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Kendall T, Stratford S, Patterson AR, Lunt RA, Cruickshank D, Bonnaud T, Scott CD. An industrial perspective on co-crystals: Screening, identification and development of the less utilised solid form in drug discovery and development. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 60:345-442. [PMID: 34147205 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients are commonly marketed as a solid form due to ease of transport, storage and administration. In the design of a drug formulation, the selection of the solid form is incredibly important and is traditionally based on what polymorphs, hydrates or salts are available for that compound. Co-crystals, another potential solid form available, are currently not as readily considered as a viable solid form for the development process. Even though co-crystals are gaining an ever-increasing level of interest within the pharmaceutical community, their acceptance and application is still not as standard as other solid forms such as the ubiquitous pharmaceutical salt and stabilised amorphous formulations. Presented in this chapter is information that would allow for a co-crystal screen to be planned and conducted as well as scaled up using solution and mechanochemistry based methods commonly employed in both the literature and industry. Also presented are methods for identifying the formation of a co-crystal using a variety of analytical techniques as well as the importance of confirming the formation of co-crystals from a legal perspective and demonstrating the legal precedent by looking at co-crystalline products already on the market. The benefits of co-crystals have been well established, and presented in this chapter are a selection of examples which best exemplify their potential. The goal of this chapter is to increase the understanding of co-crystals and how they may be successfully exploited in early stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kendall
- Technobis Crystallization Systems, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
| | - Sam Stratford
- Johnson Matthey, Pharmorphix, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth A Lunt
- Johnson Matthey, Pharmorphix, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Liu L, Liu M, Zhang Y, Yin H, Su X, Zhang Q, Feng Y, Guo Y, Zou D, Liu Y. The role of 3-OH in the self-assembly of pharmaceutical cocrystals of dihydroflavonol with 4,4′-bipyridine. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04113k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The 3-OH group of nonplanar dihydroflavonols participates in the formation of hydrogen bonds with BPY, thereby forming cocrystals with different structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liu
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Moqi Liu
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Yunan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Hemei Yin
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Xin Su
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Yanru Feng
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Yingxue Guo
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Dongyu Zou
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
| | - Yingli Liu
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiamusi University
- Jiamusi 154007
- China
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Rodrigues M, Baptista B, Lopes JA, Sarraguça MC. Pharmaceutical cocrystallization techniques. Advances and challenges. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:404-420. [PMID: 29890258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals are homogenous (single-phase) crystalline structures composed by two or more components in a definite stoichiometric ratio bonded together by noncovalent bonds. Pharmaceutical industry has been showing interest in cocrystals due to their ability to improve active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) properties, such as solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, stability and processability. The necessity for high-throughput screening methods and methods capable of producing cocrystals in an industrial scale still hinders the use of cocrystals by the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this review is to present an extensive overview of the cocrystallization methods, focusing in the specificities of each technique, its advantages and disadvantages. The review is divided into solvent-based and solvent-free methods. The most appropriate methods to the different stages of cocrystals manufacture, from the screening phase to industrial production are identified. The use of continuous and scalable methods in cocrystal production as well as the implementation of quality-by-design and process analytical technology concepts are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Rodrigues
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Baptista
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Lisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Almeida Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Lisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cruz Sarraguça
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Malamatari M, Ross SA, Douroumis D, Velaga SP. Experimental cocrystal screening and solution based scale-up cocrystallization methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:162-177. [PMID: 28811184 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals are crystalline single phase materials composed of two or more different molecular and/or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts. If one of the components is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), the term pharmaceutical cocrystal is often used. There is a growing interest among drug development scientists in exploring cocrystals, as means to address physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and mechanical properties and expand solid form diversity of the API. Conventionally, coformers are selected based on crystal engineering principles, and the equimolar mixtures of API and coformers are subjected to solution-based crystallization that are commonly employed in polymorph and salt screening. However, the availability of new knowledge on cocrystal phase behaviour in solid state and solutions has spurred the development and implementation of more rational experimental cocrystal screening as well as scale-up methods. This review aims to provide overview of commonly employed solid form screening techniques in drug development with an emphasis on cocrystal screening methodologies. The latest developments in understanding and the use of cocrystal phase diagrams in both screening and solution based scale-up methods are also presented. Final section is devoted to reviewing the state of the art research covering solution based scale-up cocrystallization process for different cocrystals besides more recent continuous crystallization methods.
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In silico screening of dicarboxylic acids for cocrystallization with phenylpiperazine derivatives based on both cocrystallization propensity and solubility advantage. J Mol Model 2017; 23:136. [PMID: 28349342 PMCID: PMC5368210 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In silico screening was performed to search for binary solids in which a phenylpiperazine-derivative drug was cocrystallized with a dicarboxylic acid. The phenylpiperazine derivative could be any of 61 such drugs, while the dicarboxylic acid could be any of nine such acids. The uniqueness of this approach was that two criteria had to be fulfilled simultaneously, namely a high propensity for cocrystallization and a sufficient solubility advantage. Using the mixing enthalpies of selected pairs of crystal formers with high affinities for one another permitted the classification of candidates with a high probability of cocrystallization. Further modeling of the solubility advantage allowed the identification of many binary solids that potentially exhibit significantly enhanced solubility in water. Based on the computed values for the mixing enthalpies and solubility advantage factors, it was concluded that dicarboxylic acids are both excellent coformers for cocrystallization with phenylpiperazines and very good solubility enhancers; indeed, the use of dicarboxylic acids as coformers would allow the degree of dissolution to be tuned for many of the studied drugs. The observed similarities of the cocrystallization landscapes of the studied drugs and excipients were also explored.
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Tumanova N, Payen R, Springuel G, Norberg B, Robeyns K, Le Duff C, Wouters J, Leyssens T. Cocrystallization out of the blue: dl-mandelic acid/ethyl-dl-mandelate cocrystal. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ganduri R, Cherukuvada S, Sarkar S, Guru Row TN. Manifestation of cocrystals and eutectics among structurally related molecules: towards understanding the factors that control their formation. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Co-crystal formation based on structural matching. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cherukuvada S, Kaur R, Guru Row TN. Co-crystallization and small molecule crystal form diversity: from pharmaceutical to materials applications. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01835a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
The ternary phase diagram for the direct assembly of a 2 : 1 co-crystal of benzoic acid–sodium benzoate was illustrated. Benzoic acid acted as a reactant and underwent neutralization to produce sodium benzoate. The excessive amount of benzoic acid as an API can interact with the product, sodium benzoate as another API, to undertake API–API co-crystallization by cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Lin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Central University
- Jhong-Li City 320, ROC
| | - Tu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Central University
- Jhong-Li City 320, ROC
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Veverka M, Dubaj T, Gallovič J, Jorík V, Veverková E, Danihelová M, Šimon P. Cocrystals of quercetin: synthesis, characterization, and screening of biological activity. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Leyssens T, Tumanova N, Robeyns K, Candoni N, Veesler S. Solution cocrystallization, an effective tool to explore the variety of cocrystal systems: caffeine/dicarboxylic acid cocrystals. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01495b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yamashita H, Hirakura Y, Yuda M, Terada K. Coformer screening using thermal analysis based on binary phase diagrams. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1946-57. [PMID: 24522816 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The advent of cocrystals has demonstrated a growing need for efficient and comprehensive coformer screening in search of better development forms, including salt forms. Here, we investigated a coformer screening system for salts and cocrystals based on binary phase diagrams using thermal analysis and examined the effectiveness of the method. METHODS Indomethacin and tenoxicam were used as models of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Physical mixtures of an API and 42 kinds of coformers were analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray DSC. We also conducted coformer screening using a conventional slurry method and compared these results with those from the thermal analysis method and previous studies. RESULTS Compared with the slurry method, the thermal analysis method was a high-performance screening system, particularly for APIs with low solubility and/or propensity to form solvates. However, this method faced hurdles for screening coformers combined with an API in the presence of kinetic hindrance for salt or cocrystal formation during heating or if there is degradation near the metastable eutectic temperature. CONCLUSIONS The thermal analysis and slurry methods are considered complementary to each other for coformer screening. Feasibility of the thermal analysis method in drug discovery practice is ensured given its small scale and high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamashita
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 350-8585, Japan,
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Wang L, Tan B, Zhang H, Deng Z. Pharmaceutical Cocrystals of Diflunisal with Nicotinamide or Isonicotinamide. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianyan Wang
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy and Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tan
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy and Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hailu Zhang
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy and Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Zongwu Deng
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy and Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
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15
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Veverka M, Dubaj T, Gallovič J, Švajdlenka E, Meľuchová B, Jorík V, Šimon P. Edaravone cocrystals: synthesis, screening, and preliminary characterization. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-1029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Eddleston MD, Sivachelvam S, Jones W. Screening for polymorphs of cocrystals: a case study. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26496j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Newman
- Seventh Street Development Group, P.O. Box 526, Lafayette, Indiana 47902, United States
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18
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Gao Y, Gao J, Liu Z, Kan H, Zu H, Sun W, Zhang J, Qian S. Coformer selection based on degradation pathway of drugs: A case study of adefovir dipivoxil–saccharin and adefovir dipivoxil–nicotinamide cocrystals. Int J Pharm 2012; 438:327-35. [PMID: 22989978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Imatinib mesylate cocrystals: synthesis, screening, and preliminary characterization. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shete AS, Yadav AV, Murthy MS. Evaluation of performance of co crystals of mefloquine hydrochloride in tablet dosage form. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:716-23. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.689764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kawakami K. Modification of physicochemical characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients and application of supersaturatable dosage forms for improving bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:480-95. [PMID: 22265844 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
New chemical entities are required to possess physicochemical characteristics that result in acceptable oral absorption. However, many promising candidates need physicochemical modification or application of special formulation technology. This review discusses strategies for overcoming physicochemical problems during the development at the preformulation and formulation stages with emphasis on overcoming the most typical problem, low solubility. Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be improved by employing metastable states, salt forms, or cocrystals. Since the usefulness of salt forms is well recognized, it is the normal strategy to select the most suitable salt form through extensive screening in the current developmental study. Promising formulation technologies used to overcome the low solubility problem include liquid-filled capsules, self-emulsifying formulations, solid dispersions, and nanosuspensions. Current knowledge for each formulation is discussed from both theoretical and practical viewpoints, and their advantages and disadvantages are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsaku Kawakami
- National Institute for Materials Science, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, Biomaterials Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Caira MR, Bourne SA, Samsodien H, Engel E, Liebenberg W, Stieger N, Aucamp M. Co-crystals of the antiretroviral nevirapine: crystal structures, thermal analysis and dissolution behaviour. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jiménez-González C, Poechlauer P, Broxterman QB, Yang BS, am Ende D, Baird J, Bertsch C, Hannah RE, Dell’Orco P, Noorman H, Yee S, Reintjens R, Wells A, Massonneau V, Manley J. Key Green Engineering Research Areas for Sustainable Manufacturing: A Perspective from Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemicals Manufacturers. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op100327d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Jiménez-González
- GlaxoSmithKline, Sustainability and Environment, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Peter Poechlauer
- DSM Pharmaceutical Products, St.-Peter-Strasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Bing-Shiou Yang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - David am Ende
- Pfizer Inc., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James Baird
- AstraZeneca, Essential Safety, Health and Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, U.K
| | - Carl Bertsch
- Eli Lilly and Co., Chemical Process Research and Development, Lilly Technology Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Robert E. Hannah
- GlaxoSmithKline, Sustainability and Environment, 1 Franklin Plaza, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Phil Dell’Orco
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research and Development, Upper Merion, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Henk Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 425, 2600 AK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sandy Yee
- Johnson & Johnson, EHS2 Compliance and Environmental Affairs, Global Pharma, 200 Tournament Drive, Horsham, Pennsylvania 19044, United States
| | - Raf Reintjens
- DSM Innovative Synthesis B.V., P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wells
- AstraZeneca, Pharmaceutical Development, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, U.K
| | - Viviane Massonneau
- Merck MSD Manufacturing, Z.I de Blavozy 43700 Saint Germain Laprade, France
| | - Julie Manley
- ACS Green Chemistry Institute, 1155 Sixteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States
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