1
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Limonene carbonate synthesis from CO2: Continuous high-pressure flow catalysis with integrated product separation. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Schörner M, Mitländer K, Wolf M, Franke R, Haumann M. Silicon Carbide Supported Liquid Phase (SLP) Hydroformylation Catalysis – Effective Reaction Kinetics from Continuous Gas‐phase Operation. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schörner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kerstin Mitländer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Moritz Wolf
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Cauerstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- 3 Evonik Operations GmbH Paul-Baumann-Str. 1 D-45772 Marl Germany
- 4 Ruhr-Universität Bochum Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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3
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O’Neill M, Sankar M, Hintermair U. Sustainable Synthesis of Dimethyl- and Diethyl Carbonate from CO 2 in Batch and Continuous Flow-Lessons from Thermodynamics and the Importance of Catalyst Stability. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:5243-5257. [PMID: 35493694 PMCID: PMC9044503 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium conversions for the direct condensation of MeOH and EtOH with CO2 to give dimethyl- and diethyl carbonate, respectively, have been calculated over a range of experimentally relevant conditions. The validity of these calculations has been verified in both batch and continuous flow experiments over a heterogeneous CeO2 catalyst. Operating under optimized conditions of 140 °C and 200 bar CO2, record productivities of 235 mmol/L·h DMC and 241 mmol/L·h DEC have been achieved using neat alcohol dissolved in a continuous flow of supercritical CO2. Using our thermodynamic model, we show that to achieve maximum product yield, both dialkyl carbonates and water should be continuously removed from the reactor instead of the conventionally used strategy of removing water alone, which is much less efficient. Catalyst stability rather than activity emerges as the prime limiting factor and should thus become the focus of future catalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
F. O’Neill
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Meenakshisundaram Sankar
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Centre
for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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4
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Schörner M, Rothgängel P, Mitländer K, Wisser D, Thommes M, Haumann M. Gas‐Phase Hydroformylation Using Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) Catalysts – Influence of Support Texture on Effective Kinetics. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schörner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Philipp Rothgängel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kerstin Mitländer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dorothea Wisser
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Matthias Thommes
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Lehrstuhl für Thermische Verfahrenstechnik (TVT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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5
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Hone CA, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 377:2. [PMID: 30536152 PMCID: PMC6290733 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is the ultimate “green” oxidant for organic synthesis. There has been recent intensive research within the synthetic community to develop new selective liquid phase aerobic oxidation methodologies as a response to the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical synthesis and manufacture. Green and sustainable chemical processes rely not only on effective chemistry but also on the implementation of reactor technologies that enhance reaction performance and overall safety. Continuous flow reactors have facilitated safer and more efficient utilization of O2, whilst enabling protocols to be scalable. In this article, we discuss recent advancements in the utilization of continuous processing for aerobic oxidations. The translation of aerobic oxidation from batch protocols to continuous flow processes, including process intensification (high T/p), is examined. The use of “synthetic air”, typically consisting of less than 10% O2 in N2, is compared to pure O2 (100% O2) as an oxidant source in terms of process efficiency and safety. Examples of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous (packed bed) catalysis are provided. The application of flow photoreactors for the in situ formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) for use in organic reactions, as well as the implementation of membrane technologies, green solvents and recent reactor solutions for handling O2 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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6
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Geier D, Schmitz P, Walkowiak J, Leitner W, Franciò G. Continuous Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Catalysts Using Modified CO2 as the Mobile Phase: from Model Substrate to an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Geier
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal Schmitz
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jędrzej Walkowiak
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Franciò
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Li B, Guo W, Ramsey ED. Monitoring the progress of the acetylation reactions of 4-aminophenol and 2-aminophenol in acetonitrile modified supercritical fluid carbon dioxide and pure acetonitrile using on-line supercritical fluid chromatography and on-line liquid chromatography. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Hone CA, Roberge DM, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Is Flow the Way to Go? CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:32-41. [PMID: 27863103 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is arguably the greenest reagent available to the organic chemist. Most commonly, a diluted form of oxygen gas, consisting of less than 10 % O2 in N2 ("synthetic air"), is used in pharmaceutical and fine chemical batch manufacturing to effectively address safety concerns when handling molecular oxygen. Concentrations of O2 in N2 below 10 % are generally required to prevent the risk of combustions in the presence of flammable organic solvents ("limiting oxygen concentration"). Nonetheless, the use of pure oxygen is more efficient than using O2 diluted with N2 and can often provide enhanced reaction rates, resulting in significant improvements in product quality and process efficiency. This Concept takes into account recent studies to make the argument that, for liquid-phase aerobic oxidations, pure oxygen can indeed be handled safely on large scale by employing continuous-flow reactors, while also providing highly convincing synthetic and manufacturing benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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9
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Amara Z, Poliakoff M, Duque R, Geier D, Franciò G, Gordon CM, Meadows RE, Woodward R, Leitner W. Enabling the Scale-Up of a Key Asymmetric Hydrogenation Step in the Synthesis of an API Using Continuous Flow Solid-Supported Catalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Amara
- The
School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- The
School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Rubén Duque
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie ITMC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Geier
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie ITMC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Franciò
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie ITMC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Charles M. Gordon
- Britest Limited, The Heath Business & Technical Park, Runcorn WA7 4QX, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E. Meadows
- Pharmaceutical
Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Woodward
- Pharmaceutical
Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie ITMC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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10
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Naeem A, Ting VP, Hintermair U, Tian M, Telford R, Halim S, Nowell H, Hołyńska M, Teat SJ, Scowen IJ, Nayak S. Mixed-linker approach in designing porous zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks with high hydrogen storage capacity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7826-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New zirconium based metal–organic framework (UBMOF-31) synthesised using mixed-linker strategy showing permanent porosity, excellent hydrogen uptake, and high selectivity for adsorption of CO2 over N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Naeem
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | | | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
| | - Richard Telford
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - Saaiba Halim
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | | | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
- Philipps Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | - Sanjit Nayak
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
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11
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Franciò G, Hintermair U, Leitner W. Unlocking the potential of supported liquid phase catalysts with supercritical fluids: low temperature continuous flow catalysis with integrated product separation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2015.0005. [PMID: 26574523 PMCID: PMC4650014 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Solution-phase catalysis using molecular transition metal complexes is an extremely powerful tool for chemical synthesis and a key technology for sustainable manufacturing. However, as the reaction complexity and thermal sensitivity of the catalytic system increase, engineering challenges associated with product separation and catalyst recovery can override the value of the product. This persistent downstream issue often renders industrial exploitation of homogeneous catalysis uneconomical despite impressive batch performance of the catalyst. In this regard, continuous-flow systems that allow steady-state homogeneous turnover in a stationary liquid phase while at the same time effecting integrated product separation at mild process temperatures represent a particularly attractive scenario. While continuous-flow processing is a standard procedure for large volume manufacturing, capitalizing on its potential in the realm of the molecular complexity of organic synthesis is still an emerging area that requires innovative solutions. Here we highlight some recent developments which have succeeded in realizing such systems by the combination of near- and supercritical fluids with homogeneous catalysts in supported liquid phases. The cases discussed exemplify how all three levels of continuous-flow homogeneous catalysis (catalyst system, separation strategy, process scheme) must be matched to locate viable process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Franciò
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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12
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Machine-Assisted Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10122-36. [PMID: 26193360 PMCID: PMC4834626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this Review we describe how the advent of machines is impacting on organic synthesis programs, with particular emphasis on the practical issues associated with the design of chemical reactors. In the rapidly changing, multivariant environment of the research laboratory, equipment needs to be modular to accommodate high and low temperatures and pressures, enzymes, multiphase systems, slurries, gases, and organometallic compounds. Additional technologies have been developed to facilitate more specialized reaction techniques such as electrochemical and photochemical methods. All of these areas create both opportunities and challenges during adoption as enabling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK).
| | - Daniel E Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Rebecca M Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Richard J Ingham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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13
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Maschinengestützte organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Zhang Z, Franciò G, Leitner W. Continuous-Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenation of an Enol Ester by using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Ionic Liquids versus Supported Ionic Liquids as the Catalyst Matrix. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Duque R, Pogorzelec PJ, Cole-Hamilton DJ. A Single Enantiomer (99 %) Directly from Continuous-Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9805-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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A Single Enantiomer (99 %) Directly from Continuous-Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Zhao
- Bayer Technology & Engineering (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 82 Mu Hua Road, Shanghai Chemical Industry Park, Shanghai 201507, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
People’s Republic of China
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18
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Hintermair U, Franciò G, Leitner W. A Fully Integrated Continuous-Flow System for Asymmetric Catalysis: Enantioselective Hydrogenation with Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Catalysts Using Supercritical CO2as the Mobile Phase. Chemistry 2013; 19:4538-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Theuerkauf J, Franciò G, Leitner W. Continuous-Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenation of the β-Keto Ester Methyl Propionylacetate in Ionic Liquid-Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Biphasic Systems. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Wesselbaum S, Hintermair U, Leitner W. Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Pure Formic Acid using an Integrated scCO
2
Process with Immobilized Catalyst and Base. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8585-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wesselbaum
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
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21
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Wesselbaum S, Hintermair U, Leitner W. Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Pure Formic Acid using an Integrated scCO
2
Process with Immobilized Catalyst and Base. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wesselbaum
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
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22
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