1
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Tellal S, Jismy B, Hikem-Oukacha D, Abarbri M. Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Pyrimido[1,2- b]indazole Derivatives through the Cyclocondensation of 3-Aminoindazoles with Ketoester and Their Functionalization via Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling and SN Ar Reactions. Molecules 2023; 29:44. [PMID: 38202627 PMCID: PMC10779788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A new series of trifluoromethylated pyrimido[1,2-b]indazol-4(1H)-one derivatives was synthesized with good to excellent yields through a simple condensation of 3-aminoindazole derivatives with ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro 3-oxobutanoate. The functionalization of the corresponding chlorinated fused tricyclic scaffolds via Suzuki-Miyaura and aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions led to the synthesis of highly diverse trifluoromethylated pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole derivatives with good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina Tellal
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l’Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France;
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry Materials LPCM, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Badr Jismy
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l’Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Djamila Hikem-Oukacha
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry Materials LPCM, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l’Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France;
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2
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Bieniek JC, Grünewald M, Winter J, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of
N
,
N
’‑ Disubstituted Indazolin-3-ones via Intramolecular Anodic DehydrogenativeN-NCoupling Reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8180-8186. [PMID: 35919432 PMCID: PMC9278119 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01827f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electricity as a traceless oxidant enables a sustainable and novel approach to N,N′-disubstituted indazolin-3-ones by an intramolecular anodic dehydrogenative N–N coupling reaction. This method is characterized by mild reaction conditions, an easy experimental setup, excellent scalability, and a high atom economy. It was used to synthesize various indazolin-3-one derivatives in yields up to 78%, applying inexpensive and sustainable electrode materials and a low supporting electrolyte concentration. Mechanistic studies, based on cyclic voltammetry experiments, revealed a biradical pathway. Furthermore, the access to single 2-aryl substituted indazolin-3-ones by cleavage of the protecting group could be demonstrated. A novel sustainable electrochemical synthetic route to N,N′-disubstituted indazolin-3-ones by direct anodic oxidation with mild reaction conditions, a simple galvanostatic setup, broad scope and excellent scalability is established.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Bieniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Michele Grünewald
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
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3
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Raut SV, Tidke AD, Dhotre BK, Pathan MA. Synthesis of 3-[5-(Substituted Phenyl)-[1,3,4] Oxadiazol-2-yl]-1 H-Indazole. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1665552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Raut
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mantha, Dist Jalna, Maharashtra, India
| | - A. D. Tidke
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mantha, Dist Jalna, Maharashtra, India
| | - B. K. Dhotre
- Department of Chemistry, Swami Vivekanand Sr. College, Mantha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohd Arif Pathan
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mantha, Dist Jalna, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Barber JS, Burtea A, Collins MR, Tran-Dubé M, Patman RL, Scales S, Smith G, Spangler JE, Wang F, Wang W, Yang S, Zhu J, Montgomery TP. Development of a Late-Stage Diversification Strategy for the 4- and 5-Positions of 4,5,6-Trisubstituted Indazoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:9047-9052. [PMID: 33166447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indazoles represent a privileged motif in drug discovery. However, the formation of highly substituted indazoles can require the execution of lengthy synthetic routes with minimal opportunities to introduce diversity. In this report, we disclose the development of a late-stage diversification strategy for the 4- and 5-positions of 4,5,6-trisubstituted indazoles. A regioselective C-H functionalization and subsequent nucleophilic aromatic substitution provide two sequential points of diversification. The synthetic sequence delivers rapid access to an array of 4,5,6-trisubstituted indazoles in only four steps from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyann S Barber
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alexander Burtea
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael R Collins
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michelle Tran-Dubé
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ryan L Patman
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephanie Scales
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Graham Smith
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jillian E Spangler
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - JinJiang Zhu
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - T Patrick Montgomery
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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5
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Raut S, Tidke A, Dhotre B, Arif PM. Different Strategies to the Synthesis of Indazole and its Derivatives: A Review. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190430160324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, works of various researchers working on the synthesis of indazole and their related compound are cited. The review comprises of methodologies for the synthesis of 1H and 2H indazole derivatives, along with some pharmacological activities. In this review, research papers published in various peer-reviewed journals between the year 2000 and year 2017 are enlisted in alphabetical order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Raut
- Maulana Azad College and Research Center, Rouza Bagh, Aurangabad (M.S.), India
| | - Atul Tidke
- Maulana Azad College and Research Center, Rouza Bagh, Aurangabad (M.S.), India
| | | | - Pathan Mohd Arif
- Maulana Azad College and Research Center, Rouza Bagh, Aurangabad (M.S.), India
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6
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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7
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Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: Diverse Chemistries of Highly Reactive Nitroso Intermediates in Heterocycle Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2256-2265. [PMID: 31328502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles because of their excellent performance in biologically relevant applications, such as in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. In these applications, convenient synthesis using commercially available and diverse building blocks is highly desirable. Within this broad class, 2H-indazoles are relatively underexploited when compared to 1H-indazole, perhaps because of regioselectivity issues associated with the synthesis of 2H-indazoles. This Account describes our unfolding of the synthetic utility of the Davis-Beirut reaction (DBR) for the construction of 2H-indazoles and their derivatives; parallel unfoldings of mechanistic models for these interrelated N-N bond forming reactions are also summarized. The Davis-Beirut reaction is a robust method that exploits the diverse chemistries of a key nitroso imine or nitroso benzaldehyde intermediate generated in situ under redox neutral conditions. The resulting N-N bond-forming heterocyclization between nucleophilic and electrophilic nitrogens can be leveraged for the synthesis of multiple classes of indazoles and their derivatives, such as simple or fused indazolones, thiazolo-indazoles, 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles, 2H-indazole N-oxides, and 2H-indazoles with various substitutions on the ring system or the nitrogens. These diverse products can all be synthesized under alkaline conditions and the various strategies for accessing these heterocycles are discussed. Alternatively, we have also developed methods involving mild photochemical conditions for the nitrobenzyl → aci-nitro → nitroso imine sequence. Solvent consideration is especially important for modulating the chemistry of the reactive intermediates in these reactions; the presence of water is critically important in some cases, but water's beneficial effect has a ceiling because of the alternative reaction pathways it enables. Fused 2H-indazoles readily undergo ring opening reactions to give indazolones when treated with nucleophiles or electrophiles. Furthermore, palladium-catalyzed cross coupling, the Sonagashira reaction, EDC amide coupling, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with nitrile oxides, copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions (click reaction), as well as copper-free click reactions, can all be used late-stage to modify 2H-indazoles and indazolones. The continued development and applications of the Davis-Beirut reaction has provided many insights for taming the reactivity of highly reactive nitro and nitroso groups, which still has a plethora of underexplored chemistries and challenges. For example, there is currently a limited number of nonfused 2H-indazole examples containing an aryl substitution at nitrogen. This is caused by relatively slow N-N bond formation between N-aryl imine and nitroso reactants, which allows water to add to the key nitroso imine intermediate causing imine bond cleavage to be a competitive reaction pathway rather than proceeding through the desired N-N bond-forming heterocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
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8
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Zhu JS, Kraemer N, Li CJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Photochemical Preparation of 1,2-Dihydro-3 H-indazol-3-ones in Aqueous Solvent at Room Temperature. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15493-15498. [PMID: 30468072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
o-Nitrosobenzaldehyde is a reactive intermediate useful in the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles. Previous strategies for using o-nitrosobenzaldehyde involve its isolation via chromatography and/or formation under harsh conditions. Herein, this intermediate was photochemically generated in situ from o-nitrobenzyl alcohols in a mild, efficient manner for the construction of 1,2-dihydro-3 H-indazol-3-ones using an aqueous solvent at room temperature. This convenient reaction offers several advantages over reported methods. The commercially available photoreactor employed 3 × 18 W bulbs outputting broad emission above 365 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Clarabella J Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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9
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Zhu JS, Kraemer N, Shatskikh ME, Li CJ, Son JH, Haddadin MJ, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. N-N Bond Formation between Primary Amines and Nitrosos: Direct Synthesis of 2-Substituted Indazolones with Mechanistic Insights. Org Lett 2018; 20:4736-4739. [PMID: 30067041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A concise, one-step route to indazolones from primary alkyl amines and o-nitrobenzyl alcohols is reported. The key step in this readily scalable indazolone forming process involves base-mediated in situ o-nitrobenzyl alcohol → o-nitrosobenzaldehyde conversion. Although this functional group interconversion is known to be useful for 2 H-indazole synthesis, its reactivity was modulated for indazolone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Marina E Shatskikh
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Clarabella J Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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10
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Annor-Gyamfi JK, Gnanasekaran KK, Bunce RA. Syntheses of 1-Aryl-5-nitro-1H-indazoles and a General One-Pot Route to 1-Aryl-1H-indazoles. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030674. [PMID: 29547568 PMCID: PMC6017161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient route to substituted 1-aryl-1H-indazoles has been developed and optimized. The method involved the preparation of arylhydrazones from acetophenone or benzaldehyde substituted by fluorine at C2 and nitro at C5, followed by deprotonation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) ring closure in 45–90%. Modification of this procedure to a one-pot domino process was successful in the acetophenone series (73–96%), while the benzaldehyde series (63–73%) required a step-wise addition of reagents. A general one-pot protocol for 1-aryl-1H-indazole formation without the limiting substitution patterns required for the SNAr cyclization has also been achieved in 62–78% yields. A selection of 1-aryl-1H-indazoles was prepared in high yield by a procedure that requires only a single laboratory operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel K Annor-Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071, USA.
| | | | - Richard A Bunce
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071, USA.
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11
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Hu W, Yu JT, Liu S, Jiang Y, Cheng J. Copper-mediated annulation of 2-(1-arylvinyl) anilines and aryl nitrosos towards 2,3-diaryl-2H-indazoles. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00540c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A copper-mediated annulation of 2-(1-substituted vinyl)anilines and aryl nitrosos is developed, giving 2,3-diaryl pyrazoles in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Hu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Suqin Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
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12
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Mallinger A, Schiemann K, Rink C, Stieber F, Calderini M, Crumpler S, Stubbs M, Adeniji-Popoola O, Poeschke O, Busch M, Czodrowski P, Musil D, Schwarz D, Ortiz-Ruiz MJ, Schneider R, Thai C, Valenti M, de Haven Brandon A, Burke R, Workman P, Dale T, Wienke D, Clarke PA, Esdar C, Raynaud FI, Eccles SA, Rohdich F, Blagg J. Discovery of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Small-Molecule Modulators of the Mediator Complex-Associated Kinases CDK8 and CDK19. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1078-101. [PMID: 26796641 PMCID: PMC5362750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
Mediator complex-associated cyclin-dependent kinase CDK8 has
been implicated in human disease, particularly in colorectal cancer
where it has been reported as a putative oncogene. Here we report
the discovery of 109 (CCT251921), a potent, selective,
and orally bioavailable inhibitor of CDK8 with equipotent affinity
for CDK19. We describe a structure-based design approach leading to
the discovery of a 3,4,5-trisubstituted-2-aminopyridine series and
present the application of physicochemical property analyses to successfully
reduce in vivo metabolic clearance, minimize transporter-mediated
biliary elimination while maintaining acceptable aqueous solubility.
Compound 109 affords the optimal compromise of in vitro
biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and physicochemical properties and is
suitable for progression to animal models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Mallinger
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | | | - Christian Rink
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | | | | | - Simon Crumpler
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Mark Stubbs
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Olajumoke Adeniji-Popoola
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria-Jesus Ortiz-Ruiz
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | | | - Ching Thai
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Melanie Valenti
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Alexis de Haven Brandon
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Trevor Dale
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University , Cardiff, CF10 3AX, U.K
| | | | - Paul A Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | | | - Florence I Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Suzanne A Eccles
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
| | | | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, U.K
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13
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Sun L, Nie J, Zheng Y, Ma JA. [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of arynes with CF 3 CHN 2 : Access to 3-trifluoromethyl-1 H -indazoles. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Takayama M. Application of Flow Micro Synthesis Technology for Medicinal Chemistry. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Dubost E, Stiebing S, Ferrary T, Cailly T, Fabis F, Collot V. A general synthesis of diversely substituted indazoles and hetero-aromatic derivatives from o-halo-(het)arylaldehydes or -phenones. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Yuan D, Huynh HV. Hetero-dicarbene Complexes of Palladium(II): Syntheses and Catalytic Activities. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500659v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore
, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Han Vinh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore
, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
117543, Republic of Singapore
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17
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Chen J, Chen P, Song C, Zhu J. Rhodium(III)-CatalyzedN-Nitroso-Directed CH Addition to Ethyl 2-Oxoacetate for Cycloaddition/Fragmentation Synthesis of Indazoles. Chemistry 2014; 20:14245-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Yao J, Feng R, Lin C, Liu Z, Zhang Y. Synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-indazoles by Rh(iii)-catalyzed C–H cleavage of arylhydrazines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5469-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00921e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Liu HJ, Hung SF, Chen CL, Lin MH. A method for the regioselective synthesis of 1-alkyl-1H-indazoles. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li H, Li P, Wang L. Direct access to acylated azobenzenes via Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization and further transformation into an indazole backbone. Org Lett 2013; 15:620-3. [PMID: 23343496 DOI: 10.1021/ol303434n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzenes were readily acylated at the 2-position through a Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization from simple aromatic azo compounds and aldehydes in good yields. The obtained acylated azobenzenes could be efficiently converted into the corresponding indazole derivatives in nearly quantitative yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Li
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
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21
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Roydhouse MD, Motherwell WB, Constantinou A, Gavriilidis A, Wheeler R, Down K, Campbell I. Ozonolysis of some complex organic substrates in flow. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra00125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Eschelbach JW, Wernick D, Bryan MC, Doherty EM. Characterization of Dispersion Effects on Reaction Optimization and Scale-Up for a Packed Bed Flow Hydrogenation Reactor. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A well known advantage of flow chemistry reactors in chemical synthesis is the ability to screen multiple catalysts and reaction parameters with optimal conditions scaled accordingly. This approach, however, consumes significant quantities of material as the reactor must be equilibrated with the reactants in a continuous, steady-state mode before the start of the reaction. In this work we explore a screening and reaction approach using bolus injections, which is more conducive to the lower material consumption that may be required in a drug discovery setting. A commercially available ThalesNano H-Cube® was evaluated to determine the practicality of this approach for heterogeneous hydrogenations. When working with boluses in flow systems, one of the biggest limitations can be the inherent dispersion of the reactant stream caused by the reactor. The dispersion on the H-Cube® was characterized to determine the minimum volume for the reactor to reach a steady-state. The H-Cube® fluidics and heating coil were found to generate significantly more dispersion than the reaction cartridge (CatCart®) itself, increasing the minimum volume of injection required to achieve steady-state. A 2 mL injection was found as a good compromise between maximizing material conservation and sufficient volume of reaction at steady-state condition. Conditions optimized at 2 mL screening scale were successfully scaled five-fold, while lower volume bolus injections were shown to be less predictable. A stacked injection protocol using lower volume boluses was found to be a reliable alternative to scale reactions while efficiently conserving material. This application of small bolus injections to flow reaction screening and scale-up provides a desirable alternative to traditional continuous flow approaches in the material-limited discovery setting.
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23
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Tilstam U. A Continuous Methylation of Phenols and N,H-Heteroaromatic Compounds with Dimethyl Carbonate. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op3002068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Tilstam
- CMC Solutions bvba, Overhemstraat
3, B-3320 Hoegaarden, Belgium
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24
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Zak J, Ron D, Riva E, Harding HP, Cross BCS, Baxendale IR. Establishing a flow process to coumarin-8-carbaldehydes as important synthetic scaffolds. Chemistry 2012; 18:9901-10. [PMID: 22782929 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite their usefulness as fluorophores and synthetic precursors, efficient and reliable routes to coumarin-8-carbaldehydes are lacking. We describe here a high-yielding continuous flow synthesis that requires no manual intermediate purification or work-up, giving access to multigram quantities of the aldehyde product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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25
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Battilocchio C, Baxendale IR, Biava M, Kitching MO, Ley SV. A Flow-Based Synthesis of 2-Aminoadamantane-2-carboxylic Acid. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300084z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie
del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Mariangela Biava
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie
del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Matthew O. Kitching
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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26
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Sather AC, Berryman OB, Rebek J. Synthesis of fused indazole ring systems and application to nigeglanine hydrobromide. Org Lett 2012; 14:1600-3. [PMID: 22385299 PMCID: PMC3324311 DOI: 10.1021/ol300303s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The single-step synthesis of fused tricyclic pyridazino[1,2-a]indazolium ring systems is described. Structural details revealed by crystallography explain the unexpected reactivity. The method is applied to the gram scale synthesis of nigeglanine hydrobromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Sather
- The Scripps Research Institute Mail MB-26, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Orion B. Berryman
- The Scripps Research Institute Mail MB-26, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julius Rebek
- The Scripps Research Institute Mail MB-26, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal G. Anderson
- Anderson’s Process Solutions, 7400 Griffin Lane, Jacksonville, Oregon 97530, United States
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28
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29
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Jain SK, Meena S, Singh B, Bharate JB, Joshi P, Singh VP, Vishwakarma RA, Bharate SB. KF/alumina catalyzed regioselective benzylation and benzoylation using solvent-free grind-stone chemistry. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21154h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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