1
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Pereira O, Ruth M, Gerbig D, Wende RC, Schreiner PR. Leveraging Limited Experimental Data with Machine Learning: Differentiating a Methyl from an Ethyl Group in the Corey-Bakshi-Shibata Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14576-14586. [PMID: 38752849 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We present a case study on how to improve an existing metal-free catalyst for a particularly difficult reaction, namely, the Corey-Bakshi-Shibata (CBS) reduction of butanone, which constitutes the classic and prototypical challenge of being able to differentiate a methyl from an ethyl group. As there are no known strategies on how to address this challenge, we leveraged the power of machine learning by constructing a realistic (for a typical laboratory) small, albeit high-quality, data set of about 100 reactions (run in triplicate) that we used to train a model in combination with a key-intermediate graph (of substrate and catalyst) to predict the differences in Gibbs activation energies ΔΔG‡ of the enantiomeric reaction paths. With the help of this model, we were able to select and subsequently screen a small selection of catalysts and increase the selectivity for the CBS reduction of butanone to 80% enantiomeric excess (ee), the highest possible value achieved to date for this substrate with a metal-free catalyst, thereby also exceeding the best available enzymatic systems (64% ee) and the selectivity with Corey's original catalyst (60% ee). This translates into a >50% improvement in relative ΔG‡ from 0.9 to 1.4 kcal mol-1. We underscore the transformative potential of machine learning in accelerating catalyst design because we rely on a manageable small data set and a key-intermediate graph representing a combination of catalyst and substrate graphs in lieu of a transition-state model. Our results highlight the synergy of synthetic chemistry and data-centric approaches and provide a blueprint for future catalyst optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pereira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcel Ruth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Gerbig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Raffael C Wende
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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2
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Kettlewell B, Boyd D. Inside the Borate Anomaly: Leveraging a Predictive Modelling Approach to Navigate Complex Composition-Structure-Property Relationships in Oxyhalide Borate Glasses. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2073. [PMID: 38730877 PMCID: PMC11084878 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study employs a systematic and predictive modelling approach to investigate the structure and properties of multi-component borate glasses. In particular, this work is focused on understanding the individual and interaction effects of multiple constituents on several material properties. By leveraging advanced modeling techniques, this work examines how the inclusion and variation of B2O3, CaF2, TiO2, ZnO, and Na2CO3 influence the glass network, with particular attention to modifier fractions ≥ 30 mol%. This research addresses the gap in knowledge regarding the complex behavior of borate glasses in this high modifier fraction range, known as the borate anomaly, where prediction of glass structure and properties becomes particularly challenging. The use of a design of mixtures (DoM) approach facilitated the generation of polynomial equations indicating the influence of mixture components on various responses, enabling the prediction and optimization of glass properties over broad compositional ranges despite being within the anomalous region. This methodical approach not only advances our understanding of borate glass systems but also underscores the importance of predictive modelling in the accelerated design and development of novel glass materials for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Kettlewell
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Daniel Boyd
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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3
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Voinarovska V, Kabeshov M, Dudenko D, Genheden S, Tetko IV. When Yield Prediction Does Not Yield Prediction: An Overview of the Current Challenges. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:42-56. [PMID: 38116926 PMCID: PMC10778086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Machine Learning (ML) techniques face significant challenges when predicting advanced chemical properties, such as yield, feasibility of chemical synthesis, and optimal reaction conditions. These challenges stem from the high-dimensional nature of the prediction task and the myriad essential variables involved, ranging from reactants and reagents to catalysts, temperature, and purification processes. Successfully developing a reliable predictive model not only holds the potential for optimizing high-throughput experiments but can also elevate existing retrosynthetic predictive approaches and bolster a plethora of applications within the field. In this review, we systematically evaluate the efficacy of current ML methodologies in chemoinformatics, shedding light on their milestones and inherent limitations. Additionally, a detailed examination of a representative case study provides insights into the prevailing issues related to data availability and transferability in the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Voinarovska
- Molecular
AI, Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
- TUM
Graduate School, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical
University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mikhail Kabeshov
- Molecular
AI, Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dmytro Dudenko
- Enamine
Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska str., 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Samuel Genheden
- Molecular
AI, Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Igor V. Tetko
- Molecular
Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich − Deutsches
Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institute of Structural Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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4
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Nadal Rodríguez P, Ghashghaei O, Schoepf AM, Benson S, Vendrell M, Lavilla R. Charting the Chemical Reaction Space around a Multicomponent Combination: Controlled Access to a Diverse Set of Biologically Relevant Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303889. [PMID: 37191208 PMCID: PMC10952796 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Charting the chemical reaction space around the combination of carbonyls, amines, and isocyanoacetates allows the description of new multicomponent processes leading to a variety of unsaturated imidazolone scaffolds. The resulting compounds display the chromophore of the green fluorescent protein and the core of the natural product coelenterazine. Despite the competitive nature of the pathways involved, general protocols provide selective access to the desired chemotypes. Moreover, we describe unprecedented reactivity at the C-2 position of the imidazolone core to directly afford C, S, and N-derivatives featuring natural products (e.g. leucettamines), potent kinase inhibitors, and fluorescent probes with suitable optical and biological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Nadal Rodríguez
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food SciencesUniversity of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB)Av. De Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ouldouz Ghashghaei
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food SciencesUniversity of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB)Av. De Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anna M. Schoepf
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food SciencesUniversity of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB)Av. De Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sam Benson
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food SciencesUniversity of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB)Av. De Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
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5
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Nadal Rodríguez P, Ghashghaei O, Schoepf AM, Benson S, Vendrell M, Lavilla R. Charting the Chemical Reaction Space around a Multicomponent Combination: Controlled Access to a Diverse Set of Biologically Relevant Scaffolds. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202303889. [PMID: 38516006 PMCID: PMC10952208 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202303889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Charting the chemical reaction space around the combination of carbonyls, amines, and isocyanoacetates allows the description of new multicomponent processes leading to a variety of unsaturated imidazolone scaffolds. The resulting compounds display the chromophore of the green fluorescent protein and the core of the natural product coelenterazine. Despite the competitive nature of the pathways involved, general protocols provide selective access to the desired chemotypes. Moreover, we describe unprecedented reactivity at the C-2 position of the imidazolone core to directly afford C, S, and N-derivatives featuring natural products (e.g. leucettamines), potent kinase inhibitors, and fluorescent probes with suitable optical and biological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Nadal Rodríguez
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food SciencesUniversity of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB)Av. De Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ouldouz Ghashghaei
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food SciencesUniversity of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB)Av. De Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anna M. Schoepf
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food SciencesUniversity of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB)Av. De Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sam Benson
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food SciencesUniversity of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB)Av. De Joan XXIII, 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
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6
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Laturski AE, Gaffen JR, Demay-Drouhard P, Caputo CB, Baumgartner T. Probing the Impact of Solvent on the Strength of Lewis Acids via Fluorescent Lewis Adducts. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2023; 1:49-56. [PMID: 37025975 PMCID: PMC10069026 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.2c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Various methods have been developed to measure the strength of a Lewis acid. A major challenge for these measurements lies in the complexity that arises from variable solvent interactions and perturbations of Lewis acids as their reaction environment changes. Herein, we investigate the impact of solvent effects on Lewis acids for the first time as measured by the fluorescent Lewis adduct (FLA) method. The binding of a Lewis acid in various solvents reveals a measurable dichotomy between both polarity and donor ability of the solvent. While not strictly separable, we observe that the influence of solvent polarity on Lewis acid unit (LAU) values is distinctly opposite to the influence of donor ability. This dichotomy was confirmed by titration data, illustrating that solvation effects can be appropriately and precisely gauged by the FLA method.
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7
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A Review on Artificial Intelligence Enabled Design, Synthesis, and Process Optimization of Chemical Products for Industry 4.0. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining increasing attention for its performance in solving particularly complex problems in industrial chemistry and chemical engineering. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the application of AI techniques, in particular machine learning, in chemical design, synthesis, and process optimization over the past years. In this review, the focus is on the application of AI for structure-function relationship analysis, synthetic route planning, and automated synthesis. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future of AI in making chemical products.
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8
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Viet Johansson S, Gummesson Svensson H, Bjerrum E, Schliep A, Haghir Chehreghani M, Tyrchan C, Engkvist O. Using Active Learning to Develop Machine Learning Models for Reaction Yield Prediction. Mol Inform 2022; 41:e2200043. [PMID: 35732584 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Computer aided synthesis planning, suggesting synthetic routes for molecules of interest, is a rapidly growing field. The machine learning methods used are often dependent on access to large datasets for training, but finite experimental budgets limit how much data can be obtained from experiments. This suggests the use of schemes for data collection such as active learning, which identifies the data points of highest impact for model accuracy, and which has been used in recent studies with success. However, little has been done to explore the robustness of the methods predicting reaction yield when used together with active learning to reduce the amount of experimental data needed for training. This study aims to investigate the influence of machine learning algorithms and the number of initial data points on reaction yield prediction for two public high-throughput experimentation datasets. Our results show that active learning based on output margin reached a pre-defined AUROC faster than random sampling on both datasets. Analysis of feature importance of the trained machine learning models suggests active learning had a larger influence on the model accuracy when only a few features were important for the model prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Viet Johansson
- Molecular AI, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hampus Gummesson Svensson
- Molecular AI, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Esben Bjerrum
- Molecular AI, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alexander Schliep
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Morteza Haghir Chehreghani
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Tyrchan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Molecular AI, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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9
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Gensch T, Smith SR, Colacot TJ, Timsina YN, Xu G, Glasspoole BW, Sigman MS. Design and Application of a Screening Set for Monophosphine Ligands in Cross-Coupling. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gensch
- Department of Chemistry, TU Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sleight R. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Yam N. Timsina
- MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Guolin Xu
- MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Ben W. Glasspoole
- MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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10
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Moniriyan F, Sabounchei SJ. Comparison of two new graphene-based magnetic and non-magnetic nanocatalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and optimization of reaction conditions using design of experiment (DoE). REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Zlota AA. Recommendations for Effective and Defendable Implementation of Quality by Design. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A. Zlota
- The Zlota Company, LLC, 97 Brooksmont Drive, Holliston, Massachusetts 01746-1770, United States
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12
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Loureiro DRP, Soares JX, Maia A, Silva AMN, Rangel M, Azevedo CMG, Hansen SV, Ulven T, Pinto MMM, Reis S, Afonso CMM. One‐Pot Synthesis of Xanthone by Carbonylative Suzuki Coupling Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R. P. Loureiro
- Department of Chemical Sciences Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR) Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4050-208 Matosinhos Porto Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE Department of Chemical Sciences Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - José X. Soares
- LAQV-REQUIMTE Department of Chemical Sciences Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - Ana Maia
- Department of Chemical Sciences Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - André M. N. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Porto Faculty of Sciences University of Porto Campo Alegre Street 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV-REQUIMTE Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar University of Porto José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - Carlos M. G. Azevedo
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Steffen V. Hansen
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- Department of Chemical Sciences Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR) Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4050-208 Matosinhos Porto Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE Department of Chemical Sciences Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - Carlos M. M. Afonso
- Department of Chemical Sciences Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR) Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4050-208 Matosinhos Porto Portugal
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13
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Green AI, Tinworth CP, Warriner S, Nelson A, Fey N. Computational Mapping of Dirhodium(II) Catalysts. Chemistry 2021; 27:2402-2409. [PMID: 32964545 PMCID: PMC7898874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of dirhodium(II) catalysts is highly diverse, and can enable the synthesis of many different molecular classes. A tool to aid in catalyst selection, independent of mechanism and reactivity, would therefore be highly desirable. Here, we describe the development of a database for dirhodium(II) catalysts that is based on the principal component analysis of DFT-calculated parameters capturing their steric and electronic properties. This database maps the relevant catalyst space, and may facilitate exploration of the reactivity landscape for any process catalysed by dirhodium(II) complexes. We have shown that one of the principal components of these catalysts correlates with the outcome (e.g. yield, selectivity) of a transformation used in a molecular discovery project. Furthermore, we envisage that this approach will assist the selection of more effective catalyst screening sets, and, hence, the data-led optimisation of a wide range of rhodium-catalysed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I. Green
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK
| | | | - Stuart Warriner
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK
| | - Adam Nelson
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK
| | - Natalie Fey
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS81TSUK
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14
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Kanza S, Bird CL, Niranjan M, McNeill W, Frey JG. The AI for Scientific Discovery Network . PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 2:100162. [PMID: 33511363 PMCID: PMC7815949 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Intelligence for Automated Investigation for Scientific Discovery Network+ (AI3SD) was established in response to the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) late-2017 call for a Network+ to promote cutting-edge research in artificial intelligence to accelerate groundbreaking scientific discoveries. This article provides the philosophical, scientific, and technical underpinnings of the Network+, the history of the different domains represented in the Network+, and the specific focus of the Network+. The activities, collaborations, and research covered in the first year of the Network+ have highlighted the significant challenges in the chemistry and augmented and artificial intelligence space. These challenges are shaping the future directions of the Network+. The article concludes with a summary of the lessons learned in running this Network+ and introduces our plans for the future in a landscape redrawn by COVID-19, including rebranding into the AI 4 Scientific Discovery Network (www.ai4science.network).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Kanza
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Colin Leonard Bird
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mahesan Niranjan
- School of Electronics and Computer Science and University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - William McNeill
- School of Humanities, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jeremy Graham Frey
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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15
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Zardi P, Maggini M, Carofiglio T. Achieving selectivity in porphyrin bromination through a DoE-driven optimization under continuous flow conditions. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe post-functionalization of porphyrins through the bromination in β position of the pyrrolic rings is a relevant transformation because the resulting bromoderivatives are useful synthons to covalently link a variety of chemical architectures to a porphyrin ring. However, single bromination of porphyrins is a challenging reaction for the abundancy of reactive β-pyrrolic positions in the aromatic macrocycle. We herein report a synthetic procedure for the efficient preparation of 2-bromo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (1) under continuous flow conditions. The use of flow technology allows to reach an accurate control over critical reaction parameters such as temperature and reaction time. Furthermore, by performing the optimization process through a statistical DoE (Design of Experiment) approach, these parameters could be properly adjusted with a limited number of experiments. This process led us to a better understanding of the relevant factors that govern porphyrins monobromination and to obtain compound 1 with an unprecedent 80% yield.
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16
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Igbojionu LI, Laluce C, Silva JP, Silva JL. Optimization of FeSO4-Assisted Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysis for Improved Sugar Yield from Sugarcane Bagasse. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2020.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Longinus Ifeanyi Igbojionu
- Bioenergy Research Institute, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Laluce
- Bioenergy Research Institute, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Silva
- Bioenergy Research Institute, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Haas CP, Biesenroth S, Buckenmaier S, van de Goor T, Tallarek U. Automated generation of photochemical reaction data by transient flow experiments coupled with online HPLC analysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Competing homo- and crossdimerization reactions between coumarin and 1-methyl-2-quinolinone are investigated by transient continuous-flow experiments combined with online HPLC, enabling the generation and acquisition of large reaction data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Haas
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Simon Biesenroth
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | | | - Tom van de Goor
- Agilent Technologies R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co. KG
- 76337 Waldbronn
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
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18
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Eyke NS, Green WH, Jensen KF. Iterative experimental design based on active machine learning reduces the experimental burden associated with reaction screening. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Through iterative selection of maximally informative experiments, active learning renders exhaustive screening obsolete. Chosen experiments are used to train models that are accurate over the entire domain, thus reducing the experiment burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S. Eyke
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - William H. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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19
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Schreyer M, Milzarek TM, Wegmann M, Brunner A, Hintermann L. Discovery and Comparison of Homogeneous Catalysts in a Standardized HOT‐CAT Screen with Microwave‐Heating and qNMR Analysis: Exploring Catalytic Hydration of Alkynes. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schreyer
- Technische Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Lichtenbergstr. 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
- TUM Catalysis Research Center Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Tobias M. Milzarek
- Technische Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Lichtenbergstr. 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Marcus Wegmann
- Technische Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Lichtenbergstr. 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
- TUM Catalysis Research Center Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Andreas Brunner
- Technische Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Lichtenbergstr. 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Lukas Hintermann
- Technische Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Lichtenbergstr. 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
- TUM Catalysis Research Center Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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20
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A Design of Experiments (DoE) Approach Accelerates the Optimization of Copper-Mediated 18F-Fluorination Reactions of Arylstannanes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11370. [PMID: 31388076 PMCID: PMC6684620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in 18F radiochemistry, such as the advent of copper-mediated radiofluorination (CMRF) chemistry, have provided unprecedented access to novel chemically diverse PET probes; however, these multicomponent reactions have come with a new set of complex optimization problems. Design of experiments (DoE) is a statistical approach to process optimization that is used across a variety of industries. It possesses a number of advantages over the traditionally employed "one variable at a time" (OVAT) approach, such as increased experimental efficiency as well as an ability to resolve factor interactions and provide detailed maps of a process's behavior. Here we demonstrate the utility of DoE to the development and optimization of new radiochemical methodologies and novel PET tracer synthesis. Using DoE to construct experimentally efficient factor screening and optimization studies, we were able to identify critical factors and model their behavior with more than two-fold greater experimental efficiency than the traditional OVAT approach. Additionally, the use of DoE allowed us to glean new insights into the behavior of the CMRF of a number of arylstannane precursors. This information has guided our decision-making efforts while developing efficient reaction conditions that suit the unique process requirements of 18F PET tracer synthesis.
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21
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Amar Y, Schweidtmann AM, Deutsch P, Cao L, Lapkin A. Machine learning and molecular descriptors enable rational solvent selection in asymmetric catalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6697-6706. [PMID: 31367324 PMCID: PMC6625492 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational solvent selection remains a significant challenge in process development. Here we describe a hybrid mechanistic-machine learning approach, geared towards automated process development workflow. A library of 459 solvents was used, for which 12 conventional molecular descriptors, two reaction-specific descriptors, and additional descriptors based on screening charge density, were calculated. Gaussian process surrogate models were trained on experimental data from a Rh(CO)2(acac)/Josiphos catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation of a chiral α-β unsaturated γ-lactam. With two simultaneous objectives - high conversion and high diastereomeric excess - the multi-objective algorithm, trained on the initial dataset of 25 solvents, has identified solvents leading to better reaction outcomes. In addition to being a powerful design of experiments (DoE) methodology, the resulting Gaussian process surrogate model for conversion is, in statistical terms, predictive, with a cross-validation correlation coefficient of 0.84. After identifying promising solvents, the composition of solvent mixtures and optimal reaction temperature were found using a black-box Bayesian optimisation. We then demonstrated the application of a new genetic programming approach to select an appropriate machine learning model for a specific physical system, which should allow the transition of the overall process development workflow into the future robotic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Amar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive , Cambridge , CB3 0AS , UK .
| | - Artur M Schweidtmann
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Process Systems Engineering , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Paul Deutsch
- UCB Pharma S.A. Allée de la Recherche , 60 1070 , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Liwei Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive , Cambridge , CB3 0AS , UK .
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd. , 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower #05-05 , 138602 , Singapore
| | - Alexei Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive , Cambridge , CB3 0AS , UK .
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd. , 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower #05-05 , 138602 , Singapore
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22
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Ruales-Salcedo AV, Higuita JC, Fontalvo J, Woodley JM. Design of enzymatic cascade processes for the production of low-priced chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 74:77-84. [PMID: 30710489 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2018-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While the application of enzymes to synthetic and industrial problems continues to grow, the major development today is focused on multi-enzymatic cascades. Such systems are particularly attractive, because many commercially available enzymes operate under relatively similar operating conditions. This opens the possibility of one-pot operation with multiple enzymes in a single reactor. In this paper the concept of modules is introduced whereby groups of enzymes are combined in modules, each operating in a single reactor, but with the option of various operating strategies to avoid any complications of nonproductive interactions between the enzymes, substrates or products in a given reactor. In this paper the selection of modules is illustrated using the synthesis of the bulk chemical, gluconic acid, from lignocellulosic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Viviana Ruales-Salcedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicación de Nuevas Tecnologías, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Edificio L103, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Higuita
- Grupo de Procesos Químicos, Catalíticos y Biotecnológicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Edificio L103, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Javier Fontalvo
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicación de Nuevas Tecnologías, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Edificio L103, Manizales, Colombia
| | - John M Woodley
- PROSYS Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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23
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Isbrandt ES, Sullivan RJ, Newman SG. High Throughput Strategies for the Discovery and Optimization of Catalytic Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7180-7191. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Isbrandt
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Ryan J. Sullivan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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24
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Isbrandt ES, Sullivan RJ, Newman SG. Hochdurchsatzstrategien zur Entdeckung und Optimierung katalytischer Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Isbrandt
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Kanada
| | - Ryan J. Sullivan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Kanada
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and InnovationDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Kanada
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25
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Abstract
Ligands, especially phosphines and carbenes, can play a key role in modifying and controlling homogeneous organometallic catalysts, and they often provide a convenient approach to fine-tuning the performance of known catalysts. The measurable outcomes of such catalyst modifications (yields, rates, selectivity) can be set into context by establishing their relationship to steric and electronic descriptors of ligand properties, and such models can guide the discovery, optimization, and design of catalysts. In this review we present a survey of calculated ligand descriptors, with a particular focus on homogeneous organometallic catalysis. A range of different approaches to calculating steric and electronic parameters are set out and compared, and we have collected descriptors for a range of representative ligand sets, including 30 monodentate phosphorus(III) donor ligands, 23 bidentate P,P-donor ligands, and 30 carbenes, with a view to providing a useful resource for analysis to practitioners. In addition, several case studies of applications of such descriptors, covering both maps and models, have been reviewed, illustrating how descriptor-led studies of catalysis can inform experiments and highlighting good practice for model comparison and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Durand
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
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26
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27
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28
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29
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Wleklinski M, Loren BP, Ferreira CR, Jaman Z, Avramova L, Sobreira TJP, Thompson DH, Cooks RG. High throughput reaction screening using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1647-1653. [PMID: 29675211 PMCID: PMC5887808 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04606e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the high throughput analysis of reaction mixture arrays using methods and data handling routines that were originally developed for biological tissue imaging.
We report the high throughput analysis of reaction mixture arrays using methods and data handling routines that were originally developed for biological tissue imaging. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry (MS) is applied in a continuous on-line process at rates that approach 104 reactions per h at area densities of up to 1 spot per mm2 (6144 spots per standard microtiter plate) with the sprayer moving at ca. 104 microns per s. Data are analyzed automatically by MS using in-house software to create ion images of selected reagents and products as intensity plots in standard array format. Amine alkylation reactions were used to optimize the system performance on PTFE membrane substrates using methanol as the DESI spray/analysis solvent. Reaction times can be <100 μs when reaction acceleration occurs in microdroplets, enabling the rapid screening of processes like N-alkylation and Suzuki coupling reactions as reported herein. Products and by-products were confirmed by on-line MS/MS upon rescanning of the array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wleklinski
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Bradley P Loren
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | | | - Zinia Jaman
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Tiago J P Sobreira
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
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30
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Baumgartner LM, Coley CW, Reizman BJ, Gao KW, Jensen KF. Optimum catalyst selection over continuous and discrete process variables with a single droplet microfluidic reaction platform. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) algorithm to optimize catalyst turnover number (TON) and product yield by simultaneously modulating discrete variables—catalyst types—and continuous variables—temperature, residence time, and catalyst loading—was implemented and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Brandon J. Reizman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kevin W. Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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31
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Forfar LC, Murray PM. Meeting Metal Limits in Pharmaceutical Processes. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2018_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Selekman JA, Qiu J, Tran K, Stevens J, Rosso V, Simmons E, Xiao Y, Janey J. High-Throughput Automation in Chemical Process Development. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 8:525-547. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Selekman
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;, , , , , , ,
| | - Jun Qiu
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;, , , , , , ,
| | - Kristy Tran
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;, , , , , , ,
| | - Jason Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;, , , , , , ,
| | - Victor Rosso
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;, , , , , , ,
| | - Eric Simmons
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;, , , , , , ,
| | - Yi Xiao
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;, , , , , , ,
| | - Jacob Janey
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;, , , , , , ,
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33
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Development of Robust, Scaleable Catalytic Processes through Fundamental Understanding of Reaction Mechanisms. Top Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Espinal-Viguri M, Mahon MF, Tyler SN, Webster RL. Iron catalysis for the synthesis of ligands: Exploring the products of hydrophosphination as ligands in cross-coupling. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Tibbetts KM, Feng XJ, Rabitz H. Exploring experimental fitness landscapes for chemical synthesis and property optimization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:4266-4287. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The topology of experimental fitness landscapes for chemical optimization objectives is assessed through svr-based HDMR modeling.
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36
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High-Throughput Extractions: A New Paradigm for Workup Optimization in Pharmaceutical Process Development. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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38
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Conterosito E, Milanesio M, Palin L, Gianotti V. Rationalization of liquid assisted grinding intercalation yields of organic molecules into layered double hydroxides by multivariate analysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17769g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PCA, coupled to molecular descriptors, proved to be an effective tool to rationalize the mechanochemical intercalation yields of layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Conterosito
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- I-15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - M. Milanesio
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- I-15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - L. Palin
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- I-15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - V. Gianotti
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- I-15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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39
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Kerr WJ, Lindsay DM, Reid M, Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Rojahn P, Weck R. Iridium-catalysed ortho-H/D and -H/T exchange under basic conditions: C–H activation of unprotected tetrazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6669-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective C–H activation with unprotected 2-aryltetrazoles has been achieved by base-assisted iridium(i) catalysis to deliver ortho-deuterated and -tritiated tetrazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Jens Atzrodt
- DSAR
- DD-ICMS
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH
- 65926 Frankfurt
- Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- DSAR
- DD-ICMS
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH
- 65926 Frankfurt
- Germany
| | - Patrick Rojahn
- DSAR
- DD-ICMS
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH
- 65926 Frankfurt
- Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- DSAR
- DD-ICMS
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH
- 65926 Frankfurt
- Germany
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40
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Murray PM, Bellany F, Benhamou L, Bučar DK, Tabor AB, Sheppard TD. The application of design of experiments (DoE) reaction optimisation and solvent selection in the development of new synthetic chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 14:2373-84. [PMID: 26699438 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines the benefits of using 'Design of Experiments' (DoE) optimisation during the development of new synthetic methodology. A particularly important factor in the development of new chemical reactions is the choice of solvent which can often drastically alter the efficiency and selectivity of a process. Whilst solvent optimisation is usually done in a non-systematic way based upon a chemist's intuition and previous laboratory experience, we illustrate how optimisation of the solvent for a reaction can be carried out by using a 'map of solvent space' in a DoE optimisation. A new solvent map has been developed specifically for optimisation of new chemical reactions using principle component analysis (PCA) incorporating 136 solvents with a wide range of properties. The new solvent map has been used to identify safer alternatives to toxic/hazardous solvents, and also in the optimisation of an S(N)Ar reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Murray
- Paul Murray Catalysis Consulting Ltd, 67 Hudson Close, Yate, BS37 4NP, UK.
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41
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Karaluka V, Lanigan RM, Murray PM, Badland M, Sheppard TD. B(OCH2CF3)3-mediated direct amidation of pharmaceutically relevant building blocks in cyclopentyl methyl ether. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10888-94. [PMID: 26366853 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of B(OCH2CF3)3 for mediating direct amidation reactions of a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant carboxylic acids and amines is described, including numerous heterocycle-containing examples. An initial screen of solvents for the direct amidation reaction suggested that cyclopentyl methyl ether, a solvent with a very good safety profile suitable for use over a wide temperature range, was an excellent replacement for the previously used solvent acetonitrile. Under these conditions amides could be prepared from 18 of the 21 carboxylic acids and 18 of the 21 amines examined. Further optimisation of one of the low yielding amidation reactions (36% yield) via a design of experiments approach enabled an 84% yield of the amide to be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerija Karaluka
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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42
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Buitrago Santanilla A, Regalado EL, Pereira T, Shevlin M, Bateman K, Campeau LC, Schneeweis J, Berritt S, Shi ZC, Nantermet P, Liu Y, Helmy R, Welch CJ, Vachal P, Davies IW, Cernak T, Dreher SD. Nanomole-scale high-throughput chemistry for the synthesis of complex molecules. Science 2014; 347:49-53. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1259203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
At the forefront of new synthetic endeavors, such as drug discovery or natural product synthesis, large quantities of material are rarely available and timelines are tight. A miniaturized automation platform enabling high-throughput experimentation for synthetic route scouting to identify conditions for preparative reaction scale-up would be a transformative advance. Because automated, miniaturized chemistry is difficult to carry out in the presence of solids or volatile organic solvents, most of the synthetic “toolkit” cannot be readily miniaturized. Using palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions as a test case, we developed automation-friendly reactions to run in dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature. This advance enabled us to couple the robotics used in biotechnology with emerging mass spectrometry–based high-throughput analysis techniques. More than 1500 chemistry experiments were carried out in less than a day, using as little as 0.02 milligrams of material per reaction.
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43
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Kindahl T, Chorell E, Chorell E. Development and Optimization of Simple One-Step Methods for the Synthesis of 4-Amino-Substituted 1,8-Naphthalimides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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44
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Renzi P, Kronig C, Carlone A, Eröksüz S, Berkessel A, Bella M. Kinetic Resolution of Oxazinones: Rational Exploration of Chemical Space through the Design of Experiments. Chemistry 2014; 20:11768-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Marín-Barrios R, García-Cabeza AL, Moreno-Dorado FJ, Guerra FM, Massanet GM. Acyloxylation of Cyclic Enones: Synthesis of Densely Oxygenated Guaianolides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6501-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Marín-Barrios
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana Leticia García-Cabeza
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F. Javier Moreno-Dorado
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Guerra
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Guillermo M. Massanet
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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46
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Jover J, Fey N. The Computational Road to Better Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1714-23. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Pickup OJS, Khazal I, Smith EJ, Whitwood AC, Lynam JM, Bolaky K, King TC, Rawe BW, Fey N. Computational Discovery of Stable Transition-Metal Vinylidene Complexes. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500114u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iman Khazal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Elizabeth J. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Keshan Bolaky
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Timothy C. King
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Benjamin W. Rawe
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Natalie Fey
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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48
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Pekel ÖÖ, Erdik E. Reactivity of mixed organozinc and mixed organocopper reagents: 10 Comparison of the transferability of the same group in acylation of mixed and homo halozinc diorganocuprates with benzoyl chloride. A kinetic study. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Chorell E, Chorell E. Efficient Synthesis of 2-Substituted Phthalimides from Phthalic Acids in One Step. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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50
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Tufvesson P, Lima-Ramos J, Haque NA, Gernaey KV, Woodley JM. Advances in the Process Development of Biocatalytic Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4001675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pär Tufvesson
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joana Lima-Ramos
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Naweed Al Haque
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V. Gernaey
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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