1
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Kearney AM, Lynch D, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Telescoped diazo transfer and rhodium-catalysed S–H insertion in continuous flow. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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2
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Hatridge TA, Wei B, Davies HML, Jones CW. Copper-Catalyzed, Aerobic Oxidation of Hydrazone in a Three-Phase Packed Bed Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
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3
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Crowley DC, Brouder TA, Kearney AM, Lynch D, Ford A, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Exploiting Continuous Processing for Challenging Diazo Transfer and Telescoped Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transformations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13955-13982. [PMID: 34379975 PMCID: PMC8524431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Generation and use
of triflyl azide in flow enables efficient synthesis
of a range of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, including α-diazoketones,
α-diazoamides, and an α-diazosulfonyl ester, via both
Regitz-type diazo transfer and deacylative/debenzoylative diazo-transfer
processes with excellent yields and offers versatility in the solvent
employed, in addition to addressing the hazards associated with handling
of this highly reactive sulfonyl azide. Telescoping the generation
of triflyl azide and diazo-transfer process with highly enantioselective
copper-mediated intramolecular aromatic addition and C–H insertion
processes demonstrates that the reaction stream containing the α-diazocarbonyl
compound can be obtained in sufficient purity to pass directly over
the immobilized copper bis(oxazoline) catalyst without detrimentally
impacting the catalyst enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Crowley
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas A Brouder
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife M Kearney
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Ford
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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4
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Flow Chemistry in Contemporary Chemical Sciences: A Real Variety of Its Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061434. [PMID: 32245225 PMCID: PMC7146634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is an area of contemporary chemistry exploiting the hydrodynamic conditions of flowing liquids to provide particular environments for chemical reactions. These particular conditions of enhanced and strictly regulated transport of reagents, improved interface contacts, intensification of heat transfer, and safe operation with hazardous chemicals can be utilized in chemical synthesis, both for mechanization and automation of analytical procedures, and for the investigation of the kinetics of ultrafast reactions. Such methods are developed for more than half a century. In the field of chemical synthesis, they are used mostly in pharmaceutical chemistry for efficient syntheses of small amounts of active substances. In analytical chemistry, flow measuring systems are designed for environmental applications and industrial monitoring, as well as medical and pharmaceutical analysis, providing essential enhancement of the yield of analyses and precision of analytical determinations. The main concept of this review is to show the overlapping of development trends in the design of instrumentation and various ways of the utilization of specificity of chemical operations under flow conditions, especially for synthetic and analytical purposes, with a simultaneous presentation of the still rather limited correspondence between these two main areas of flow chemistry.
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5
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Scaling continuous API synthesis from milligram to kilogram: extending the enabling benefits of micro to the plant. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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7
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De Santis P, Meyer LE, Kara S. The rise of continuous flow biocatalysis – fundamentals, very recent developments and future perspectives. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Very recent developments in the field of biocatalysis in continuously operated systems. Special attention on the future perspectives in this key emerging technological area ranging from process analytical technologies to digitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera De Santis
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Lars-Erik Meyer
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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8
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Jankowski P, Kutaszewicz R, Ogończyk D, Garstecki P. A microfluidic platform for screening and optimization of organic reactions in droplets. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Weiberth FJ, Powers MR, Gallin C, McDonald D. Segmented Tube Reactors (STR): A Simple Tool To Screen Multiple Reactions in Parallel in Batch Mode within a Single Tube. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz J. Weiberth
- Sanofi US R&D, Synthesis Development, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Matthew R. Powers
- Sanofi US R&D, Synthesis Development, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Connor Gallin
- Sanofi US R&D, Synthesis Development, Northeastern University co-op student, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - David McDonald
- Sanofi US R&D, Synthesis Development, Northeastern University co-op student, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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10
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Flow Bioreactors as Complementary Tools for Biocatalytic Process Intensification. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 36:73-88. [PMID: 29054312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has widened its scope and relevance since new molecular tools, including improved expression systems for proteins, protein and metabolic engineering, and rational techniques for immobilization, have become available. However, applications are still sometimes hampered by low productivity and difficulties in scaling up. A practical and reasonable step to improve the performances of biocatalysts (including both enzymes and whole-cell systems) is to use them in flow reactors. This review describes the state of the art on the design and use of biocatalysis in flow reactors. The encouraging successes of this enabling technology are critically discussed, highlighting new opportunities, problems to be solved and technological advances.
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11
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Hafner A, Filipponi P, Piccioni L, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Venturoni F, Sedelmeier J. A Simple Scale-up Strategy for Organolithium Chemistry in Flow Mode: From Feasibility to Kilogram Quantities. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hafner
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Meisenbach
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Hafner A, Meisenbach M, Sedelmeier J. Flow Chemistry on Multigram Scale: Continuous Synthesis of Boronic Acids within 1 s. Org Lett 2016; 18:3630-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hafner
- Novartis Campus, Novartis
Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Meisenbach
- Novartis Campus, Novartis
Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Bao J, Tranmer GK. The utilization of copper flow reactors in organic synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:3037-44. [PMID: 25536021 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow chemistry techniques has flourished over the past decade, with the field expanding to include the use of copper flow reactors in bench-top organic synthesis in recent years. These reactors are available in a variety of forms and possess a number of advantages over their batch reaction counterparts, in terms of both safety and yield. This review will highlight the current research employing copper flow reactors, such as 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions ('click' chemistry), macrocyclizations (via 'click' chemistry), Sonogashira C-C couplings, Ullmann couplings, decarboxylations, and other reported findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
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14
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Deadman BJ, O'Mahony RM, Lynch D, Crowley DC, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Taming tosyl azide: the development of a scalable continuous diazo transfer process. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3423-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ generation and use of tosyl azide in flow enables enhanced safety and ready scale-up in diazo transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Deadman
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Rosella M. O'Mahony
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Daniel C. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
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15
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Trojanowicz M. Flow chemistry vs. flow analysis. Talanta 2016; 146:621-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Mitic A, Gernaey KV. Process Intensification Tools in the Small-Scale Pharmaceutical Manufacturing of Small Molecules. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201400765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Müller STR, Murat A, Maillos D, Lesimple P, Hellier P, Wirth T. Rapid Generation and Safe Use of Carbenes Enabled by a Novel Flow Protocol with In-line IR spectroscopy. Chemistry 2015; 21:7016-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Hawbaker N, Wittgrove E, Christensen B, Sach N, Blackmond DG. Dispersion in Compartmentalized Flow Systems: Influence of Flow Patterns on Reactivity. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500360w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hawbaker
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eric Wittgrove
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bianca Christensen
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Neal Sach
- La
Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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19
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Nicolle SM, Hayes CJ, Moody CJ. Alkyl halide-free heteroatom alkylation and epoxidation facilitated by a recyclable polymer-supported oxidant for the in-flow preparation of diazo compounds. Chemistry 2015; 21:4576-9. [PMID: 25675852 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Highly reactive metal carbenes, generated from simple ketones via diazo compounds, including diazo-amides and -phosphonates, using a recyclable reagent in-flow, are transient but versatile electrophiles for heteroatom alkylation reactions and for epoxide formation. The method produces no organic waste, with the only by-products being water, KI and nitrogen, without the attendant hazards of isolation of intermediate diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Nicolle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD (UK)
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20
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Reynolds WR, Plucinski P, Frost CG. Robust and reusable supported palladium catalysts for cross-coupling reactions in flow. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00836c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Eschelbach JW, Wernick D, Bryan MC, Doherty EM. Characterization of Dispersion Effects on Reaction Optimization and Scale-Up for a Packed Bed Flow Hydrogenation Reactor. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A well known advantage of flow chemistry reactors in chemical synthesis is the ability to screen multiple catalysts and reaction parameters with optimal conditions scaled accordingly. This approach, however, consumes significant quantities of material as the reactor must be equilibrated with the reactants in a continuous, steady-state mode before the start of the reaction. In this work we explore a screening and reaction approach using bolus injections, which is more conducive to the lower material consumption that may be required in a drug discovery setting. A commercially available ThalesNano H-Cube® was evaluated to determine the practicality of this approach for heterogeneous hydrogenations. When working with boluses in flow systems, one of the biggest limitations can be the inherent dispersion of the reactant stream caused by the reactor. The dispersion on the H-Cube® was characterized to determine the minimum volume for the reactor to reach a steady-state. The H-Cube® fluidics and heating coil were found to generate significantly more dispersion than the reaction cartridge (CatCart®) itself, increasing the minimum volume of injection required to achieve steady-state. A 2 mL injection was found as a good compromise between maximizing material conservation and sufficient volume of reaction at steady-state condition. Conditions optimized at 2 mL screening scale were successfully scaled five-fold, while lower volume bolus injections were shown to be less predictable. A stacked injection protocol using lower volume boluses was found to be a reliable alternative to scale reactions while efficiently conserving material. This application of small bolus injections to flow reaction screening and scale-up provides a desirable alternative to traditional continuous flow approaches in the material-limited discovery setting.
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22
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Sprecher H, Payán MNP, Weber M, Yilmaz G, Wille G. Acyl Azide Synthesis and Curtius Rearrangements in Microstructured Flow Chemistry Systems. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2011.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Zani DD, Colombo M. Phase-Transfer Catalysis under Continuous Flow Conditions: An Alternative Approach to the Biphasic Liquid/Liquid O-Alkylation of Phenols. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2012.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Sumino Y, Fukuyama T. Role of Flow Microreactors for Pharmaceutical Production: Screening of Reaction Conditions and Sample Preparation. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Bartrum HE, Blakemore DC, Moody CJ, Hayes CJ. Rapid access to α-alkoxy and α-amino acid derivatives through safe continuous-flow generation of diazoesters. Chemistry 2011; 17:9586-9. [PMID: 21796696 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Bartrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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26
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Irfan M, Glasnov TN, Kappe CO. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions in continuous-flow reactors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:300-16. [PMID: 21337528 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microreactor technology and continuous flow processing in general are key features in making organic synthesis both more economical and environmentally friendly. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions under continuous flow conditions offer significant benefits compared to batch processes which are related to the unique gas-liquid-solid triphasic reaction conditions present in these transformations. In this review article recent developments in continuous flow heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions using molecular hydrogen are summarized. Available flow hydrogenation techniques, reactors, commonly used catalysts and examples of synthetic applications with an emphasis on laboratory-scale flow hydrogenation reactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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27
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Wheeler RC, Baxter E, Campbell IB, Macdonald SJF. A General, One-Step Synthesis of Substituted Indazoles using a Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op100288t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob C. Wheeler
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Emma Baxter
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ian B. Campbell
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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28
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Qian Z, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. A continuous flow process using a sequence of microreactors with in-line IR analysis for the preparation of N,N-diethyl-4-(3-fluorophenylpiperidin-4-ylidenemethyl)benzamide as a potent and highly selective δ-opioid receptor agonist. Chemistry 2011; 16:12342-8. [PMID: 20859972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the design, optimisation and development of a continuous flow synthesis of N,N-diethyl-4-(3-fluorophenylpiperidin-4-ylidenemethyl)benzamide, a potent δ-opioid receptor agonist developed by AstraZeneca. The process employs a sequence of flow-based microreactors, with integrated purification employing solid-supported reagents and in-line IR analytical protocols using a newly developed ReactIR flow cell. With this monitoring device, initiation of the fourth input flow stream can be precisely controlled during the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Qian
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
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29
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Bartrum HE, Blakemore DC, Moody CJ, Hayes CJ. Synthesis of β-Keto Esters In-Flow and Rapid Access to Substituted Pyrimidines. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8674-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101783m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Bartrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Blakemore
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Moody
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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30
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Rueping M, Bootwicha T, Sugiono E. Efficient and General Continuous-Flow Hydroarylation and Hydroalkylation of Styrenes. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Vasudevan A, Villamil C, Trumbull J, Olson J, Sutherland D, Pan J, Djuric S. LOPHTOR: a convenient flow-based photochemical reactor. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Theberge A, Courtois F, Schaerli Y, Fischlechner M, Abell C, Hollfelder F, Huck W. Microdroplets in Microfluidics: An Evolving Platform for Discoveries in Chemistry and Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5846-68. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 833] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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34
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Kreutz JE, Shukhaev A, Du W, Druskin S, Daugulis O, Ismagilov RF. Evolution of catalysts directed by genetic algorithms in a plug-based microfluidic device tested with oxidation of methane by oxygen. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3128-32. [PMID: 20148558 PMCID: PMC2861856 DOI: 10.1021/ja909853x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper uses microfluidics to implement genetic algorithms (GA) to discover new homogeneous catalysts using the oxidation of methane by molecular oxygen as a model system. The parameters of the GA were the catalyst, a cocatalyst capable of using molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant, and ligands that could tune the catalytic system. The GA required running hundreds of reactions to discover and optimize catalyst systems of high fitness, and microfluidics enabled these numerous reactions to be run in parallel. The small scale and volumes of microfluidics offer significant safety benefits. The microfluidic system included methods to form diverse arrays of plugs containing catalysts, introduce gaseous reagents at high pressure, run reactions in parallel, and detect catalyst activity using an in situ indicator system. Platinum(II) was identified as an active catalyst, and iron(II) and the polyoxometalate H(5)PMo(10)V(2)O(40) (POM-V2) were identified as active cocatalysts. The Pt/Fe system was further optimized and characterized using NMR experiments. After optimization, turnover numbers of approximately 50 were achieved with approximately equal production of methanol and formic acid. The Pt/Fe system demonstrated the compatibility of iron with the entire catalytic cycle. This approach of GA-guided evolution has the potential to accelerate discovery in catalysis and other areas where exploration of chemical space is essential, including optimization of materials for hydrogen storage and CO(2) capture and modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Kreutz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Anton Shukhaev
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Wenbin Du
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Sasha Druskin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Shore G, Yoo WJ, Li CJ, Organ M. Propargyl Amine Synthesis Catalysed by Gold and Copper Thin Films by Using Microwave-Assisted Continuous-Flow Organic Synthesis (MACOS). Chemistry 2010; 16:126-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Venturoni F, Nikbin N, Ley SV, Baxendale IR. The application of flow microreactors to the preparation of a family of casein kinase I inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1798-806. [DOI: 10.1039/b925327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Shore G, Tsimerman M, Organ MG. Gold film-catalysed benzannulation by microwave-assisted, continuous flow organic synthesis (MACOS). Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:35. [PMID: 19777133 PMCID: PMC2748690 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methodology has been developed for laying down a thin gold-on-silver film on the inner surface of glass capillaries for the purpose of catalysing benzannulation reactions. The cycloaddition precursors are flowed through these capillaries while the metal film is being heated to high temperatures using microwave irradiation. The transformation can be optimized rapidly, tolerates a wide number of functional groups, is highly regioselective, and proceeds in good to excellent conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjergji Shore
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Michael Tsimerman
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Michael G Organ
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
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Welch CJ, Gong X, Cuff J, Dolman S, Nyrop J, Lin F, Rogers H. Online Analysis of Flowing Streams Using Microflow HPLC. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op9001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Welch
- Separation and Purification Center of Excellence, Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - Xiaoyi Gong
- Separation and Purification Center of Excellence, Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - James Cuff
- Separation and Purification Center of Excellence, Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - Sarah Dolman
- Separation and Purification Center of Excellence, Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - Jason Nyrop
- Separation and Purification Center of Excellence, Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - Fiona Lin
- Separation and Purification Center of Excellence, Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - Hallena Rogers
- Separation and Purification Center of Excellence, Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A
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Riva E, Gagliardi S, Mazzoni C, Passarella D, Rencurosi A, Vigo D, Martinelli M. Efficient Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acids and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Preparation. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3540-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900144h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riva
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy, and NiKem Research Srl, Via Zambeletti 25, 20021 Baranzate, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Gagliardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy, and NiKem Research Srl, Via Zambeletti 25, 20021 Baranzate, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy, and NiKem Research Srl, Via Zambeletti 25, 20021 Baranzate, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy, and NiKem Research Srl, Via Zambeletti 25, 20021 Baranzate, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rencurosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy, and NiKem Research Srl, Via Zambeletti 25, 20021 Baranzate, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy, and NiKem Research Srl, Via Zambeletti 25, 20021 Baranzate, Milan, Italy
| | - Marisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy, and NiKem Research Srl, Via Zambeletti 25, 20021 Baranzate, Milan, Italy
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Bogdan A, Sach N. The Use of Copper Flow Reactor Technology for the Continuous Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Van Gerven T, Stankiewicz A. Structure, Energy, Synergy, Time—The Fundamentals of Process Intensification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801501y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Van Gerven
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andrzej Stankiewicz
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands
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Benali O, Deal M, Farrant E, Tapolczay D, Wheeler R. Continuous Flow Microwave-Assisted Reaction Optimization and Scale-Up Using Fluorous Spacer Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700225u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otman Benali
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Technology Development, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Martyn Deal
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Technology Development, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Elizabeth Farrant
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Technology Development, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - David Tapolczay
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Technology Development, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Rob Wheeler
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Technology Development, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K
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Gustafsson T, Pontén F, Seeberger PH. Trimethylaluminium mediated amide bond formation in a continuous flow microreactor as key to the synthesis of rimonabant and efaproxiral. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1100-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b719603b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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