1
|
Alvarez-Montoya A, Gillions JP, Winfrey L, Hawker RR, Singh K, Ortu F, Fu Y, Li Y, Pulis AP. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Pyrrolidines to Form Pyrroles. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4856-4864. [PMID: 38601781 PMCID: PMC11002826 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Pyrroles are important N-heterocycles found in medicines and materials. The formation of pyrroles from widely accessible pyrrolidines is a potentially attractive strategy but is an underdeveloped approach due to the sensitivity of pyrroles to the oxidative conditions required to achieve such a transformation. Herein, we report a catalytic approach that employs commercially available B(C6F5)3 in an operationally simple procedure that allows pyrrolidines to serve as direct synthons for pyrroles. Mechanistic studies have revealed insights into borane-catalyzed dehydrogenative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Winfrey
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Rebecca R. Hawker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Yukang Fu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3637-3710. [PMID: 34910451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The principles of green chemistry (GC) can be comprehensively implemented in green synthesis of pharmaceuticals by choosing no solvents or green solvents (preferably water), alternative reaction media, and consideration of one-pot synthesis, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), continuous processing, and process intensification approaches for atom economy and final waste reduction. The GC's execution in green synthesis can be performed using a holistic design of the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) life cycle, minimizing hazards and pollution, and capitalizing the resource efficiency in the synthesis technique. Thus, the presented review accounts for the comprehensive exploration of GC's principles and metrics, an appropriate implication of those ideas in each step of the reaction schemes, from raw material to an intermediate to the final product's synthesis, and the final execution of the synthesis into scalable industry-based production. For real-life examples, we have discussed the synthesis of a series of established generic pharmaceuticals, starting with the raw materials, and the intermediates of the corresponding pharmaceuticals. Researchers and industries have thoughtfully instigated a green synthesis process to control the atom economy and waste reduction to protect the environment. We have extensively discussed significant reactions relevant for green synthesis, one-pot cascade synthesis, MCRs, continuous processing, and process intensification, which may contribute to the future of green and sustainable synthesis of APIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Section for Toxicology and Chemistry, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen H, Luo N, Zhu Q, Luo R. Amide Iridium Complexes As Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Reduction of N-sulfonylimine. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3850-3859. [PMID: 33595324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonamide moieties widely exist in natural products, biologically active substance, and pharmaceuticals. Here, an efficient water-soluble amide iridium complexes-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation reduction of N-sulfonylimine is developed, which can be carried out under environmentally friendly conditions, affording a series of sulfonamide compounds in excellent yields (96-98%). In comparison with organic solvents, water is shown to be critical for a high catalytic transfer hydrogenation reduction in which the catalyst loading can be as low as 0.001 mol %. These amide iridium complexes are easy to synthesize, one structure of which was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This protocol gives an operationally simple, practical, and environmentally friendly strategy for synthesis of sulfonamide compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Nianhua Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qianheng Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Renshi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bian HL, Tang SZ, Chen ME, Zhang XM, Lv JW, Chen XW, Qi FM, Chen SW, Zhang FM. Transition-Metal-Free Site-Selective γ-C(sp 2)-H Monoiodination of Arenes Directed by an Aliphatic Keto Group. Org Lett 2020; 22:5314-5319. [PMID: 32589432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A general γ-C(sp2)-H iodination method directed by an aliphatic keto group has been developed under transition-metal-free conditions for the first time, generating iodoarenes in good to excellent yields with excellent site selectivity. This protocol features a wide range of aryl-substituted ketones, short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, and scalable synthetic procedures. A possible reaction mechanism was also proposed based on several control experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Meng-En Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jian-Wei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng-Ming Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shi-Wu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Basak S, Alvarez-Montoya A, Winfrey L, Melen RL, Morrill LC, Pulis AP. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Direct C3 Alkylation of Indoles and Oxindoles. ACS Catal 2020; 10:4835-4840. [PMID: 32596025 PMCID: PMC7311048 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
direct C3 alkylation of indoles and oxindoles is a challenging
transformation, and only a few direct methods exist. Utilizing the
underexplored ability of triaryl boranes to mediate the heterolytic
cleavage of α-nitrogen C–H bonds in amines, we have developed
a catalytic approach for the direct C3 alkylation of a wide range
of indoles and oxindoles using amine-based alkylating agents. We also
employed this borane-catalyzed strategy in an alkylation-ring opening
cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Basak
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Alvarez-Montoya
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Winfrey
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carmona M, Ferrer J, Rodríguez R, Passarelli V, Lahoz FJ, García-Orduña P, Cañadillas-Delgado L, Carmona D. Reversible Activation of Water by an Air- and Moisture-Stable Frustrated Rhodium Nitrogen Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2019; 25:13665-13670. [PMID: 31353749 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Cp*Rh(κ3 N,N',P-L)][SbF6 ] (Cp*=C5 Me5 ), bearing a guanidine-derived phosphano ligand L, behaves as a "dormant" frustrated Lewis pair and activates H2 and H2 O in a reversible manner. When D2 O is employed, a facile H/D exchange at the Cp* ring takes place through sequential C(sp3 )-H bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Carmona
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquina Ferrer
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Passarelli
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Ctra. Huesca s/n, 50090, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando J Lahoz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Orduña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Cañadillas-Delgado
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Ctra. Huesca s/n, 50090, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38042, France
| | - Daniel Carmona
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vasko P, Fuentes MÁ, Hicks J, Aldridge S. Reversible O–H bond activation by an intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2896-2899. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of the O–H bonds in alcohols, water and phenol with dimethylxanthene-derived frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been probed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - M. Ángeles Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Heshmat M, Privalov T. Water and a Borohydride/Hydronium Intermediate in the Borane-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds with H 2 in Wet Ether: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8952-8962. [PMID: 30169037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have computationally evaluated water as an active Lewis base (LB) and introduced the borohydride/hydronium intermediate in the mechanism of B(C6F5)3-catalyzed hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds with H2 in wet/moist ether. Our calculations extend the known frustrated Lewis pair mechanism of this reaction toward the inclusion of water as the active participant in all steps. Although the definition of the zero-energy point interweaves in comparison of the scenarios with and without water, we will be able to show that (i) water (hydrogen bonded to its molecular environment) can, in principle, act as a reasonably viable LB in cooperation with the borane Lewis acid such as B(C6F5)3 but relatively a strong borane-water complexation can be the hindering factor; (ii) the herein-proposed borohydride/hydronium intermediates with the hydronium cation having three OH···ether hydrogen bonds or a combination of the OH···ether/OH···ketone hydrogen bonds appear to be as valid as the previously considered borohydride/oxonium or borohydride/oxocarbenium intermediates; (iii) the proton-coupled hydride transfer from the borohydride/hydronium to a ketone (acetone) has a reasonably low barrier. Our findings could be useful for better mechanistic understanding and further development of the aforementioned reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Heshmat
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Stockholm University , Stockholm 10691 , Sweden
| | - Timofei Privalov
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Stockholm University , Stockholm 10691 , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sorochkina K, Chernichenko K, Nieger M, Leskelä M, Repo T. (Dicyclohexyl(2-(dimesitylboryl)phenyl)phosphine: en route to stable frustrated Lewis pairs-hydrogen adducts in water. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2017-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The new ansa-phosphinoborane (dicyclohexyl(2-(dimesitylboryl)phenyl)phosphine was synthesized via an one-pot protocol in 67% yield. The compound has been characterized by 1H, 13C, 11B and 31P NMR, and its solid-state structure determined by a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The ansa-phosphinoborane does not react with molecular hydrogen or water at room or elevated temperature. According to performed DFT studies, heterolytic splitting of water or hydrogen by the phosphinoborane are both endergonic but close in thermodynamics. In polar solvents, such as in methanol or acetonitrile, addition of hydrogen is energetically more favorable than of water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sorochkina
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Konstantin Chernichenko
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 , Helsinki , Finland , Tel.: +358440926420
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Markku Leskelä
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 , Helsinki , Finland , Tel.: +358294150194
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mane MV, Vanka K. Less Frustration, More Activity-Theoretical Insights into Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogenation Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V. Mane
- Physical Chemistry Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra India
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations; Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical Chemistry Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fasano V, Radcliffe JE, Curless LD, Ingleson MJ. N-Methyl-Benzothiazolium Salts as Carbon Lewis Acids for Si-H σ-Bond Activation and Catalytic (De)hydrosilylation. Chemistry 2017; 23:187-193. [PMID: 27780294 PMCID: PMC5396135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-Me-Benzothiazolium salts are introduced as a new family of Lewis acids able to activate Si-H σ bonds. These carbon-centred Lewis acids were demonstrated to have comparable Lewis acidity towards hydride as found for the triarylboranes widely used in Si-H σ-bond activation. However, they display low Lewis acidity towards hard Lewis bases such as Et3 PO and H2 O in contrast to triarylboranes. The N-Me-benzothiazolium salts are effective catalysts for a range of hydrosilylation and dehydrosilylation reactions. Judicious selection of the C2 aryl substituent in these cations enables tuning of the steric and electronic environment around the electrophilic centre to generate more active catalysts. Finally, related benzoxazolium and benzimidazolium salts were found also to be active for Si-H bond activation and as catalysts for the hydrosilylation of imines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Fasano
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | | | - Liam D. Curless
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fasano V, Radcliffe JE, Ingleson MJ. B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Reductive Amination using Hydrosilanes. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Fasano
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Radcliffe
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Ingleson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shafiee B, Hadian L, Khosropour AR. An innovation for development of Erlenmeyer–Plöchl reaction and synthesis of AT-130 analogous: a new application of continuous-flow method. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first micro-flow Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone reaction and synthesis of N-benzoylglycine carbamide were established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laleh Hadian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scott DJ, Simmons TR, Lawrence EJ, Wildgoose GG, Fuchter MJ, Ashley AE. Facile Protocol for Water-Tolerant "Frustrated Lewis Pair"-Catalyzed Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2015; 5:5540-5544. [PMID: 26523238 PMCID: PMC4613738 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Despite rapid advances in the field
of metal-free, “frustrated
Lewis pair” (FLP)-catalyzed hydrogenation, the need for strictly
anhydrous reaction conditions has hampered wide-scale uptake of this
methodology. Herein, we report that, despite the generally perceived
moisture sensitivity of FLPs, 1,4-dioxane solutions of B(C6F5)3 actually show appreciable moisture tolerance
and can catalyze hydrogenation of a range of weakly basic substrates
without the need for rigorously inert conditions. In particular, reactions
can be performed directly in commercially available nonanhydrous solvents
without subsequent drying or use of internal desiccants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor R. Simmons
- Energy
Materials Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot J. Lawrence
- Energy
Materials Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory G. Wildgoose
- Energy
Materials Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Ashley
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gyömöre Á, Bakos M, Földes T, Pápai I, Domján A, Soós T. Moisture-Tolerant Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Gyömöre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Bakos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Földes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Domján
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feldmann A, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Erker G. Functionalization of Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs by 1,1-Carboboration with Conjugated Enynes. Chemistry 2015; 21:12456-64. [PMID: 26284948 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The vicinal P/B frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2PCH2CH2B(C6F5)2 undergoes 1,1-carboboration reactions with the Me3Si-substituted enynes to give ring-enlarged functionalized C3-bridged P/B FLPs. These serve as active FLPs in the activation of dihydrogen to give the respective zwitterionic [P]H(+)/[B]H(-) products. One such product shows activity as a metal-free catalyst for the hydrogenation of enamines or a bulky imine. The ring-enlarged FLPs contain dienylborane functionalities that undergo "bora-Nazarov"-type ring-closing rearrangements upon photolysis. A DFT study had shown that the dienylborane cyclization of such systems itself is endothermic, but a subsequent C6F5 migration is very favorable. Furthermore, substituted 2,5-dihydroborole products are derived from cyclization and C6F5 migration from the photolysis reaction. In the case of the six-membered annulation product, a subsequent stereoisomerization reaction takes place and the resultant compound undergoes a P/B FLP 1,2-addition reaction with a terminal alkyne with rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Feldmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | | | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany).
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oestreich M, Hermeke J, Mohr J. A unified survey of Si-H and H-H bond activation catalysed by electron-deficient boranes. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:2202-20. [PMID: 25679769 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The bond activation chemistry of B(C6F5)3 and related electron-deficient boranes is currently experiencing a renaissance due to the fascinating development of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). B(C6F5)3's ability to catalytically activate Si-H bonds through η(1) coordination opened the door to several unique reduction processes. The ground-breaking finding that the same family of fully or partially fluorinated boron Lewis acids allows for the related H-H bond activation, either alone or as a component of an FLP, brought considerable momentum into the area of transition-metal-free hydrogenation and, likewise, hydrosilylation. This review comprehensively summarises synthetic methods involving borane-catalysed Si-H and H-H bond activation. Systems corresponding to an FLP-type situation are not covered. Aside from the broad manifold of C=X bond reductions and C=X/C-X defunctionalisations, dehydrogenative (oxidative) Si-H couplings are also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heiden ZM, Lathem AP. Establishing the Hydride Donor Abilities of Main Group Hydrides. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om5011512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M. Heiden
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - A. Paige Lathem
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Farrell JM, Stephan DW. Planar N-Heterocyclic Carbene Diarylborenium Ions: Synthesis by Cationic Borylation and Reactivity with Lewis Bases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
20
|
Farrell JM, Stephan DW. Planar N-Heterocyclic Carbene Diarylborenium Ions: Synthesis by Cationic Borylation and Reactivity with Lewis Bases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5214-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
21
|
Lathem AP, Treich NR, Heiden ZM. Establishing the Steric Bulk of Main Group Hydrides in Reduction Reactions. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry has emerged in the past decade as a strategy that enables main-group compounds to activate small molecules. This concept is based on the notion that combinations of Lewis acids and bases that are sterically prevented from forming classical Lewis acid-base adducts have Lewis acidity and basicity available for interaction with a third molecule. This concept has been applied to stoichiometric reactivity and then extended to catalysis. This Account describes three examples of such developments: hydrogenation, hydroamination, and CO2 reduction. The most dramatic finding from FLP chemistry was the discovery that FLPs can activate H2, thus countering the long-existing dogma that metals are required for such activation. This finding of stoichiometric reactivity was subsequently evolved to employ simple main-group species as catalysts in hydrogenations. While the initial studies focused on imines, subsequent studies uncovered FLP catalysts for a variety of organic substrates, including enamines, silyl enol ethers, olefins, and alkynes. Moreover, FLP reductions of aromatic anilines and N-heterocycles have been developed, while very recent extensions have uncovered the utility of FLP catalysts for ketone reductions. FLPs have also been shown to undergo stoichiometric reactivity with terminal alkynes. Typically, either deprotonation or FLP addition reaction products are observed, depending largely on the basicity of the Lewis base. While a variety of acid/base combinations have been exploited to afford a variety of zwitterionic products, this reactivity can also be extended to catalysis. When secondary aryl amines are employed, hydroamination of alkynes can be performed catalytically, providing a facile, metal-free route to enamines. In a similar fashion, initial studies of FLPs with CO2 demonstrated their ability to capture this greenhouse gas. Again, modification of the constituents of the FLP led to the discovery of reaction systems that demonstrated stoichiometric reduction of CO2 to either methanol or CO. Further modification led to the development of catalytic systems for the reduction of CO2 by hydrosilylation and hydroboration or deoxygenation. As each of these areas of FLP chemistry has advanced from the observation of unusual stoichiometric reactions to catalytic processes, it is clear that the concept of FLPs provides a new strategy for the design and application of main-group chemistry and the development of new metal-free catalytic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Clark ER, Ingleson MJ. N-Methylacridinium Salts: Carbon Lewis Acids in Frustrated Lewis Pairs for σ-Bond Activation and Catalytic Reductions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11306-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
24
|
Clark ER, Ingleson MJ. N-Methylacridinium Salts: Carbon Lewis Acids in Frustrated Lewis Pairs for σ-Bond Activation and Catalytic Reductions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
25
|
Hounjet LJ, Stephan DW. Hydrogenation by Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Main Group Alternatives to Transition Metal Catalysts? Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op400315m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J. Hounjet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| |
Collapse
|