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Hiraoka Y, Imagawa T, Nakanishi K, Kawabe H, Nakamoto M, Tsushima T, Yoshida H. Surefire generation of stannylpotassium: highly reactive stannyl anions and applications. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04526b. [PMID: 39246349 PMCID: PMC11376058 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04526b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Organometallic reagents such as organolithium and Grignard reagents have long been esteemed in chemical synthesis for their exceptional reactivity. In contrast, the application of their sodium and potassium counterparts has been comparatively sluggish, notwithstanding their augmented reactivity stemming from their heightened ionic character. This inertia persists due to the constrained accessibility of these heavy alkali metal reagents. In this study, our focus was directed towards devising a convenient and pragmatic approach for fabricating heavy alkali metal-based reagents, particularly those grounded in potassium. Herein, we present a novel, direct method for generating stannylpotassium (Sn-K) reagents through the simple combination of readily available silylstannanes and t-BuOK. Subsequently, the generated Sn-K reagents were effectively harnessed for stannylative substitution of aryl halides, furnishing an array of arylstannanes straightforwardly under transition metal-free conditions. This application distinctly underscores the potential utility of highly reactive Sn-K species, hitherto sparingly tapped into within the realm of synthetic organic chemistry. Furthermore, our investigation confirms that Sn-K reagents manifest notably superior reactivity compared with their well-established stannyllithium (Sn-Li) counterparts. This heightened reactivity can be ascribed to the increasing ionic character of Sn-K, which was supported by computational experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Taiki Imagawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Hinata Kawabe
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Takumi Tsushima
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Hiroto Yoshida
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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Nimoth JP, Müller T. Hydrogen-Bridged Oligosilanylsilyl Mono- and Oligosilanylsilyl Dications. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104318. [PMID: 34882861 PMCID: PMC9305540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen‐bridged oligosilanylsilyl borates 8 [B(C6F5)4], 9[B(C6F5)4] and diborates 10 [B(C6F5)4]2 have been prepared by hydride transfer between α‐ω‐dihydrido‐ (11) and branched tetrahydrido‐oligosilanes (13) and trityl cation. The obtained cyclic intramolecularly stabilized silylium ions 8, 9 and bissilylium ion 10 were characterized by low temperature NMR spectroscopy supported by the results of density functional calculations. The branched Si−H−Si monocation 9 undergoes at low temperatures a fast degenerate rearrangement, which exchanges the Si−H groups with a barrier of 31 kJ mol−1 via an antarafacial transition state. Reaction of the branched monocation 9 with a second equivalent of trityl cation or of the branched oligosilane 13 with two equivalents of trityl cation, gives at −80 °C the corresponding bissilylium ion 10, an example for a new class of highly reactive poly‐Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelte P Nimoth
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
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3
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Tsurusaki A, Sato H, Kyushin S. Clusterization Effect on the 29Si NMR Signal of a Spiro Silicon Atom. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tsurusaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Application Laboratories, Rigaku Corporation, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kyushin
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Lainer T, Pillinger M, Fischer RC, Jones C, Haas M. New Strategies towards Bulky Bis(alkyl)‐ and Bis(silyl)‐ Substituted Polysilanes as Precursor Molecules for Desilylation and Dechlorination Experiments. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lainer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Pillinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roland C. Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23, Clayton VIC, 3800 Australia
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23, Clayton VIC, 3800 Australia
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5
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Challenges in chemical synthesis at the border of solution-based and solid-state chemistry—Synthesis and structure of [CH3CH2Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}]2−. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Pichler J, Müller P, Torvisco A, Uhlig F. Novel diaminopropyl substituted organotin compounds. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthetic pathway involving the desilylation of a tin trimethylsilyl species (Ph2Sn(SiMe3)2) towards nonprotected di(3-aminopropyl)tin dichloride ((H2N(CH2)3)2SnCl2) is described. Di(3-aminopropyl)tin dichloride is then converted to the respective dicarboxylates species (H2N(CH2)3)2Sn(OCOR)2 containing carboxylic acids of different lengths (R = –CH3, –(CH2)10CH3). Depending on the nature of R, discrete packing effects are observed in the solid state of di(3-aminopropyl)tin dicarboxylate derivatives. All the synthesized substances were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance data and also single crystal X-ray analysis. These compounds are a promising class of substances for biological, pharmaceutical, and technical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Pichler
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Room CE04502, Austria
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Room CE04502, Austria
| | - Philipp Müller
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Room CE04502, Austria
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Room CE04502, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Room CE04502, Austria
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Room CE04502, Austria
| | - Frank Uhlig
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Room CE04502, Austria
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Room CE04502, Austria
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Haas M, Radebner J, Eibel A, Gescheidt G, Stueger H. Recent Advances in Germanium-Based Photoinitiator Chemistry. Chemistry 2018; 24:8258-8267. [PMID: 29356151 PMCID: PMC6032850 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acylgermanes provide an outstanding photoinduced reactivity at very useful absorption wavelengths. This encouraged multidisciplinary research groups to utilize them as highly effective and non-toxic photoinitiators particularly for medical applications. In this Minireview, we present the most recent breakthroughs to synthesize acylgermanes. We also outline mechanistic aspects of photoinduced reactions of several acylgermane derivatives based on fundamental spectroscopic insights. These studies may aid future developments for tailor-made photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Radebner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Stueger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Radebner J, Leypold M, Eibel A, Maier J, Schuh L, Torvisco A, Fischer R, Moszner N, Gescheidt G, Stueger H, Haas M. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Behavior, and Photoinduced Reactivity of Tetraacylgermanes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Moszner
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstraße
2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
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9
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Radebner J, Eibel A, Leypold M, Gorsche C, Schuh L, Fischer R, Torvisco A, Neshchadin D, Geier R, Moszner N, Liska R, Gescheidt G, Haas M, Stueger H. Tetraacylgermanes: Highly Efficient Photoinitiators for Visible-Light-Induced Free-Radical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3103-3107. [PMID: 28156043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution a convenient synthetic method to obtain tetraacylgermanes Ge[C(O)R]4 (R=mesityl (1 a), phenyl (1 b)), a previously unknown class of highly efficient Ge-based photoinitiators, is described. Tetraacylgermanes are easily accessible via a one-pot synthetic protocol in >85 % yield, as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The efficiency of 1 a,b as photoinitiators is demonstrated in photobleaching (UV/Vis), time-resolved EPR (CIDEP), and NMR/CIDNP investigations as well as by photo-DSC studies. Remarkably, the tetraacylgermanes exceed the performance of currently known long-wavelength visible-light photoinitiators for free-radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Radebner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Leypold
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Gorsche
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | - Lukas Schuh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Austria
| | - Roman Geier
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Austria
| | | | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Stueger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
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10
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Radebner J, Eibel A, Leypold M, Gorsche C, Schuh L, Fischer R, Torvisco A, Neshchadin D, Geier R, Moszner N, Liska R, Gescheidt G, Haas M, Stueger H. Tetraacylgermane: hochwirksame Photoinitiatoren für die radikalische Polymerisation mit sichtbarem Licht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Radebner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Anna Eibel
- Institute für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Österreich
| | - Mario Leypold
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Christian Gorsche
- Institut für Angewandte Synthesechemie und Christian Doppler, Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry; Technische Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Lukas Schuh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Österreich
| | - Roman Geier
- Institute für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Österreich
| | | | - Robert Liska
- Institut für Angewandte Synthesechemie und Christian Doppler, Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry; Technische Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Österreich
| | - Michael Haas
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Harald Stueger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Österreich
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Zaitsev KV, Lermontova EK, Churakov AV, Tafeenko VA, Tarasevich BN, Poleshchuk OK, Kharcheva AV, Magdesieva TV, Nikitin OM, Zaitseva GS, Karlov SS. Compounds of Group 14 Elements with an Element–Element (E = Si, Ge, Sn) Bond: Effect of the Nature of the Element Atom. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501293t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Zaitsev
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elmira Kh. Lermontova
- N. S. Kurnakov General and Inorganic Chemistry Institute,Russian Academy of Science, Leninskii
Pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- N. S. Kurnakov General and Inorganic Chemistry Institute,Russian Academy of Science, Leninskii
Pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Viktor A. Tafeenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Boris N. Tarasevich
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oleg Kh. Poleshchuk
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Av., 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Kievskaya Str., 60, Tomsk 634061, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Kharcheva
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Magdesieva
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oleg M. Nikitin
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilova
Str. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Galina S. Zaitseva
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Karlov
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Kanno KI, Niwayama Y, Kyushin S. Selective catalytic monoreduction of dichlorooligosilanes with Grignard reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Ishida S, Otsuka K, Toma Y, Kyushin S. An Organosilicon Cluster with an Octasilacuneane Core: A Missing Silicon Cage Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2507-10. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Ishida S, Otsuka K, Toma Y, Kyushin S. An Organosilicon Cluster with an Octasilacuneane Core: A Missing Silicon Cage Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Samanamu CR, Materer NF, Weinert CS. Absorption, electrochemical, theoretical, and 73Ge NMR spectral characterization of the germanium neo-pentane analogue (Me3Ge)4Ge. J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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