1
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Herbrik F, Sanz M, Puglisi A, Rossi S, Benaglia M. Enantioselective Organophotocatalytic Telescoped Synthesis of a Chiral Privileged Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200164. [PMID: 35239197 PMCID: PMC9325444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The continuous flow, enantioselective, organophotoredox catalytic asymmetric alkylation of aldehydes was studied, by using a homemade, custom‐designed photoreactor for reactions under cryogenic conditions. Going from microfluidic conditions up to a 10 mL mesofluidic reactor, an increase of productivity by almost 18000 % compared to the batch reaction was demonstrated. Finally, for the first time, a stereoselective photoredox organocatalytic continuous flow reaction in a fully telescoped process for an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)synthesis was successfully achieved. The final process consists of four units of operation: visible light‐driven asymmetric catalytic benzylation under continuous flow, inline continuous work‐up, neutralisation and a final oxidative amidation step afforded the pharmaceutically active molecule in 95 % e.e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herbrik
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Miguel Sanz
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Strasse 76 A, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
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2
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Complementary catalysis and analysis within solid state additively manufactured metal micro flow reactors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5121. [PMID: 35332202 PMCID: PMC8948297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive Manufacturing is transforming how researchers and industrialists look to design and manufacture chemical devices to meet their specific needs. In this work, we report the first example of a flow reactor formed via the solid-state metal sheet lamination technique, Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (UAM), with directly integrated catalytic sections and sensing elements. The UAM technology not only overcomes many of the current limitations associated with the additive manufacturing of chemical reactionware but it also significantly increases the functionality of such devices. A range of biologically important 1, 4-disubstituted 1, 2, 3-triazole compounds were successfully synthesised and optimised in-flow through a Cu mediated Huisgen 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition using the UAM chemical device. By exploiting the unique properties of UAM and continuous flow processing, the device was able to catalyse the proceeding reactions whilst also providing real-time feedback for reaction monitoring and optimisation.
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3
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Farah J, Gravel E, Doris E, Malloggi F. Direct integration of gold-carbon nanotube hybrids in continuous-flow microfluidic chips: A versatile approach for nanocatalysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:359-367. [PMID: 35042033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A carbon nanotube-based packed-bed microreactor was developed for the on-chip oxidation of silanes. The process is catalyzed by a heterogeneous gold-carbon nanotube hybrid that was embedded in the device using a micrometric restriction zone. Integration of the nanohybrid permitted efficient flow aerobic oxidation of the substrates into the corresponding silanols with high selectivity and under sustainable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Farah
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Eric Doris
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Florent Malloggi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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4
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Continuous Flow Synthesis of Anticancer Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226992. [PMID: 34834084 PMCID: PMC8625794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow chemistry is by now an established and valued synthesis technology regularly exploited in academic and industrial laboratories to bring about the improved preparation of a variety of molecular structures. Benefits such as better heat and mass transfer, improved process control and safety, a small equipment footprint, as well as the ability to integrate in-line analysis and purification tools into telescoped sequences are often cited when comparing flow to analogous batch processes. In this short review, the latest developments regarding the exploitation of continuous flow protocols towards the synthesis of anticancer drugs are evaluated. Our efforts focus predominately on the period of 2016-2021 and highlight key case studies where either the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or its building blocks were produced continuously. It is hoped that this manuscript will serve as a useful synopsis showcasing the impact of continuous flow chemistry towards the generation of important anticancer drugs.
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5
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Seemann A, Panten J, Kirschning A. Flow Chemistry under Extreme Conditions: Synthesis of Macrocycles with Musklike Olfactoric Properties. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13924-13933. [PMID: 33899468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Starting from small cyclic ketones, continuous flow synthesis is used to produce medium-sized rings and macrocycles that are relevant for the fragrance industry. Triperoxides are important intermediates in this process and are pyrolyzed at temperatures above 250 °C. The synthesis is carried out in two continuously operated flow reactors connected by a membrane-operated separator. The practicality of flow chemistry is impressively demonstrated in this work by the use of hazardous reagent mixtures (30% H2O2, 65% HNO3) and the pyrolysis of no less problematic peroxides. All new macrocycles were tested for their olfactory properties in relation to musk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Seemann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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6
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Franco F, Meninno S, Lattanzi A, Puglisi A, Benaglia M. Continuous Flow Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethylthiolated Esters and Amides from Carboxylic Acids: a Telescoped Approach. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14207-14212. [PMID: 34314582 PMCID: PMC8524418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A continuous flow approach to access α-trifluoromethylthiolated esters and amides using commercially available arylacetic acids and N-(trifluoromethylthio)phthalimide as the electrophilic reagent is described. The experimental protocol involves the in-flow conversion of the carboxylic acid into N-acylpyrazole followed by the α-trifluoromethylthiolation in a PTFE coil reactor and final reaction with primary or secondary amines, or alcohols, to afford in a telescoped process α-substituted SCF3 amides and esters, respectively, in good overall yield and short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Franco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sara Meninno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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7
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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8
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Alonso M, Garcia MC, McKay C, Thorp LR, Webb M, Edwards LJ. Use of Lithium Diisopropylamide in Flow: Operability and Safety Challenges Encountered on a Multigram Scale. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2 P.T.M. Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Maria Cruz Garcia
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2 P.T.M. Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Christopher McKay
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee R. Thorp
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Michael Webb
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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9
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Kleoff M, Schwan J, Christmann M, Heretsch P. A Modular, Argon-Driven Flow Platform for Natural Product Synthesis and Late-Stage Transformations. Org Lett 2021; 23:2370-2374. [PMID: 33689372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A modular flow platform for natural product synthesis was designed. To access different reaction setups with a maximum of flexibility, interchangeable 3D-printed components serve as backbone. By switching from liquid- to gas-driven flow, reagent and solvent waste is minimized, which translates into an advantageous sustainability profile. To enable inert conditions, "Schlenk-in-flow" techniques for the safe handling of oxygen- and moisture sensitive reagents were developed. Adopting these techniques, reproducible transformations in natural product synthesis were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schwan
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Domokos A, Nagy B, Szilágyi B, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Integrated Continuous Pharmaceutical Technologies—A Review. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Domokos
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Szilágyi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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von Keutz T, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Flash Chemistry Approach to Organometallic C-Glycosylation for the Synthesis of Remdesivir. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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Park K, Ito N, Yamada T, Sajiki H. Efficient Continuous-Flow H–D Exchange Reaction of Aromatic Nuclei in D 2O/2-PrOH Mixed Solvent in a Catalyst Cartridge Packed with Platinum on Carbon Beads. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwihwan Park
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Naoya Ito
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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13
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Diab S, Raiyat M, Gerogiorgis DI. Flow synthesis kinetics for lomustine, an anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredient. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An original reaction mechanism and kinetic parameter estimation has been achieved for lomustine, an anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Diab
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | - Mateen Raiyat
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | - Dimitrios I. Gerogiorgis
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
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14
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Sivo A, Galaverna RDS, Gomes GR, Pastre JC, Vilé G. From circular synthesis to material manufacturing: advances, challenges, and future steps for using flow chemistry in novel application area. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We review the emerging use of flow technologies for circular chemistry and material manufacturing, highlighting advances, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sivo
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- IT-20131 Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- IT-20131 Milano
- Italy
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15
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Pastre JC, Murray PRD, Browne DL, Brancaglion GA, Galaverna RS, Pilli RA, Ley SV. Integrated Batch and Continuous Flow Process for the Synthesis of Goniothalamin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18472-18483. [PMID: 32743225 PMCID: PMC7391960 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An integrated batch and continuous flow process has been developed for the gram-scale synthesis of goniothalamin. The synthetic route hinges upon a telescoped continuous flow Grignard addition followed by an acylation reaction capable of delivering a racemic goniothalamin precursor (16) (20.9 g prepared over 3 h), with a productivity of 7 g·h-1. An asymmetric Brown allylation protocol was also evaluated under continuous flow conditions. This approach employing (-)-Ipc2B(allyl) provided an (S)-goniothalamin intermediate in 98% yield and 91.5% enantiomeric excess (ee) with a productivity of 1.8 g·h-1. For the final step, a ring-closing metathesis reaction was explored under several conditions in both batch and flow regimes. In a batch operation, the Grubbs second-generation was shown to be effective and highly selective for the desired ring closure product over those arising from other modes of reactivity, and the reaction was complete in 1.5 h. In a flow operation, reactivity and selectivity were attenuated relative to the batch mode; however, after further optimization, the residence time could be reduced to 16 min with good selectivity and good yield of the target product. A tube-in-tube reactor was investigated for in-situ ethylene removal to favor ring-closing over cross-metathesis, in this context. These results provide further evidence of the utility of flow chemistry for organometallic processing and reaction telescoping. Using the developed integrated batch and flow methods, a total of 7.75 g of goniothalamin (1) was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Pastre
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- . Phone: +55 (19)
3521 3143
| | - Philip R. D. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Guilherme A. Brancaglion
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan S. Galaverna
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A. Pilli
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- . Phone: +55 (19) 3521 3422
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- . Phone: +44 (0) 1223 336398
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16
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Shukla CA, Atapalkar RS, Kulkarni AA. Efficient Processing of Reactions Involving Diazonium Salts: Meerwein Arylation in an Impinging-Jet Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay A. Shukla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ranjit S. Atapalkar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amol A. Kulkarni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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17
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Berton M, Sheehan K, Adamo A, McQuade DT. Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel-Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1343-1356. [PMID: 32595782 PMCID: PMC7308606 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium organometallic reagents occupy a central position in organic synthesis. The freshness of these compounds is the key for achieving a high conversion and reproducible results. Common methods for the synthesis of Grignard reagents from metallic magnesium present safety issues and exhibit a batch-to-batch variability. Tubular reactors of solid reagents combined with solution-phase reagents enable the continuous-flow preparation of organomagnesium reagents. The use of stratified packed-bed columns of magnesium metal and lithium chloride for the synthesis of highly concentrated turbo Grignards is reported. A low-cost pod-style synthesizer prototype, which incorporates single-use prepacked perfluorinated cartridges and bags of reagents for the automated on-demand lab-scale synthesis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen turbo magnesium bases is presented. This concept will provide access to fresh organomagnesium reagents on a discovery scale and will do so independent from the operator’s experience in flow and/or organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Berton
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Kevin Sheehan
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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18
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Yoo WJ, Ishitani H, Saito Y, Laroche B, Kobayashi S. Reworking Organic Synthesis for the Modern Age: Synthetic Strategies Based on Continuous-Flow Addition and Condensation Reactions with Heterogeneous Catalysts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5132-5145. [PMID: 32069417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While organic synthesis carried out in most laboratories uses batch methods, there is growing interest in modernizing fine chemical synthesis through continuous-flow processes. As a synthetic method, flow processes have several advantages over batch systems in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety, and recent advances have allowed for the synthesis of several complex molecules, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Nevertheless, due to several reasons related to the difficulties arising from byproduct formation during the flow process, such as lower yields, poor selectivities, clogging of columns due to poor solubility, catalyst poisoning, etc., successful examples of continuous-flow synthesis of complex organic molecules are still limited. In order to solve this bottleneck, the development of selective and atom-economical continuous-flow organic transformations are needed. This perspective highlights examples of atom-economical addition and condensation reactions with heterogeneous catalysts under continuous-flow conditions and their applications for the synthesis of complex organic molecules such as natural products and APIs. In order to realize new continuous-flow methodologies, based on addition and condensation reactions, in place of substitution reactions, the development of novel reactions and heterogeneous catalysts is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Yoo
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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19
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Luo Z, Wang X, Fan X, Kang C, Su Y, Zhang Y, Chen S. A facile and practical Amination of 4-Fluoronitrobenzene in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Menges-Flanagan G, Deitmann E, Gössl L, Hofmann C, Löb P. Scalable Continuous Synthesis of Grignard Reagents from in Situ-Activated Magnesium Metal. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Deitmann
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Emden Leer, Constantiaplatz 4, 26723 Emden, Germany
| | - Lars Gössl
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Löb
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Weeranoppanant N, Adamo A. In-Line Purification: A Key Component to Facilitate Drug Synthesis and Process Development in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:9-15. [PMID: 31938456 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In-line purification is an important tool for flow chemistry. It enables effective handling of unstable intermediates and integration of multiple synthetic steps. The integrated flow synthesis is useful for drug synthesis and process development in medicinal chemistry. In this article, we overview current states of in-line purification methods. In particular, we focus on four common methods: scavenger column, distillation, nanofiltration, and extraction. Examples of their applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169 Longhard Bangsaen Road, Muang, Chonburi 02131, Thailand
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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22
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Kobayashi S, Tamura T, Yoshimoto S, Kawakami T, Masuyama A. 4-Methyltetrahydropyran (4-MeTHP): Application as an Organic Reaction Solvent. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3921-3937. [PMID: 31549485 PMCID: PMC6916367 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
4-Methyltetrahydropyran (4-MeTHP) is a hydrophobic cyclic ether with potential for industrial applications. We herein report, for the first time, a comprehensive study on the performance of 4-MeTHP as an organic reaction solvent. Its broad application to organic reactions includes radical, Grignard, Wittig, organometallic, halogen-metal exchange, reduction, oxidation, epoxidation, amidation, esterification, metathesis, and other miscellaneous organic reactions. This breadth suggests 4-MeTHP can serve as a substitute for conventional ethers and harmful halogenated solvents. However, 4-MeTHP was found incompatible with strong Lewis acids, and the C-O bond was readily cleaved by treatment with BBr3 . Moreover, the radical-based degradation pathways of 4-MeTHP, THP and 2-MeTHF were elucidated on the basis of GC-MS analyses. The data reported herein is anticipated to be useful for a broad range of synthetic chemists, especially industrial process chemists, when selecting the reaction solvent with green chemistry perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringOsaka Institute of Technology5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-kuOsaka535-8585Japan
| | - Tomoki Tamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringOsaka Institute of Technology5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-kuOsaka535-8585Japan
| | - Saki Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringOsaka Institute of Technology5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-kuOsaka535-8585Japan
| | - Takashi Kawakami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringOsaka Institute of Technology5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-kuOsaka535-8585Japan
| | - Araki Masuyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of EngineeringOsaka Institute of Technology5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-kuOsaka535-8585Japan
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23
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McLaughlin AM, Robertson J, Ni XW. Investigation of dissolution rate kinetics of bulk pharmaceutical feed streams within a stirred tank vessel and a twin screw extruder. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 25:219-226. [PMID: 31651201 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1685543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals has highlighted the challenging area of continuous dissolution of solids for work ups to flow chemistry systems. In this study, the use of a 16 mm twin screw extruder (TSE) as a platform technology for solid feeds is investigated using four solid pharmaceutical ingredients (PI) in a mixture of water and IPA. In order for comparison, the same experiments were also carried out in a batch traditional stirred tank vessel (STV). The objectives of this work are to gain further scientific understanding on dissolution kinetics and to compare kinetics in both a batch and continuous system. The concentration of each PI during dissolution is monitored using an in-line UV-ATR probe, allowing the extraction of dissolution kinetics. Faster dissolution rates are achieved in the TSE than in the STV due to higher power dissipation generated by the aggressive shear mixing and thermal energy within the TSE. Complete dissolution of paracetamol is obtained within the residence time of the TSE; complete dissolution of benzoic acid and acetylsalicylic acid are achieved at higher barrel temperatures; however full dissolution of nicotinic acid is not achievable in the TSE under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabella M McLaughlin
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Centre for Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Applications (COBRA), School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Robertson
- EPSRC Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xiong-Wei Ni
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Centre for Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Applications (COBRA), School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Rivera NR, Kassim B, Grigorov P, Wang H, Armenante M, Bu X, Lekhal A, Variankaval N. Investigation of a Flow Step Clogging Incident: A Precautionary Note on the Use of THF in Commercial-Scale Continuous Process. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Santana HS, Palma MSA, Lopes MGM, Souza J, Lima GAS, Taranto OP, Silva JL. Microfluidic Devices and 3D Printing for Synthesis and Screening of Drugs and Tissue Engineering. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harrson S. Santana
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauri S. A. Palma
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, São Paulo University, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana G. M. Lopes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johmar Souza
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A. S. Lima
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal, University of São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldir P. Taranto
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Lameu Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of South of Minas Gerais − IFSULDEMINAS, 37560-260 Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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26
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Wong JYF, Tobin JM, Vilela F, Barker G. Batch Versus Flow Lithiation–Substitution of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles: Exploitation of Unstable Intermediates Using Flow Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:12439-12445. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y. F. Wong
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - John M. Tobin
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh UK
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27
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Russell MG, Jamison TF. Seven‐Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Linezolid Without Intermediate Purification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7678-7681. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Grace Russell
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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28
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Seven‐Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Linezolid Without Intermediate Purification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Beillard A, Bantreil X, Métro TX, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7529-7609. [PMID: 31059243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic complexes: these two words jump to the mind of the chemist and are directly associated with their utility in catalysis or as a pharmaceutical. Nevertheless, to be able to use them, it is necessary to synthesize them, and it is not always a small matter. Typically, synthesis is via solution chemistry, using a round-bottom flask and a magnetic or mechanical stirrer. This review takes stock of alternative technologies currently available in laboratories that facilitate the synthesis of such complexes. We highlight five such technologies: mechanochemistry, also known as solvent-free chemistry, uses a mortar and pestle or a ball mill; microwave activation can drastically reduce reaction times; ultrasonic activation promotes chemical reactions because of cavitation phenomena; photochemistry, which uses light radiation to initiate reactions; and continuous flow chemistry, which is increasingly used to simplify scale-up. While facilitating the synthesis of organometallic compounds, these enabling technologies also allow access to compounds that cannot be obtained in any other way. This shows how the paradigm is changing and evolving toward new technologies, without necessarily abandoning the round-bottom flask. A bright future is ahead of the organometallic chemist, thanks to these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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30
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Burcham CL, Florence AJ, Johnson MD. Continuous Manufacturing in Pharmaceutical Process Development and Manufacturing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2019; 9:253-281. [PMID: 29879381 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-084355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has found new applications for the use of continuous processing for the manufacture of new therapies currently in development. The transformation has been encouraged by regulatory bodies as well as driven by cost reduction, decreased development cycles, access to new chemistries not practical in batch, improved safety, flexible manufacturing platforms, and improved product quality assurance. The transformation from batch to continuous manufacturing processing is the focus of this review. The review is limited to small, chemically synthesized organic molecules and encompasses the manufacture of both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the subsequent drug product. Continuous drug product is currently used in approved processes. A few examples of production of APIs under current good manufacturing practice conditions using continuous processing steps have been published in the past five years, but they are lagging behind continuous drug product with respect to regulatory filings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Burcham
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratory, Indianapolis, Indiana 48525, USA; ,
| | - Alastair J Florence
- EPSRC Future CMAC Hub, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G11XQ United Kingdom;
| | - Martin D Johnson
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratory, Indianapolis, Indiana 48525, USA; ,
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32
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Heijnen D, van Zuijlen M, Tosi F, Feringa BL. An atom efficient synthesis of tamoxifen. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2315-2320. [PMID: 30724943 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02977f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct carbolithiation of diphenylacetylenes and their cross-coupling procedure taking advantage of the intermediate alkenyllithium reagents are presented. By employing our recently discovered highly active palladium nanoparticle based catalyst, we were able to couple an alkenyllithium reagent with a high (Z/E) selectivity (10 : 1) and good yield to give the breast cancer drug tamoxifen in just 2 steps from commercially available starting materials and with excellent atom economy and reaction mass efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorus Heijnen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Milan van Zuijlen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Filippo Tosi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Bogdan AR, Dombrowski AW. Emerging Trends in Flow Chemistry and Applications to the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6422-6468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Bogdan
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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34
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Jaman Z, Sobreira TJP, Mufti A, Ferreira CR, Cooks RG, Thompson DH. Rapid On-Demand Synthesis of Lomustine under Continuous Flow Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zinia Jaman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tiago J. P. Sobreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ahmed Mufti
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christina R. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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35
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Xia S, Ding X, Wang Y, Luo G. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of an Important Liquid-Crystal Intermediate Using a Microreaction System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siting Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xifeng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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36
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Williams JD, Kerr WJ, Leach SG, Lindsay DM. A Practical and General Amidation Method from Isocyanates Enabled by Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12126-12130. [PMID: 30019806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The addition of carbon nucleophiles to isocyanates represents a conceptually flexible and efficient approach to the preparation of amides. This general synthetic strategy has, however, been relatively underutilized owing to narrow substrate tolerance and the requirement for less favourable reaction conditions. Herein, we disclose a high-yielding, mass-efficient, and scalable method with appreciable functional group tolerance for the formation of amides by reaction of Grignard reagents with isocyanates. Through the application of flow chemistry and the use of substoichiometric amounts of CuBr2 , this process has been developed to encompass a broad range of substrates, including reactants found to be incompatible with previously published procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Williams
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.,GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David M Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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37
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Williams JD, Kerr WJ, Leach SG, Lindsay DM. A Practical and General Amidation Method from Isocyanates Enabled by Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Williams
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
- GlaxoSmithKline; Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Stuart G. Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline; Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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38
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Falcone CE, Jaman Z, Wleklinski M, Koswara A, Thompson DH, Cooks RG. Reaction screening and optimization of continuous-flow atropine synthesis by preparative electrospray mass spectrometry. Analyst 2018; 142:2836-2845. [PMID: 28703239 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00622e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Preparative electrospray (ES) exploits the acceleration of reactions in charged microdroplets to perform a small scale chemical synthesis. In combination with on-line mass spectrometric (MS) analysis, it constitutes a rapid screening tool to select reagents to generate specific products. A successful reaction in preparative ES triggers a refined microfluidic reaction screening procedure which includes the optimization for stoichiometry, temperature and residence time. We apply this combined approach for refining a flow synthesis of atropine. A successful preparative ES pathway for the synthesis of the phenylacetyl ester intermediate, using tropine/HCl/phenylacetyl chloride, was optimized for solvent in both the preparative ES and microfluidics flow systems and a base screening was conducted by both methods to increase atropine yield, increase percentage conversion and reduce byproducts. In preparative ES, the first step yielded 55% conversion (judged using MS) to intermediate and the second step yielded 47% conversion to atropine. When combined in two discrete steps in continuous-flow microfluidics, a 44% conversion of the starting material and a 30% actual yield of atropine were achieved. When the reactions were continuously telescoped in a new form of preparative reactive extractive electrospray (EES), atropine was synthesized with a 24% conversion. The corresponding continuous-flow microfluidics experiment gave a 55% conversion with an average of 34% yield in 8 min residence time. This is the first in depth study to utilize telescoped preparative ES and the first use of dual ESI emitters for multistep synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Falcone
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Zinia Jaman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Michael Wleklinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Andy Koswara
- Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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39
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Sharma MK, Acharya RB, Shukla CA, Kulkarni AA. Assessing the possibilities of designing a unified multistep continuous flow synthesis platform. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1917-1936. [PMID: 30112097 PMCID: PMC6071694 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The multistep flow synthesis of complex molecules has gained momentum over the last few years. A wide range of reaction types and conditions have been integrated seamlessly on a single platform including in-line separation as well as monitoring. Beyond merely getting considered as 'flow version' of conventional 'one-pot synthesis', multistep flow synthesis has become the next generation tool for creating libraries of new molecules. Here we give a more 'engineering' look at the possibility of developing a 'unified multistep flow synthesis platform'. A detailed analysis of various scenarios is presented considering 4 different classes of drugs already reported in the literature. The possible complexities that an automated and controlled platform needs to handle are also discussed in detail. Three different design approaches are proposed: (i) one molecule at a time, (ii) many molecules at a time and (iii) cybernetic approach. Each approach would lead to the effortless integration of different synthesis stages and also at different synthesis scales. While one may expect such a platform to operate like a 'driverless car' or a 'robo chemist' or a 'transformer', in reality, such an envisaged system would be much more complex than these examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjay K Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Roopashri B Acharya
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Chinmay A Shukla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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Jaman Z, Mufti A, Sah S, Avramova L, Thompson DH. High Throughput Experimentation and Continuous Flow Validation of Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2018; 24:9546-9554. [PMID: 29920803 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zinia Jaman
- Department of Chemistry, Bindley Bioscience Centre Purdue University 1203 W State St West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | - Ahmed Mufti
- School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University 480 W Stadium Ave West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Samyukta Sah
- Department of Chemistry, Bindley Bioscience Centre Purdue University 1203 W State St West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Department of Chemistry, Bindley Bioscience Centre Purdue University 1203 W State St West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | - David H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Bindley Bioscience Centre Purdue University 1203 W State St West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
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Hunter SM, Susanne F, Whitten R, Hartwig T, Schilling M. Process design methodology for organometallic chemistry in continuous flow systems. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gérardy R, Emmanuel N, Toupy T, Kassin VE, Tshibalonza NN, Schmitz M, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Organic Chemistry: Successes and Pitfalls at the Interface with Current Societal Challenges. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Noémie Emmanuel
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Thomas Toupy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Victor-Emmanuel Kassin
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Nelly Ntumba Tshibalonza
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Michaël Schmitz
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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Pilli RA, Assis FFDE. Organic Synthesis: New Vistas in the Brazilian Landscape. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:895-941. [PMID: 29742201 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we present our analysis of the future of organic synthesis in Brazil, a highly innovative and strategic area of research which underpins our social and economical progress. Several different topics (automation, catalysis, green chemistry, scalability, methodological studies and total syntheses) were considered to hold promise for the future advance of chemical sciences in Brazil. In order to put it in perspective, contributions from Brazilian laboratories were selected by the citations received and importance for the field and were benchmarked against some of the most important results disclosed by authors worldwide. The picture that emerged reveals a thriving area of research, with new generations of well-trained and productive chemists engaged particularly in the areas of green chemistry and catalysis. In order to fulfill the promise of delivering more efficient and sustainable processes, an integration of the academic and industrial research agendas is to be expected. On the other hand, academic research in automation of chemical processes, a well established topic of investigation in industrial settings, has just recently began in Brazil and more academic laboratories are lining up to contribute. All these areas of research are expected to enable the future development of the almost unchartered field of scalability.
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Pedersen MJ, Born S, Neuenschwander U, Skovby T, Mealy MJ, Kiil S, Dam-Johansen K, Jensen KF. Optimization of Grignard Addition to Esters: Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Model Phthalide Using Flow Chemistry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Pedersen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen Born
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ulrich Neuenschwander
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tommy Skovby
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Kiil
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Dam-Johansen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Abstract
Organic chemistry is continually evolving to improve the syntheses of value added and bioactive compounds. Through this progression, a concomitant advancement in laboratory technology has occurred. Many researchers now choose to mediate transformations in continuous-flow systems given the many benefits over round bottom flasks. Furthermore, reaction scale up is often less problematic as this is addressed at the inception of the science. Although single-step transformations in continuous-flow systems are common, multi-step transformations are more valuable. In these systems, molecular complexity is accrued through sequential transformations to a mobile scaffold, much like an in vitro version of Nature's polyketide synthases. Utilizing this methodology, multi-step continuous-flow systems have improved the syntheses of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), natural products, and commodity chemicals. This Review details these advancements while highlighting the rapid progress, benefits, and diversification of this expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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Pedersen MJ, Skovby T, Mealy MJ, Dam-Johansen K, Kiil S. Redesign of a Grignard-Based Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Batch Synthesis to a Flow Process for the Preparation of Melitracen HCl. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Pedersen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tommy Skovby
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Dam-Johansen
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Kiil
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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SOUZA JULIANAMDE, GALAVERNA RENAN, SOUZA ALINEADE, BROCKSOM TIMOTHYJ, PASTRE JULIOC, SOUZA RODRIGOODE, OLIVEIRA KLEBERTDE. Impact of continuous flow chemistry in the synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:1131-1174. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Giraudeau P, Felpin FX. Flow reactors integrated with in-line monitoring using benchtop NMR spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art flow reactors integrated with in-line benchtop NMR are thoroughly discussed with highlights on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
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Abstract
Small-molecule drug discovery can be viewed as a challenging multidimensional problem in which various characteristics of compounds - including efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety - need to be optimized in parallel to provide drug candidates. Recent advances in areas such as microfluidics-assisted chemical synthesis and biological testing, as well as artificial intelligence systems that improve a design hypothesis through feedback analysis, are now providing a basis for the introduction of greater automation into aspects of this process. This could potentially accelerate time frames for compound discovery and optimization and enable more effective searches of chemical space. However, such approaches also raise considerable conceptual, technical and organizational challenges, as well as scepticism about the current hype around them. This article aims to identify the approaches and technologies that could be implemented robustly by medicinal chemists in the near future and to critically analyse the opportunities and challenges for their more widespread application.
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