 1] heterocouplings of TMS-substituted alkynes, which could be further functionalized via electrophilic aromatic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities 207 Pleasant St SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Channing K Klein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities 207 Pleasant St SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Ian A Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities 207 Pleasant St SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
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7
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Kawakita K, Kakiuchi Y, Tsurugi H, Mashima K, Parker BF, Arnold J, Tonks IA. Reactivity of terminal imido complexes of group 4-6 metals: stoichiometric and catalytic reactions involving cycloaddition with unsaturated organic molecules. Coord Chem Rev 2020; 407:213118. [PMID: 32863399 PMCID: PMC7453927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Imido complexes of early transition metals are key intermediates in the synthesis of many nitrogen-containing organic compounds. The metal-nitrogen double bond of the imido moiety undergoes [2+2] cycloaddition reactions with various unsaturated organic molecules to form new nitrogen-carbon and nitrogen-heteroatom bonds. This review article focuses on reactivity of the terminal imido complexes of Group 4-6 metals, summarizing their stoichiometric reactions and catalytic applications for a variety of reactions including alkyne hydroamination, alkyne carboamination, pyrrole formation, imine metathesis, and condensation reactions of carbonyl compounds with isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Kawakita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yuya Kakiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Bernard F. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian A. Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Pearce AJ, Harkins RP, Reiner BR, Wotal AC, Dunscomb RJ, Tonks IA. Multicomponent Pyrazole Synthesis from Alkynes, Nitriles, and Titanium Imido Complexes via Oxidatively Induced N-N Bond Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4390-4399. [PMID: 32043879 PMCID: PMC7201868 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazoles are an important class of heterocycles found in a wide range of bioactive compounds and pharmaceuticals. Pyrazole synthesis often requires hydrazine or related reagents where an intact N-N bond is conservatively installed into a pyrazole precursor fragment. Herein, we report the multicomponent oxidative coupling of alkynes, nitriles, and Ti imido complexes for the synthesis of multisubstituted pyrazoles. This modular method avoids potentially hazardous reagents like hydrazine, instead forming the N-N bond in the final step via oxidation-induced coupling on Ti. The mechanism of this transformation has been studied in-depth through stoichiometric reactions of the key diazatitanacyclohexadiene intermediate, which can be accessed via multicomponent coupling of Ti imidos with nitriles and alkynes, ring opening of 2-imino-2H-azirines, or direct metalation of 4-azadiene-1-amine derivatives. The critical transformation in this reaction is the 2-electron oxidation-induced N-N coupling on Ti. This is a rare example of formal N-N coupling on a metal center, which likely occurs through an electrocyclic mechanism analogous to a Nazarov cyclization. Conveniently, these 2-electron-oxidized diazatitanacyclohexadiene intermediates can be accessed via disproportionation of the 1-electron-oxidized species, which allows utilization of weak oxidants such as TEMPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robin P Harkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Benjamin R Reiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexander C Wotal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rachel J Dunscomb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ian A Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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9
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Pathan SI, Chundawat NS, Chauhan NPS, Singh GP. A review on synthetic approaches of heterocycles via insertion-cyclization reaction. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1712609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Girdhar Pal Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles’ University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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10
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Collet JW, Roose TR, Ruijter E, Maes BUW, Orru RVA. Base Metal Catalyzed Isocyanide Insertions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:540-558. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurriën W. Collet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Organic SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Thomas R. Roose
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
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11
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Titanium catalyzed synthesis of amines and N-heterocycles. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Manßen M, Schafer LL. Titanium catalysis for the synthesis of fine chemicals – development and trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6947-6994. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atlas as a Titan(ium) is holding the earth-abundant chemistry world. Titanium is the second most abundant transition metal, is a key player in important industrial processes (e.g. polyethylene) and shows much promise for diverse applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Manßen
- The Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- The Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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13
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Beaumier EP, McGreal ME, Pancoast AR, Wilson RH, Moore JT, Graziano BJ, Goodpaster JD, Tonks IA. Carbodiimide Synthesis via Ti-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer from Diazenes to Isocyanides. ACS Catal 2019; 9:11753-11762. [PMID: 34113477 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Ti imido halide complexes such as [Br2Ti(N t Bu)py2]2 are competent catalysts for the synthesis of unsymmetrical carbodiimides via Ti-catalyzed nitrene transfer from diazenes or azides to isocyanides. Both alkyl and aryl isocyanides are compatible with the reaction conditions, although product inhibition with sterically unencumbered substrates sometimes limits the yield when diazenes are employed as the oxidant. The reaction mechanism has been investigated both experimentally and computationally, wherein a key feature is that the product release is triggered by electron transfer from an η 2-carbodiimide to a Ti-bound azobenzene. This ligand-to-ligand redox buffering obviates the need for high-energy formally TiII intermediates and provides further evidence that substrate and product "redox noninnocence" can promote unusual Ti redox catalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Beaumier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Meghan E. McGreal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Adam R. Pancoast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - R. Hunter Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - James T. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brendan J. Graziano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason D. Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ian A. Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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Aldrich KE, Kansal D, Odom AL. Catalyst design insights from modelling a titanium-catalyzed multicomponent reaction. Faraday Discuss 2019; 220:208-230. [PMID: 31528974 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00033j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High oxidation state transition metal catalysis touches our daily lives through bulk chemical production, e.g. olefin polymerization, and through specialty chemical reactions common in organic synthesis, e.g. the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and olefin dihydroxylation. Our group has been expanding the reaction chemistry of titanium(iv) to produce a host of nitrogen-based heterocycles via multicomponent coupling reactions. One such multicomponent coupling reaction discovered in our laboratory is iminoamination, involving an amine, an alkyne, and an isonitrile. However, the experimental modeling of high oxidation state reactions lags far behind that of low oxidation state systems, where a great deal is known about ligands, their donor properties and how their structures affect catalysis. As a result, we have developed an experimental method for determining the donor abilities of anionic ligands on high oxidation state systems, which is based on the chromium(vi) nitride system NCr(NiPr2)2X, where X = the ligand being interrogated. The parameters obtained are simply called ligand donor parameters (LDP). In this contribution, a detailed optimization of the Ti(NMe2)2(dpm)-catalyzed iminoamination reaction was carried out, where dpm = 5,5-dimethyldipyrrolylmethane. During the course of these studies, dimeric {Ti(μ-N-tolyl)(dpm)}2 was isolated, which is proposed as the resting state of the catalyst. To destabilize this resting state, a more electron-rich bis(aryloxide) catalyst system was investigated. The more electron-rich system is somewhat more active for iminoamination under some conditions; however, the catalyst is prone to disproportionation. A study of heteroleptic titanium complexes revealed that the disproportionation equilibrium constant can be effectively modeled as a function of the square of the difference in LDP between the ligands, (ΔLDP)2. Using this methodology, one can estimate the stability of titanium complexes toward disproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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15
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Collet JW, Roose TR, Ruijter E, Maes BUW, Orru RVA. Base Metal Catalyzed Isocyanide Insertions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurriën W. Collet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Organic SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Thomas R. Roose
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
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16
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Aldrich KE, Odom AL. A silica-supported titanium catalyst for heterogeneous hydroamination and multicomponent coupling reactions. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11352-11360. [PMID: 31281914 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01835b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Highly dehydrated silica gel, SiO2700, gave a material with a total surface hydroxyl density of 0.31 ± 0.05 mmol g-1, 0.9 ± 0.1 Si-OH sites per nm2. Treatment of this material with Ti(NMe2)4 gave Ti(NMe2)3/SiO2700, which is 1.50% ± 0.07 Ti, where the titanium is bound to the surface, on average, through a single O-Si-Ti linkage. This material was tested for its properties as a catalyst for C-N bond forming reactions and was found to be a competent alkyne hydroamination and iminoamination catalyst. For iminoamination, which is the 3-component coupling of an alkyne, primary amine, and isonitrile, this heterogeneous catalyst was able to carry out some catalyses faster than previously reported homogeneous catalysts with lower catalyst loadings. The material is also a catalyst for the addition of aniline to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to form a substituted guanidine. In addition, a known quinoline with biological activity was prepared using the heterogeneous catalyst in a one-pot procedure using half the catalyst loading of the previously reported synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA.
| | - Aaron L Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA.
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17
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Ohta S, Shimbayashi M, Miyamoto R, Okazaki M. Synthesis and Structure of a Bis(indolyl)-Coordinated Titanium Diamido Complex, and Its Catalytic Applications in the Intermolecular Hydroamination of Alkynes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Ohta
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Masaya Shimbayashi
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyamoto
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Masaaki Okazaki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
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18
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Aldrich KE, Odom AL. Titanium-Catalyzed Hydroamination and Multicomponent Coupling with a Simple Silica-Supported Catalyst. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Aaron L. Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
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Sun Z, Hu S, Huo Y, Wang Z. Titanium tetrachloride-mediated synthesis of N-aryl-substituted azacycles from cyclic ethers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five- and six-membered N-aryl-substituted azacycles were synthesized from amines and cyclic ethers under mild conditions while no expensive metal reagent was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunming Sun
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
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20
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Guo J, Deng X, Song C, Lu Y, Qu S, Dang Y, Wang ZX. Differences between the elimination of early and late transition metals: DFT mechanistic insights into the titanium-catalyzed synthesis of pyrroles from alkynes and diazenes. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2413-2425. [PMID: 28451348 PMCID: PMC5369339 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early transition metals (TMs), such as titanium, generally resist undergoing reductive elimination to form C-X bonds due to their weak electronegativity. By analyzing the mechanism of the titanium-catalyzed synthesis of pyrroles from alkynes and diazenes, the present study revealed that titanium is able to promote C-N bond formation via an unconventional elimination pathway, passing through a comparatively stable masked TiII complex (i.e., IM4) rather than pyrrole directly. The formation of IM4 originates from the bilateral donation and back-donation between Ti and the pyrrole ligand. Formally, it could be considered that the two electrons resulting from the unconventional reductive elimination are temporarily buffered by back-donation to a symmetry-allowed unoccupied π-orbital of the pyrrole ring in IM4 rather than becoming a lone pair on a Ti center as adopted in the catalysis of late TMs. Because of its stability, IM4 requires additional oxidation by diazene to liberate pyrrole. The triplet counterpart (IM4T ) of IM4 is more stable than IM4, but the elimination is unlikely to reach IM4T , because the process is spin-forbidden and the spin-orbit coupling is weak. Alternatively, one may consider the forming pyrrole in IM4 as a redox-active ligand, reserving the two electrons resulting from the formal reductive elimination and then releasing the electrons when IM4 is oxidized by diazene. These insights allow us to propose the conditions for early TMs to undergo a similar elimination, whereby the forming product will have symmetry-allowed frontier molecular orbitals to form donation and back-donation bonding with a TM center and a substrate possessing a comparatively strong oxidizing ability to oxidize an IM4-like intermediate for product release. These insights may provide another way of constructing C-X bonds through a similar reductive elimination pathway, using early TM catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Xi Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Chunyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Yu Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China . .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China . .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
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21
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Pasko CM, Dissanayake AA, Billow BS, Odom AL. One-pot synthesis of pyrroles using a titanium-catalyzed multicomponent coupling procedure. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Odom AL, McDaniel TJ. Titanium-catalyzed multicomponent couplings: efficient one-pot syntheses of nitrogen heterocycles. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2822-33. [PMID: 26295382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-based heterocycles are important frameworks for pharmaceuticals, natural products, organic dyes for solar cells, and many other applications. Catalysis for the formation of heterocyclic scaffolds, like many C-C and C-N bond-forming reactions, has focused on the use of rare, late transition metals like palladium and gold. Our group is interested in the use of Earth-abundant catalysts based on titanium to generate heterocycles using multicomponent coupling strategies, often in one-pot reactions. To be of maximal utility, the catalysts need to be easily prepared from inexpensive reagents, and that has been one guiding principle in the research. For this purpose, a series of easily prepared pyrrole-based ligands has been developed. Titanium imido complexes are known to catalyze the hydroamination of alkynes, and this reaction has been used to advantage in the production of α,β-unsaturated imines from 1,3-enynes and pyrroles from 1,4-diynes. Likewise, catalyst design can be used to find complexes applicable to hydrohydrazination, coupling of a hydrazine and alkyne, which is a method for the production of hydrazones. Many of the hydrazones synthesized are converted to indoles through Fischer cyclization by addition of a Lewis acid. However, more complex products are available in a single catalytic cycle through coupling of isonitriles, primary amines, and alkynes to give tautomers of 1,3-diimines, iminoamination (IA). The products of IA are useful intermediates for the one-pot synthesis of pyrazoles, pyrimidines, isoxazoles, quinolines, and 2-amino-3-cyanopyridines. The regioselectivity of the reactions is elucidated in some detail for some of these heterocycles. The 2-amino-3-cyanopyridines are synthesized through isolable intermediates, 1,2-dihydro-2-iminopyridines, which undergo Dimroth rearrangement driven by aromatization of the pyridine ring; the proposed mechanism of the reaction is discussed. The IA-based heterocyclic syntheses can be accomplished start to finish (catalyst generation to heterocyclic synthesis) in a single vessel. The catalyst can be formed in situ from commercially available Ti(NMe2)4 and the protonated form of the ligand. Then, the primary amine, alkyne, and isonitrile are added to the flask, and the IA product is synthesized. The volatiles are removed (if necessary), and the next reagent is added. A brief video showing the process for the simple heterocycle 4-phenylpyrazole from phenylacetylene, cyclohexylamine, tert-butylisonitrile, and hydrazine hydrate is included. Further development in this field will unlock new, efficient reactions for the production of carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bonds. As an example of such a process recently discovered, a catalyst for the regioselective production of pyrazoles in a single step from terminal alkynes, hydrazines, and cyclohexylisonitrile is discussed. Using titanium catalysis, many heterocyclic cores can be accessed easily and efficiently. Further, the early metal chemistry described is often orthogonal to late metal-based reactions, which use substrates like aryl halides, silyl groups, boryl groups, and so forth. As a result, earth-abundant and nontoxic titanium can fulfill important roles in the synthesis of useful classes of compounds like heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Odom
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 South Shaw Lane, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tanner J. McDaniel
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 South Shaw Lane, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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23
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Catalytic formal [2+2+1] synthesis of pyrroles from alkynes and diazenes via Ti(II)/Ti(IV) redox catalysis. Nat Chem 2015; 8:63-8. [PMID: 26673265 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroles are structurally important heterocycles. However, the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles is often challenging. Here, we report a multicomponent, Ti-catalysed formal [2+2+1] reaction of alkynes and diazenes for the oxidative synthesis of penta- and trisubstituted pyrroles: a nitrenoid analogue to classical Pauson-Khand-type syntheses of cyclopentenones. Given the scarcity of early transition-metal redox catalysis, preliminary mechanistic studies are presented. Initial stoichiometric and kinetic studies indicate that the mechanism of this reaction proceeds through a formally Ti(II)/Ti(IV) redox catalytic cycle, in which an azatitanacyclobutene intermediate, resulting from [2+2] alkyne + Ti imido coupling, undergoes a second alkyne insertion followed by reductive elimination to yield pyrrole and a Ti(II) species. The key component for catalytic turnover is the reoxidation of the Ti(II) species to a Ti(IV) imido via the disproportionation of an η(2)-diazene-Ti(II) complex.
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24
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Zhou AH, He Q, Shu C, Yu YF, Liu S, Zhao T, Zhang W, Lu X, Ye LW. Atom-economic generation of gold carbenes: gold-catalyzed formal [3+2] cycloaddition between ynamides and isoxazoles. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1265-1271. [PMID: 29560212 PMCID: PMC5811108 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of gold carbenes via the gold-catalyzed intermolecular reaction of nucleophiles containing relatively labile N-O or N-N bonds with alkynes has received considerable attention during recent years. However, this protocol is not atom-economic as the reaction produces a stoichiometric amount of pyridine or quinoline waste, the cleaved part of the N-O or N-N bonds. In this article, we disclose an unprecedented gold-catalyzed formal [3+2] cycloaddition between ynamides and isoxazoles, allowing rapid and practical access to a wide range of synthetically-useful 2-aminopyrroles. Most importantly, mechanistic studies and theoretical calculations revealed that this reaction presumably proceeds via an α-imino gold carbene pathway, thus providing a strategically novel, atom-economic route to the generation of gold carbenes. Other significant features of this approach include the use of readily-available starting materials, high flexibility, simple procedure, mild reaction conditions, and in particular, no need to exclude moisture or air ("open flask").
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-592-218-5833
| | - Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China .
| | - Chao Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-592-218-5833
| | - Yong-Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-592-218-5833
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-592-218-5833
| | - Tian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-592-218-5833
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-592-218-5833
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China .
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , Fujian , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-592-218-5833
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25
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Gehrmann T, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Lithium Alkynyl(hydrazinediido)zirconate and its Protonolysis to an Alkynylhydrazido(1-)zirconium Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Kalmode HP, Vadagaonkar KS, Murugan K, Chaskar AC. A multicomponent pathway-inspired regioselective synthesis of 2,3,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrroles via [3+2] cycloaddition reaction. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An operationally simple, functional group tolerant and highly efficient domino protocol for the synthesis of pyrroles has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuman P. Kalmode
- Department of Dyestuff Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai 400019
- India
| | | | | | - Atul C. Chaskar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai 400019
- India
- National Taiwan University
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27
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Yim JCH, Schafer LL. Efficient Anti-Markovnikov-Selective Catalysts for Intermolecular Alkyne Hydroamination: Recent Advances and Synthetic Applications. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Chakrabarty S, Choudhary S, Doshi A, Liu FQ, Mohan R, Ravindra MP, Shah D, Yang X, Fleming FF. Catalytic Isonitrile Insertions and Condensations Initiated by RNC-X Complexation. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:2135-2196. [PMID: 25484847 PMCID: PMC4251577 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Isonitriles are delicately poised chemical entities capable of being coaxed to react as nucleophiles or electrophiles. Directing this tunable reactivity with metal and non-metal catalysts provides rapid access to a large array of complex nitrogenous structures ideally functionalized for medicinal applications. Isonitrile insertion into transition metal complexes has featured in numerous synthetic and mechanistic studies, leading to rapid deployment of isonitriles in numerous catalytic processes, including multicomponent reactions (MCR). Covering the literature from 1990-2014, the present review collates reaction types to highlight reactivity trends and allow catalyst comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suravi Chakrabarty
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Shruti Choudhary
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Arpit Doshi
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Fa-Qiang Liu
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Rishabh Mohan
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Manasa P. Ravindra
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
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29
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Yim JCH, Bexrud JA, Ayinla RO, Leitch DC, Schafer LL. Bis(amidate)bis(amido) Titanium Complex: A Regioselective Intermolecular Alkyne Hydroamination Catalyst. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2015-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402668q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacky C.-H. Yim
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason A. Bexrud
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rashidat O. Ayinla
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - David C. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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30
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You X, Xie X, Sun R, Chen H, Li S, Liu Y. Titanium-mediated cross-coupling reactions of 1,3-butadiynes with α-iminonitriles to 3-aminopyrroles: observation of an imino aza-Nazarov cyclization. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ti(OiPr)4/2 nBuLi-mediated highly efficient cross-coupling reactions of 1,3-butadiynes with α-iminonitriles are described, which provide convenient access to functionalized 3-aminopyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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31
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Gehrmann T, Lloret-Fillol J, Herrmann H, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Zirconium Hydrazides as Metallanitrene Synthons: Release of Molecular N2 from a Hydrazinediido Complex Induced by Oxidative N–N Bond Cleavage. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Gehrmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Departament de Quimica, QBIS, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Heike Herrmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
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32
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Schweizer PD, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Titanium-Catalyzed Hydrohydrazination of Carbodiimides. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400323p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Schweizer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Gulevich AV, Dudnik AS, Chernyak N, Gevorgyan V. Transition metal-mediated synthesis of monocyclic aromatic heterocycles. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3084-213. [PMID: 23305185 PMCID: PMC3650130 DOI: 10.1021/cr300333u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 814] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Gulevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, 4500 SES, M/C 111, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
| | - Alexander S. Dudnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, 4500 SES, M/C 111, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
| | - Natalia Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, 4500 SES, M/C 111, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, 4500 SES, M/C 111, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
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34
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Scholl SA, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Zirconium Hydrazinediido Complexes Derived from Cyclic Hydrazines and Their Role in the Catalytic Synthesis of 1,7-Annulated Indoles. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Solveig A. Scholl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Liu B, Li Y, Jiang H, Yin M, Huang H. Palladium-Catalyzed CC Coupling of Aryl Halides with Isocyanides: An Alternative Method for the Stereoselective Synthesis of (3E)-(Imino)isoindolin-1-ones and (3E)-(Imino)thiaisoindoline 1,1-Dioxides. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Gehrmann T, Scholl SA, Fillol JL, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Alternative Reaction Pathways in Domino Reactions of Hydrazinediidozirconium Complexes with Alkynes. Chemistry 2012; 18:3925-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Li Y, Zhao J, Chen H, Liu B, Jiang H. Pd-catalyzed and CsF-promoted reaction of bromoalkynes with isocyanides: regioselective synthesis of substituted 5-iminopyrrolones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3545-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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38
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Liu B, Li Y, Yin M, Wu W, Jiang H. Palladium-catalyzed tandem reaction of o-aminophenols, bromoalkynes and isocyanides to give 4-amine-benzo[b][1,4]oxazepines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11446-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35802f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gehrmann T, Lloret Fillol J, Scholl SA, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Zirconium-Catalyzed Multistep Reaction of Hydrazines with Alkynes: A Non-Fischer-Type Pathway to Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5757-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gehrmann T, Lloret Fillol J, Scholl SA, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Vielstufige zirconiumkatalysierte Reaktionssequenzen von Hydrazinen mit Alkinen: ein Weg zu Indolen, der nicht dem Fischer-Typ entspricht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Frolova LV, Evdokimov NM, Hayden K, Malik I, Rogelj S, Kornienko A, Magedov IV. One-pot multicomponent synthesis of diversely substituted 2-aminopyrroles. A short general synthesis of rigidins A, B, C, and D. Org Lett 2011; 13:1118-21. [PMID: 21268660 DOI: 10.1021/ol103149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Privileged medicinal scaffolds based on the structures of tetra- and pentasubstituted 2-aminopyrroles were prepared via one-pot multicomponent reactions of structurally diverse aldehydes and N-(aryl-, hetaryl-, alkylsulfonamido)acetophenones with activated methylene compounds. This methodology was used in a four-step synthesis of alkaloids rigidins A, B, C, and D in overall yields of 61%, 58%, 60%, and 53%, respectively. Of these, rigidins B, C, and D were synthesized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya V Frolova
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
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Estévez V, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of pyrroles. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4402-21. [PMID: 20601998 DOI: 10.1039/b917644f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions are one of the most interesting concepts in modern synthetic chemistry and, as shown in this critical review, they provide an attractive entry into pyrrole derivatives, which are very important heterocycles from many points of view including medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry and materials science (97 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Estévez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sasada T, Sawada T, Ikeda R, Sakai N, Konakahara T. Approach to Trisubstituted 3-Aminopyrrole Derivatives by Yb(OTf)3-Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation of 2-Azadiene with Me3SiCN. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Majumder S, Odom AL. Titanium catalyzed one-pot multicomponent coupling reactions for direct access to substituted pyrimidines. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Majumder S, Gipson KR, Odom AL. A Multicomponent Coupling Sequence for Direct Access to Substituted Quinolines. Org Lett 2009; 11:4720-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901855b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supriyo Majumder
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | - Kevin R. Gipson
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | - Aaron L. Odom
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
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Majumder S, Gipson K, Staples R, Odom A. Pyrazole Synthesis Using a Titanium-Catalyzed Multicomponent Coupling Reaction and Synthesis of Withasomnine. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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