1
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Gröner B, Hoffmann C, Endepols H, Urusova EA, Brugger M, Neumaier F, Timmer M, Neumaier B, Zlatopolskiy BD. Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of m-[ 18F]FET and [ 18F]FET-OMe as Novel [ 18F]FET Analogs for Brain Tumor Imaging. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2795-2812. [PMID: 38747353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
O-([18F]Fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ([18F]FET) is actively transported into the brain and cancer cells by LAT1 and possibly other amino acid transporters, which enables brain tumor imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). However, tumor delivery of this probe in the presence of competing amino acids may be limited by a relatively low affinity for LAT1. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the meta-substituted [18F]FET analog m-[18F]FET and the methyl ester [18F]FET-OMe, which were designed to improve tumor delivery by altering the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and/or transport properties. Both tracers could be prepared with good radiochemical yields of 41-56% within 66-90 min. Preclinical evaluation with [18F]FET as a reference tracer demonstrated reduced in vitro uptake of [18F]FET-OMe by U87 glioblastoma cells and no advantage for in vivo tumor imaging. In contrast, m-[18F]FET showed significantly improved in vitro uptake and accelerated in vivo tumor accumulation in an orthotopic glioblastoma model. As such, our work identifies m-[18F]FET as a promising alternative to [18F]FET for brain tumor imaging that deserves further evaluation with regard to its transport properties and in vivo biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gröner
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Chris Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Elizaveta A Urusova
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Felix Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Marco Timmer
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Boris D Zlatopolskiy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
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2
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Ticconi B, Colcerasa A, Di Stefano S, Lanzalunga O, Lapi A, Mazzonna M, Olivo G. Oxidative functionalization of aliphatic and aromatic amino acid derivatives with H 2O 2 catalyzed by a nonheme imine based iron complex. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19144-19151. [PMID: 35539690 PMCID: PMC9080596 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02879f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of a series of N-acetyl amino acid methyl esters with H2O2 catalyzed by a very simple iminopyridine iron(ii) complex 1 easily obtainable in situ by self-assembly of 2-picolylaldehyde, 2-picolylamine, and Fe(OTf)2 was investigated. Oxidation of protected aliphatic amino acids occurs at the α-C–H bond exclusively (N-AcAlaOMe) or in competition with the side-chain functionalization (N-AcValOMe and N-AcLeuOMe). N-AcProOMe is smoothly and cleanly oxidized with high regioselectivity affording exclusively C-5 oxidation products. Remarkably, complex 1 is also able to catalyze the oxidation of the aromatic N-AcPheOMe. A marked preference for the aromatic ring hydroxylation over Cα–H and benzylic C–H oxidation was observed, leading to the clean formation of tyrosine and its phenolic isomers. Amino acid derivatives are oxidized by the 1/H2O2 system. A marked preference for the aromatic over Cα–H and benzylic C–H oxidation is observed with phenylalanine.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ticconi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Arianna Colcerasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Andrea Lapi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Marco Mazzonna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi 17071 Girona Spain
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3
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Clagg K, Hou H, Weinstein AB, Russell D, Stahl SS, Koenig SG. Synthesis of Indole-2-carboxylate Derivatives via Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Amination of Aryl C-H Bonds. Org Lett 2016; 18:3586-9. [PMID: 27404018 PMCID: PMC5296645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A direct oxidative C-H amination affording 1-acetyl indolecarboxylates starting from 2-acetamido-3-arylacrylates has been achieved. Indole-2-carboxylates can be targeted with a straightforward deacetylation of the initial reaction products. The C-H amination reaction is carried out using a catalytic Pd(II) source with oxygen as the terminal oxidant. The scope and application of this chemistry is demonstrated with good to high yields for numerous electron-rich and electron-poor substrates. Further reaction of selected products via Suzuki arylation and deacetylation provides access to highly functionalized indole structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Clagg
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Haiyun Hou
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Adam B. Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David Russell
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Stefan G. Koenig
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
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4
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Fan A, Xie X, Li SM. Tryptophan prenyltransferases showing higher catalytic activities for Friedel-Crafts alkylation of o- and m-tyrosines than tyrosine prenyltransferases. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:7551-7. [PMID: 26077893 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan prenyltransferases FgaPT2, 5-DMATS, 6-DMATSSv and 7-DMATS catalyse regiospecific C-prenylations on the indole ring, while tyrosine prenyltransferases SirD and TyrPT catalyse the O-prenylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group. In this study, we report the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of L-o-tyrosine by these enzymes. Surprisingly, no conversion was detected with SirD and three tryptophan prenyltransferases showed significantly higher activity than another tyrosine prenyltransferase TyrPT. C5-prenylated L-o-tyrosine was identified as a unique product of these enzymes. Using L-m-tyrosine as the prenylation substrate, product formation was only observed with the tryptophan prenyltransferases FgaPT2 and 7-DMATS. C4- and C6-prenylated derivatives were identified in the reaction mixture of FgaPT2. These results provided additional evidence for the similarities and differences between these two subgroups within the DMATS superfamily in their catalytic behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Fan
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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5
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Dunetz JR, Magano J, Weisenburger GA. Large-Scale Applications of Amide Coupling Reagents for the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/op500305s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Dunetz
- Process
Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Javier Magano
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gerald A. Weisenburger
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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6
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Shafiee B, Hadian L, Khosropour AR. An innovation for development of Erlenmeyer–Plöchl reaction and synthesis of AT-130 analogous: a new application of continuous-flow method. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first micro-flow Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone reaction and synthesis of N-benzoylglycine carbamide were established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laleh Hadian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
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7
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Yao G, Zhang J, Huang Q. Conformational and vibrational analyses of meta-tyrosine: An experimental and theoretical study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 151:111-123. [PMID: 26125991 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
M-tyrosine is one kind of positional isomer of tyrosine which is widely applied in agrichemical, medicinal chemistry, and food science. However, the structural and vibrational features of m-tyrosine have not been reported or systematically investigated. In this work, potential energy surface (PES) calculations were used for searching and determining the stable zwitterionic conformers of m-tyrosine, and the Raman spectra of m-tyrosine and deuterated m-tyrosine were measured and interpreted based on theoretical computation. For the spectral simulation, several DFT-based quantum chemistry (QC) methods were employed, and the M06-2X functional with SMD solvent model was found to be best in reproducing the Raman spectra and geometrical property. As such, this study has not only presented a detailed study of m-tyrosine's vibrational property which is lack in the literature, but also may shed some light on the optimal choice of QC methods for calculation of conformations and vibrational properties of zwitterionic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yao
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, PR China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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8
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Mujika JI, Uranga J, Matxain JM. Computational study on the attack of ·OH radicals on aromatic amino acids. Chemistry 2013; 19:6862-73. [PMID: 23536477 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The attack of hydroxyl radicals on aromatic amino acid side chains, namely phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, have been studied by using density functional theory. Two reaction mechanisms were considered: 1) Addition reactions onto the aromatic ring atoms and 2) hydrogen abstraction from all of the possible atoms on the side chains. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the attack of a maximum of two hydroxyl radicals were studied, considering the effect of different protein environments at two different dielectric values (4 and 80). The obtained theoretical results explain how the radical attacks take place and provide new insight into the reasons for the experimentally observed preferential mechanism. These results indicate that, even though the attack of the first (·)OH radical on an aliphatic C atom is energetically favored, the larger delocalization and concomitant stabilization that are obtained by attack on the aromatic side chain prevail. Thus, the obtained theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental evidence that the aromatic side chain is the main target for radical attack and show that the first (·)OH radical is added onto the aromatic ring, whereas a second radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from the same position to obtain the oxidized product. Moreover, the results indicate that the reaction can be favored in the buried region of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Mujika
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center, PK 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.
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9
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Horlacher OP, Hartkoorn RC, Cole ST, Altmann KH. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 2,1'-dihydropyridomycins. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:264-8. [PMID: 24900646 DOI: 10.1021/ml300385q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydropyridomycins 2 and 3, which lack the characteristic enol ester moiety of the potent antimycobacterial natural product pyridomycin (1), have been prepared from l-Thr, R- and S-hydroxy isovaleric acid, and 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. The 2R isomer 2 shows only 4-fold lower anti-Mtb activity than 1, indicating that the enol ester moiety in the natural product is not critical for its biological activity. This finding establishes 2 as a potent and more practical lead for anti-TB drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. Horlacher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruben C. Hartkoorn
- École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Global Health Institute, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stewart T. Cole
- École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Global Health Institute, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Ager DJ, de Vries AHM, de Vries JG. Asymmetric homogeneous hydrogenations at scale. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3340-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Oh JS, Lee JW, Ryu TH, Lee JH, Song CE. Self-association free bifunctional thiourea organocatalysts: synthesis of chiral α-amino acids via dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic azlactones. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:1052-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Etayo P, Núñez-Rico JL, Fernández-Pérez H, Vidal-Ferran A. Enantioselective Access to Chiral Drugs by using Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Rh(POP) Complexes. Chemistry 2011; 17:13978-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Oh JS, Kim KI, Song CE. Enantioselective synthesis of α-deuterium labelled chiral α-amino acids via dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic azlactones. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7983-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06319g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Macrocyclic peptidomimetic β-secretase (BACE-1) inhibitors with activity in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1366-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Yu H, Richey RN, Stout JR, LaPack MA, Gu R, Khau VV, Frank SA, Ott JP, Miller RD, Carr MA, Zhang TY. Development of a Practical Synthesis of DPP IV Inhibitor LY2497282. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Yu
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Rachel N. Richey
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - James R. Stout
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Mark A. LaPack
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Ruilin Gu
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Vien V. Khau
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Scott A. Frank
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Joel P. Ott
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Richard D. Miller
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Michael A. Carr
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Tony Y. Zhang
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
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