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Bowles AWJ, Liu Y, Stevens MP, Vitorica‐Yrezabal IJ, McMullin CL, Ortu F. A Blueprint for the Stabilization of Sub-Valent Alkaline Earth Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301850. [PMID: 37338225 PMCID: PMC10947258 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The study of sub-valent Group 2 chemistry is a relatively new research field, being established in 2007 with the report of the first Mg(I) dimers. These species are stabilized by the formation of a Mg-Mg covalent bond; however, the extension of this chemistry to heavier alkaline earth (AE) metals has been frustrated by significant synthetic challenges, primarily associated with the instability of heavy AE-AE interactions. Here we present a new blueprint for the stabilization of heavy AE(I) complexes, based upon the reduction of AE(II) precursors with planar coordination geometries. We report the synthesis and structural characterisation of homoleptic trigonal planar AE(II) complexes of the monodentate amides {N(SiMe3 )2 }- and {N(Mes)(SiMe3 )}- . DFT calculations showed that the LUMOs of these complexes all show some d-character for AE = Ca-Ba. DFT analysis of the square planar Sr(II) complex [Sr{N(SiMe3 )2 }(dioxane)2 ]∞ revealed analogous frontier orbital d-character. AE(I) complexes that could be accessed by reduction of these AE(II) precursors were modelled computationally, revealing exergonic formation in all cases. Crucially, NBO calculations show that some d-character is preserved in the SOMO of theoretical AE(I) products upon reduction, showing that d-orbitals could play a crucial role in achieving stable heavy AE(I) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W. J. Bowles
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
| | - Yu Liu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
| | - Matthew P. Stevens
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
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2
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Mastropierro P, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Exploiting Deprotonative Co‐complexation to Access Potassium Metal(ates) Supported by a Bulky Silyl(bis)amide Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street G1 1XL Glasgow UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street G1 1XL Glasgow UK
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3
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Aoki Y, O'Brien HM, Kawasaki H, Takaya H, Nakamura M. Ligand-Free Iron-Catalyzed C-F Amination of Diarylamines: A One-Pot Regioselective Synthesis of Diaryl Dihydrophenazines. Org Lett 2019; 21:461-464. [PMID: 30628796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot synthesis of various 5,10-diaryl-5,10-dihydrophenazines (DADHPs) from diarylamines has been achieved by using an iron-catalyzed C-F amination. Homodimerization of magnesium diarylamides, followed by defluorinative intramolecular cyclization (double ortho C-F amination) in the presence of catalytic FeCl2 and stoichiometric 1,2-dibromoethane, affords the corresponding DADHPs with complete regiocontrol. The unique high reactivity of fluorine over other halogens indicates that amination proceeds via an SNAr mechanism facilitated by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Aoki
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Harry M O'Brien
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Hiroto Kawasaki
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
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Fuentes MÁ, Zabala A, Kennedy AR, Mulvey RE. Structural Diversity in Alkali Metal and Alkali Metal Magnesiate Chemistry of the Bulky 2,6-Diisopropyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)anilino Ligand. Chemistry 2016; 22:14968-14978. [PMID: 27573676 PMCID: PMC5096043 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bulky amido ligands are precious in s-block chemistry, since they can implant complementary strong basic and weak nucleophilic properties within compounds. Recent work has shown the pivotal importance of the base structure with enhancement of basicity and extraordinary regioselectivities possible for cyclic alkali metal magnesiates containing mixed n-butyl/amido ligand sets. This work advances alkali metal and alkali metal magnesiate chemistry of the bulky arylsilyl amido ligand [N(SiMe3 )(Dipp)]- (Dipp=2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 ). Infinite chain structures of the parent sodium and potassium amides are disclosed, adding to the few known crystallographically characterised unsolvated s-block metal amides. Solvation by N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) gives molecular variants of the lithium and sodium amides; whereas for potassium, PMDETA gives a molecular structure, TMEDA affords a novel, hemi-solvated infinite chain. Crystal structures of the first magnesiate examples of this amide in [MMg{N(SiMe3 )(Dipp)}2 (μ-nBu)]∞ (M=Na or K) are also revealed, though these breakdown to their homometallic components in donor solvents as revealed through NMR and DOSY studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ángeles Fuentes
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Andoni Zabala
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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Martínez-Martínez A, O’Hara C. Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Magnesiate Chemistry. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Moxey GJ, Blake AJ, Lewis W, Kays DL. Alkaline Earth Complexes of a Sterically Demanding Guanidinate Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Synthesis of monomeric and polymeric alkali and alkaline earth metal complexes using a phosphinoselenoic amide ligand in metal coordination sphere. J CHEM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-014-0711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Day BM, Coles MP. Assigning Hapticity to Cyclopentadienyl Derivatives of Antimony and Bismuth. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Martyn P. Coles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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Hill MS, Liptrot DJ, MacDougall DJ, Mahon MF, Robinson TP. Hetero-dehydrocoupling of silanes and amines by heavier alkaline earth catalysis. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Ma X, Ding Y, Roesky HW, Sun S, Yang Z. Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Antimony(III) Complexes With a Bis(amino)silane Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Yang D, Guo J, Wu H, Ding Y, Zheng W. Synthesis and structural characterization of two-coordinate low-valent 14-group metal complexes bearing bulky bis(amido)silane ligands. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:2187-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11774b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Yang XJ, Sui Y. Syntheses and Structures of Magnesium Complexes with Reduced α-Diimine Ligands. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om2003199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yunxia Sui
- Center of Modern Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Yang D, Ding Y, Wu H, Zheng W. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Alkaline-Earth-Metal Bis(amido)silane and Lithium Oxobis(aminolato)silane Complexes. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:7698-706. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200748z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Yang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, 1 Gongyuan Street, Linfen, Shanxi Province 041004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Ding
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haishun Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, 1 Gongyuan Street, Linfen, Shanxi Province 041004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, 1 Gongyuan Street, Linfen, Shanxi Province 041004, People’s Republic of China
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Pan CL, Pan YS, Wang J, Song JF. A heterometallic sandwich complex of europium(ii) for luminescent studies. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6361-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10635j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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