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Meyer M, Kerketta S, Hartman R, Kushner MJ. CH 3 Radical Generation in Microplasmas for Up-Conversion of Methane. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2656-2671. [PMID: 38571444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of methane, CH4, into higher value chemicals using low temperature plasmas is challenged by both improving efficiency and selectivity. One path toward selectivity is capturing plasma-produced methyl radicals, CH3, in a solvent for aqueous processing. Due to the rapid reactions of methyl radicals in the gas phase, the transport distance from the production of the CH3 to its solvation should be short, which then motivates the use of microplasmas. The generation of CH3 in Ar/CH4/H2O plasmas produced in nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge microplasmas is discussed using results from a computational investigation. The microplasma is sustained in the channel of a microfluidic chip in which the solvent flows along one wall or in droplets. CH3 is primarily produced by electron-impact of and dissociative excitation transfer to CH4, as well as CH2 reacting with CH4. CH3 is rapidly consumed to form C2H6 which, in spite of being subject to these same dissociative processes, accumulates over time, as do other stable products including C3H8 and CH3OH. The gas mixture and electrical properties were varied to assess their effects on CH3 production. CH3 production is largest with 5% CH4 in the Ar/CH4/H2O mixture due to an optimal balance of electron-impact dissociation, which increases with CH4 percentage, and dissociative excitation transfer and CH2 reacting with CH4, which decreases with CH4 percentage. Design parameters of the microchannels were also investigated. Increasing the permittivity of the dielectrics in contact with the plasma increased the ionization wave intensity, which increased CH3 production. Increased energy deposition per pulse generally increases CH3 production as does lengthening pulse length up to a certain point. The arrangement of the solvent flow in the microchannel can also affect the CH3 density and fluence to the solvent. The fluence of CH3 to the liquid solvent is increased if the liquid is immersed in the plasma as a droplet or is a layer on the wall where the ionization wave terminates. The solvation dynamics of CH3 with varying numbers of droplets was also examined. The maximum density of solvated methyl radicals CH3aq occurs with a large number of droplets in the plasma. However, the solvated CH3aq density can rapidly decrease due to desolvation, emphasizing the need to quickly react with the solvated species in the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Meyer
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122 ,United States
| | - Sanjana Kerketta
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122 ,United States
| | - Ryan Hartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, New York, New York 11201, United States
| | - Mark J Kushner
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122 ,United States
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2
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Wang M, Yan S, Zhang Y, Gu S. Fischer indole synthesis in DMSO/AcOH/H 2O under continuous flow conditions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221150384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A new continuous flow synthetic method for preparing indole and its derivatives are successfully developed to overcome the disadvantages of traditional batch methods, such as low conversion rates, long reaction times, and amplification effects. The method represents a sustainable and efficient preparation of indole and its derivatives without the need for additional catalysts. By investigating the effects of the reaction temperature, the solvent, the equivalence ratio, and the residence time, high conversion rates and excellent yields were simultaneously achieved within 20 min under optimized conditions. For the template reaction, DMSO/H2O/AcOH = 2:1:1 is used as the solvent, the reaction temperature is 110 °C, and the ratio of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride to cyclopentanone is 1:1.05. Indole and a wide array of its derivatives are synthesized to verify the universality of the method, and most of the reactions exhibit satisfactory conversion rates and high yields are obtained. This new continuous flow method is more suitable for industrial scale-up relative to traditional batch methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shenghu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shunlin Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
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3
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Royoux PA, Ognier S, Zhang M, Thomas CM, Tatoulian M. Plasma activated 1-hexene oligomerization in a gas-liquid microreactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00464f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oligomerization of 1-hexene under argon plasma was investigated in a gas-liquid, continuous flow microreactor. The evolution of the yields of the reaction products as a function of the residence...
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5
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Mori H, Nishiyama Y, Fujii A, Saito A, Torikai H, Hanasaka T, Koishi H. Biphasic nucleophilic aromatic substitution using a microreactor under droplet formation conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biphasic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 4-fluoronitrobenzene proceeded efficiently using a packed bed reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Mori
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | | | - Akira Fujii
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | - Akane Saito
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | - Hitoshi Torikai
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Koishi
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
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6
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Carrera M, De Coen L, Coppens M, Dermaut W, Stevens CV. A Vilsmeier Chloroformylation by Continuous Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Carrera
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Laurens De Coen
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Dermaut
- Agfa-Gevaert NV, Septestraat 27, Mortsel B-2640, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium
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7
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Klimenko AS, Andreev DV, Prikhod’ko SA, Gribovskii AG, Makarshin LL, Adonin NY. Using a Microchannel Reactor to Optimize the Production of 1-Alkyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chlorides. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050420030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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9
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Minireview: Flow chemistry studies of high-pressure gas-liquid reactions with carbon monoxide and hydrogen. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Mori H, Saito A, Nishiyama Y. Ethoxylation of p-Fluoronitrobenzene using phase-transfer catalysts under microflow conditions. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Pahl M, Mayer M, Schneider M, Belder D, Asmis KR. Joining Microfluidics with Infrared Photodissociation: Online Monitoring of Isomeric Flow-Reaction Intermediates. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3199-3203. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pahl
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schneider
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Knut R. Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Zhou F, Liu H, Wen Z, Zhang B, Chen G. Toward the Efficient Synthesis of Pseudoionone from Citral in a Continuous-Flow Microreactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongchen Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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13
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Yue J. Multiphase flow processing in microreactors combined with heterogeneous catalysis for efficient and sustainable chemical synthesis. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Mitsudo K, Kurimoto Y, Yoshioka K, Suga S. Miniaturization and Combinatorial Approach in Organic Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5985-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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15
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Wengler J, Ognier S, Zhang M, Levernier E, Guyon C, Ollivier C, Fensterbank L, Tatoulian M. Microfluidic chips for plasma flow chemistry: application to controlled oxidative processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00122g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel biphasic gas/liquid plasma microreactor performed controlled oxidation of cyclohexane into “KA oil” with more than 70% selectivity and more than 10% conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Wengler
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | - Stéphanie Ognier
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | - Etienne Levernier
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- MACO group
- 75005 Paris
| | - Cedric Guyon
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | - Cyril Ollivier
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- MACO group
- 75005 Paris
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- MACO group
- 75005 Paris
| | - Michael Tatoulian
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
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16
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Mora JR, Rincón L, Javier Torres F, Zambrano CH, Muñoz C. Theoretical study of the furfuryl benzoate and furfuryl acetate pyrolysis. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose R. Mora
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ); Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ); Quito Ecuador
- Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ); Quito Ecuador
| | - Luis Rincón
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ); Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ); Quito Ecuador
- Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ); Quito Ecuador
| | - F. Javier Torres
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ); Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ); Quito Ecuador
- Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ); Quito Ecuador
| | - Cesar H. Zambrano
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ); Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ); Quito Ecuador
- Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ); Quito Ecuador
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Universidad de Guayaquil; Guayaquil Ecuador
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17
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR, Filipponi P, Hu T. Sustainable Flow Synthesis of a Versatile Cyclopentenone Building Block. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, U.K
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, U.K
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis
Pharma
AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Te Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, U.K
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18
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Wen Z, Jiao F, Yang M, Zhao S, Zhou F, Chen G. Process Development and Scale-up of the Continuous Flow Nitration of Trifluoromethoxybenzene. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Wen
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengjun Jiao
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuainan Zhao
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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19
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Fuse S, Otake Y, Nakamura H. Integrated Micro-Flow Synthesis Based on Photochemical Wolff Rearrangement. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science; Institute of Innovative Research; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8503 Yokohama Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science; Institute of Innovative Research; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8503 Yokohama Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science; Institute of Innovative Research; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8503 Yokohama Japan
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20
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Cortés-Borda D, Kutonova KV, Jamet C, Trusova ME, Zammattio F, Truchet C, Rodriguez-Zubiri M, Felpin FX. Optimizing the Heck–Matsuda Reaction in Flow with a Constraint-Adapted Direct Search Algorithm. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cortés-Borda
- Université
de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6241, LINA, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Université
de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Ksenia V. Kutonova
- Department
of Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Corentin Jamet
- Université
de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6241, LINA, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Marina E. Trusova
- Department
of Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Françoise Zammattio
- Université
de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6241, LINA, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Charlotte Truchet
- Université
de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mireia Rodriguez-Zubiri
- Université
de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6241, LINA, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- Université
de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6241, LINA, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire
de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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22
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Movsisyan M, Delbeke EIP, Berton JKET, Battilocchio C, Ley SV, Stevens CV. Taming hazardous chemistry by continuous flow technology. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4892-928. [PMID: 27453961 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00902b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, flow technologies have become increasingly popular in the field of organic chemistry, offering solutions for engineering and/or chemical problems. Flow reactors enhance the mass and heat transfer, resulting in rapid reaction mixing, and enable a precise control over the reaction parameters, increasing the overall process selectivity, efficiency and safety. These features allow chemists to tackle unexploited challenges in their work, with the ultimate objective making chemistry more accessible for laboratory and industrial applications, avoiding the need to store and handle toxic, reactive and explosive reagents. This review covers some of the latest and most relevant developments in the field of continuous flow chemistry with the focus on hazardous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Movsisyan
- SynBioC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Alexander KA, Paulhus EA, Lazarus GM, Leadbeater NE. Exploring the reactivity of a ruthenium complex in the metathesis of biorenewable feedstocks to generate value-added chemicals. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Archambault CM, Leadbeater NE. A benchtop NMR spectrometer as a tool for monitoring mesoscale continuous-flow organic synthesis: equipment interface and assessment in four organic transformations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach is reported for monitoring continuous-flow reactions by means of a low-field benchtop NMR spectrometer.
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25
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Balti M, Miller SA, Efrit ML, Leadbeater NE. An approach to the synthesis of 4-aryl and 5-aryl substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones employing flow processing. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15488c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A route to substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones is reported, flow processing and supported reagents being used to facilitate synthesis and product isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monaem Balti
- Université Tunis El Manar
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Heterocyclic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Department of Chemistry
- 1060 Tunis
| | | | - Mohamed Lotfi Efrit
- Université Tunis El Manar
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Heterocyclic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Department of Chemistry
- 1060 Tunis
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Zhang X, Huang P, Li Y, Duan C. A mild and fast continuous-flow trifluoromethylation of coumarins with the CF3 radical derived from CF3SO2Na and TBHP. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10917-22. [PMID: 26372421 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01516b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A mild and fast Cu(I)-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of coumarins with CF3SO2Na and TBHP in a continuous-flow reactor has been developed. This method is experimentally simple and carried out under mild conditions, affording the corresponding products in moderate to good yields, and showing wide substrate tolerance. The scale-up flow process results in an isolated yield of 68% and a productivity of 305 mg h(-1) of 3-trifluoromethyl-7-diethylamino-4-methyl coumarin when the concentration was increased five-fold. Given these features and the widespread applications of coumarins, this method may find use from laboratory to manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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27
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Tripathi B, Paniwnyk L, Cherkasov N, Ibhadon AO, Lana-Villarreal T, Gómez R. Ultrasound-assisted selective hydrogenation of C-5 acetylene alcohols with Lindlar catalysts. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 26:445-451. [PMID: 25797157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The selective hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBY) was performed in the presence of Lindlar catalyst, comparing conventional stirring with sonication at different frequencies of 40, 380 and 850 kHz. Under conventional stirring, the reaction rates were limited by intrinsic kinetics, while in the case of sonication, the reaction rates were 50-90% slower. However, the apparent reaction rates were found to be significantly frequency dependent with the highest rate observed at 40 kHz. The original and the recovered catalysts after the hydrogenation reaction were compared using bulk elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The studies showed that sonication led to the frequency-dependent fracturing of polycrystalline support particles with the highest impact caused by 40 kHz sonication, while monocrystals were undamaged. In contrast, the leaching of Pd/Pb particles did not depend on the frequency, which suggests that sonication removed only loosely-bound catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tripathi
- Sonochemistry Centre, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - L Paniwnyk
- Sonochemistry Centre, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - N Cherkasov
- Catalysis and Reactor Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemistry and School of Biological Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - A O Ibhadon
- Catalysis and Reactor Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemistry and School of Biological Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
| | - T Lana-Villarreal
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica, Universitat d'Alacant, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - R Gómez
- Departament de Química Física i Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica, Universitat d'Alacant, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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28
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Yamashita T, Inoue M, Yasuda M. Isolation of a Photochemically Unstable Product by Inner Filtering of Liquid–Liquid Slug Flow in a Microreactor. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yamashita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College
| | - Motohiro Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College
| | - Masahide Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki
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29
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Wohlgemuth R, Plazl I, Žnidaršič-Plazl P, Gernaey KV, Woodley JM. Microscale technology and biocatalytic processes: opportunities and challenges for synthesis. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:302-14. [PMID: 25836031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the expanding presence of microscale technology in chemical synthesis and energy production as well as in biomedical devices and analytical and diagnostic tools, its potential in biocatalytic processes for pharmaceutical and fine chemicals, as well as related industries, has not yet been fully exploited. The aim of this review is to shed light on the strategic advantages of this promising technology for the development and realization of biocatalytic processes and subsequent product recovery steps, demonstrated with examples from the literature. Constraints, opportunities, and the future outlook for the implementation of these key green engineering methods and the role of supporting tools such as mathematical models to establish sustainable production processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Plazl
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Žnidaršič-Plazl
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John M Woodley
- CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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30
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Zhang J, Dong C, Du C, Luo G. Organocatalyzed Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime in a Microchemical System. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500370u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chencan Du
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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31
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Fuse S, Takahashi T. Efficient Organic Synthesis based on Micro-flow Photo-reaction, Imidoylation, and Acylation. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Chemical Resources Laboratory
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32
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Oger N, Le Grognec E, Felpin FX. Handling diazonium salts in flow for organic and material chemistry. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diazonium salts and flow chemistry are the perfect wedding for a safe handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Oger
- Université de Nantes; UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - Erwan Le Grognec
- Université de Nantes; UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes; UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
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33
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Mifune Y, Fuse S, Tanaka H. Synthesis ofN-Allyloxycarbonyl 3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine via Photochemical Wolff Rearrangement–Nucleophilic Addition Sequence in a Micro-Flow Reactor. J Flow Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Chen Y, Liu B, Liu X, Yang Y, Ling Y, Jia Y. Schmidt Reaction of Ketones in DME Solution in a Continuous-Flow Microreactor. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Binjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongtai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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35
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Zhu C, Tang C, Cao Z, He W, Chen Y, Chen X, Guo K, Ying H. Fully Automated Continuous Meso-flow Synthesis of 5′-Nucleotides and Deoxynucleotides. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5002066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Zhu
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chenglun Tang
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei He
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing 211816, China
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36
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37
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Beutner GL, Desai L, Fanfair D, Lobben P, Anderson E, Leung SW, Eastgate MD. A Method for Heteroaromatic Nitration Demonstrating Remarkable Thermal Stability. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5001572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Lopa Desai
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dayne Fanfair
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Paul Lobben
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric Anderson
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Simon W. Leung
- Chemical
Development Operations, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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38
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Gross E, Shu XZ, Alayoglu S, Bechtel HA, Martin MC, Toste FD, Somorjai GA. In Situ IR and X-ray High Spatial-Resolution Microspectroscopy Measurements of Multistep Organic Transformation in Flow Microreactor Catalyzed by Au Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3624-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja412740p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elad Gross
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Selim Alayoglu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hans A. Bechtel
- Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael C. Martin
- Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabor A. Somorjai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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39
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Oelgemöller M, Hoffmann N, Shvydkiv O. From 'Lab & Light on a Chip' to Parallel Microflow Photochemistry. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow microreactors offer major advantages for photochemical applications. This mini-review summarizes the technological development of microflow devices in the Applied and Green Photochemistry Group at James Cook University, and its associates, from fixed microchips for microscale synthesis to flexible multicapillary systems for parallel photochemistry. Whereas the enclosed microchip offered high space–time-yields, the open capillary-type reactor showed a greater potential for further modifications. Consequently, a 10-microcapillary reactor was constructed and used successfully for process optimization, reproducibility studies, scale-up, and library synthesis. To demonstrate the superiority of microflow photochemistry over conventional batch processes, the reactors were systematically evaluated using alcohol additions to furanones as model reactions. In all cases, the microreactor systems furnished faster conversions, improved product qualities, and higher yields. UVC-induced [2+2] cycloadditions of furanone with alkenes were exemplarily examined in a capillary reactor, thus proving the broad applicability of this reactor type.
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40
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Bachollet S, Terao K, Aida S, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K, Oelgemöller M. Microflow photochemistry: UVC-induced [2 + 2]-photoadditions to furanone in a microcapillary reactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2015-21. [PMID: 24204412 PMCID: PMC3817530 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
[2 + 2]-Cycloadditions of cyclopentene and 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene to furanone were investigated under continuous-flow conditions. Irradiations were conducted in a FEP-microcapillary module which was placed in a Rayonet chamber photoreactor equipped with low wattage UVC-lamps. Conversion rates and isolated yields were compared to analogue batch reactions in a quartz test tube. In all cases examined, the microcapillary reactor furnished faster conversions and improved product qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bachollet
- James Cook University, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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41
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Ormerod D, Bongers B, Porto-Carrero W, Giegas S, Vijt G, Lefevre N, Lauwers D, Brusten W, Buekenhoudt A. Separation of metathesis catalysts and reaction products in flow reactors using organic solvent nanofiltration. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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