1
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Schäfer G, Merot A, Fleischer T. Development of a Scalable Route for a Key Benzothiazole Building Block via a Pd-Catalyzed Migita Coupling with a Nonsmelly Thiol Surrogate. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Schäfer
- Chemistry Process R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Merot
- Chemistry Process R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Tony Fleischer
- Chemistry Process R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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2
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Adlington NK, Siedlecki PS, Derrick I, Yates SD, Campbell AD, Tomlin P, Langer T. Development and Scale-Up of a Copper-Catalyzed Sulfamidation Coupling Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil K. Adlington
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Paul S. Siedlecki
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Ian Derrick
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Simon D. Yates
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Campbell
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Paula Tomlin
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Thomas Langer
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
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3
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Magano J. Large-Scale Amidations in Process Chemistry: Practical Considerations for Reagent Selection and Reaction Execution. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Magano
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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4
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Yang Q, Zhao Y, Ma D. Cu-Mediated Ullmann-Type Cross-Coupling and Industrial Applications in Route Design, Process Development, and Scale-up of Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yinsong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Zanini M, Cataffo A, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of Cyclobutanones by Gold(I)-Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ynol Ethers with Alkenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:8989-8993. [PMID: 34730987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A broad scope synthesis of cyclobutanones by gold(I)-catalyzed [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ynol ethers with alkenes has been developed. We also found that internal aryl ynol ethers can undergo (4 + 2) cycloaddition reaction with alkenes leading to the corresponding chromanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Zanini
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Andrea Cataffo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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6
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Zuccarello G, Escofet I, Caniparoli U, Echavarren AM. New-Generation Ligand Design for the Gold-Catalyzed Asymmetric Activation of Alkynes. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1283-1296. [PMID: 34472729 PMCID: PMC8457203 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gold(I) catalysts are ideal for the activation of alkynes under very mild conditions. However, unlike allenes or alkenes, the triple bond of alkynes cannot be prochiral. In addition, the linear coordination displayed by gold(I) complexes places the chiral ligand far away from the substrate resulting in an inefficient transfer of chiral information. This poses a significant challenge for the achievement of high enantiocontrol in gold(I)-catalyzed reactions of alkynes. Although considerable progress on enantioselective gold(I)-catalyzed transformations has recently been achieved, the asymmetric activation of non-prochiral alkyne-containing small molecules still represents a great challenge. Herein we summarize recent advances in intra- and intermolecular enantioselective gold(I)-catalyzed reactions involving alkynes, discussing new chiral ligand designs that lie at the basis of these developments. We also focus on the mode of action of these catalysts, their possible limitations towards a next-generation of more efficient ligand designs. Finally, square planar chiral gold(III) complexes, which offer an alternative to chiral gold(I) complexes, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zuccarello
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i AnalíticaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n43007TarragonaSpain
| | - Imma Escofet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i AnalíticaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n43007TarragonaSpain
| | - Ulysse Caniparoli
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i AnalíticaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n43007TarragonaSpain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i AnalíticaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n43007TarragonaSpain
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7
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Application of Organometallic Catalysts in API Synthesis. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2019_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Li YW, Zhang PM, Li R, Bai Y, Yu Y, Gan ZJ. Efficient CDI/CH3SO3H -Catalyzed, Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzothiazoles. LETT ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178615666180611120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CDI combined with CH3SO3H was found to be highly effective for the cyclization of
2-aminothiophenol derivatives with carboxylic acids under MW condition. Fourteen benzothiazole derivatives
were synthesized in good yield and their structures were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13CNMR,
IR and mass spectrometry. This simple, rapid synthetic method is believed to provide a useful
process for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Pei-Ming Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zong-Jie Gan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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9
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Sperry JB, Minteer CJ, Tao J, Johnson R, Duzguner R, Hawksworth M, Oke S, Richardson PF, Barnhart R, Bill DR, Giusto RA, Weaver JD. Thermal Stability Assessment of Peptide Coupling Reagents Commonly Used in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Sperry
- Pfizer Chemical Research and
Development, Process Safety Laboratories, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. Minteer
- Pfizer Chemical Research and
Development, Process Safety Laboratories, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - JingYa Tao
- Pfizer Chemical Research and
Development, Process Safety Laboratories, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Process Safety
Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Remzi Duzguner
- Pfizer Chemical Research and
Development, Process Safety Laboratories, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael Hawksworth
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Process Safety
Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Oke
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Process Safety
Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. Richardson
- Pfizer
Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard Barnhart
- Pfizer Chemical Research and
Development, Process Safety Laboratories, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David R. Bill
- Pfizer Chemical Research and
Development, Process Safety Laboratories, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert A. Giusto
- Pfizer Chemical Research and
Development, Process Safety Laboratories, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John D. Weaver
- Pfizer Chemical Research and
Development, Process Safety Laboratories, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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10
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Bhunia S, Pawar GG, Kumar SV, Jiang Y, Ma D. Selected Copper-Based Reactions for C−N, C−O, C−S, and C−C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16136-16179. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Bhunia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Govind Goroba Pawar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - S. Vijay Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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11
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Bhunia S, Pawar GG, Kumar SV, Jiang Y, Ma D. Ausgewählte Kupfer-katalysierte Reaktionen für die Bildung von C-N-, C-O-, C-S- und C-C-Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Bhunia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Govind Goroba Pawar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - S. Vijay Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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12
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García-Morales C, Ranieri B, Escofet I, López-Suarez L, Obradors C, Konovalov AI, Echavarren AM. Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutenes by Intermolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition with Non-C 2 Symmetric Digold Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13628-13631. [PMID: 28922911 PMCID: PMC5679663 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective intermolecular gold(I)-catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition of terminal alkynes and alkenes has been achieved using non-C2-chiral Josiphos digold(I) complexes as catalysts, by the formation of the monocationic complex. This new approach has been applied to the enantioselective total synthesis of rumphellaone A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina García-Morales
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Beatrice Ranieri
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Imma Escofet
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura López-Suarez
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carla Obradors
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Andrey I. Konovalov
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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13
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Dunetz JR, Magano J, Weisenburger GA. Large-Scale Applications of Amide Coupling Reagents for the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/op500305s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Dunetz
- Process
Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Javier Magano
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gerald A. Weisenburger
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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14
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Li W, Fan Z, Geng K, Xu Y, Zhang A. Late-stage diversification of biologically active pyridazinones via a direct C-H functionalization strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:539-48. [PMID: 25380544 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Divergent C-H functionalization reactions (arylation, carboxylation, olefination, thiolation, acetoxylation, halogenation, naphthylation) using a pyridazinone moiety as an internal directing group were successfully established. This approach offers a late-stage, ortho-selective diversification of a biologically active pyridazinone scaffold. Seven series of novel pyridazinone analogues were synthesized conveniently as the synthetic precursors of potential sortase A (SrtA) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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15
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Wen M, Shen C, Wang L, Zhang P, Jin J. An efficient d-glucosamine-based copper catalyst for C–X couplings and its application in the synthesis of nilotinib intermediate. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Glucosamine has been studied for C–N and C–S bond formations via cross-coupling reactions of nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles with both aryl iodides and bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wen
- College of Petroleum Chemical Industry
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering
- Zhejiang Shuren University
- Hangzhou 310015
- China
| | - Linfang Wang
- College of Petroleum Chemical Industry
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- China
| | - Jianzhong Jin
- College of Petroleum Chemical Industry
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering
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16
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Gutekunst WR, Baran PS. Applications of C-H functionalization logic to cyclobutane synthesis. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2430-52. [PMID: 24548142 PMCID: PMC3985916 DOI: 10.1021/jo4027148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of C-H functionalization logic to target-oriented synthesis provides an exciting new venue for the development of new and useful strategies in organic chemistry. In this article, C-H functionalization reactions are explored as an alternative approach to access pseudodimeric cyclobutane natural products, such as the dictazole and the piperarborenine families. The use of these strategies in a variety of complex settings highlights the subtle geometric, steric, and electronic effects at play in the auxiliary guided C-H functionalization of cyclobutanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will R. Gutekunst
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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