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Witkowska AB, Wołczyńska A, Lis-Cieplak A, Stolarczyk EU. Development and Validation of LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 1-Methyl-4-Nitrosopiperazine (MNP) in Multicomponent Products with Rifampicin-Analytical Challenges and Degradation Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:7405. [PMID: 37959824 PMCID: PMC10648194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin is an essential medicine for treating and preventing tuberculosis (TB). TB is a life-threatening infectious disease and its prevention and treatment are public health imperatives. In the time of a global crisis of nitrosamine contamination of medicinal products, patient safety and a reduction in the number of drug recalls at the same time are crucial. In this work, the LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of the 1-methyl-4-nitrosospiperazine (MNP), a genotoxic nitrosamine impurity in various products containing rifampicin at a 5.0 ppm limit level according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Extraction with neutralization was necessary due to the matrix and solvent effect associated with the complexity of the rifampicin product. The developed method was validated in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Specificity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification parameters were evaluated. The recovery of the MNP was 100.38 ± 3.24% and the intermediate precision was 2.52%. The contamination of MNP in Rifampicin originates in the manufacturing process of the drug. Furthermore, the results of the forced degradation experiments show that the formation of MNP is possible by two mechanisms: through degradation of rifampicin and the oxidation of 1-amino-4-methyl-piperazine. This article points out that it is necessary to monitor and describe degradation products and the mechanism of degradation of potentially affected active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with respect to the formation of nitrosamines during stress testing, as it was done in the following work for rifampicin in multicomponent products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Witkowska
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.W.); (A.W.); (A.L.-C.)
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Żwirki i Wigury, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wołczyńska
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.W.); (A.W.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Agnieszka Lis-Cieplak
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.W.); (A.W.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Elżbieta U. Stolarczyk
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.W.); (A.W.); (A.L.-C.)
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2
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Burns MJ, Andrews IX, Baumann JC, Elliott EL, Fennell JW, Kallemeyn JM, Lemaire S, Murphy NS, Palacio M, Raw SA, Roberts AJ, Moura Rocha NF, Schils D, Oestrich RS, Shannon-Little AL, Stevenson N, Talavera P, Teasdale A, Urquhart MW, Waechter F. Establishing Best Practice for the Application and Support of Solubility Purge Factors. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian X. Andrews
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | | | - Eric L. Elliott
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Sebastien Lemaire
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Steven A. Raw
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Teasdale
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
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3
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Tao X, Tian Y, Liu WH, Yao S, Yin L. Trace Level Quantification of 4-Methyl-1-nitrosopiperazin in Rifampicin Capsules by LC-MS/MS. Front Chem 2022; 10:834124. [PMID: 35237562 PMCID: PMC8883033 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.834124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin is a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug. However, in August 2020, the presence of 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MNP), a nitrosamine impurity, was detected by the United Stated Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in rifampicin capsules. Consequently, the development of efficient methods for the detection of MNP is an important objective. In this study, the MNP present in rifampicin capsules was detected using LC-MS/MS. A total of 27 batches from nine manufacturers in the Chinese market were tested, with MNP (0.33–2.36 ppm) being detected in all samples at levels exceeding the maximum acceptable intake limit of 0.16 ppm initially set by the FDA. However, after considering the associated benefits and risks, the FDA-approved limit was revised to 5 ppm; hence, all the samples examined herein exhibited MNP levels well below the required limit. Furthermore, the results of forced degradation experiments suggest that MNP is formed by the thermal degradation of rifampicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosha Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Shangchen Yao
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shangchen Yao, ; Lihui Yin,
| | - Lihui Yin
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shangchen Yao, ; Lihui Yin,
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4
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Martinho N, Pires RF, Zloh M, Bonifácio VDB. Intrinsic acetamide brush-off by polyurea biodendrimers. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3371-3376. [PMID: 33881429 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of genotoxic impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is a major concern for the pharmaceutical industry. Acetamide is a common genotoxic byproduct found in synthetic routes of many APIs, mainly due to acetonitrile hydrolysis, and selective scavenging is a still a challenging task. Herein, as a proof-of-concept, we evaluate polyurea (PURE) biodendrimers as strategic nanopolymers to prepare safe drug nanoformulations from mixtures containing acetamide, using (S)-ibuprofen (IBF) as a model drug. Furthermore, computational molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to rationalize in vitro results and to identify the key intermolecular interactions within mixtures. Experimental data were corroborated by MD simulations which showed that acetamide, IBF and carboxyfluorescein interactions with PURE biodendrimers are mostly at the surface. Also, PURE nanoformulations appear to be driven by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Martinho
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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5
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Baldwin AF, Caporello MA, Chen G, Goetz AE, Hu W, Jin C, Knopf KM, Li Z, Lu CV, Monfette S, Puchlopek-Dermenci ALA, Shi F. Kilogram-Scale Preparation of an Aminopyrazole Building Block via Copper-Catalyzed Aryl Amidation. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F. Baldwin
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michaella A. Caporello
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Guoyong Chen
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Adam E. Goetz
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Weifeng Hu
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Chengfeng Jin
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Kevin M. Knopf
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Cuong V. Lu
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Angela L. A. Puchlopek-Dermenci
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Feng Shi
- Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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Snodin DJ. A Primer for Pharmaceutical Process Development Chemists and Analysts in Relation to Impurities Perceived to Be Mutagenic or “Genotoxic”. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Snodin
- Xiphora Biopharma Consulting, 9 Richmond Apartments, Redland Court Road, Bristol BS6 7BG, U.K
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7
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Hamilton DJ, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Keeley A, Petri L, Hrast M, Imre T, Wijtmans M, Gobec S, de Esch IJP, Keserű GM. Bromo-Cyclobutenaminones as New Covalent UDP- N-Acetylglucosamine Enolpyruvyl Transferase (MurA) Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110362. [PMID: 33153141 PMCID: PMC7692735 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery programs against the antibacterial target UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA) have already resulted in covalent inhibitors having small three- and five-membered heterocyclic rings. In the current study, the reactivity of four-membered rings was carefully modulated to obtain a novel family of covalent MurA inhibitors. Screening a small library of cyclobutenone derivatives led to the identification of bromo-cyclobutenaminones as new electrophilic warheads. The electrophilic reactivity and cysteine specificity have been determined in a glutathione (GSH) and an oligopeptide assay, respectively. Investigating the structure-activity relationship for MurA suggests a crucial role for the bromine atom in the ligand. In addition, MS/MS experiments have proven the covalent labelling of MurA at Cys115 and the observed loss of the bromine atom suggests a net nucleophilic substitution as the covalent reaction. This new set of compounds might be considered as a viable chemical starting point for the discovery of new MurA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hamilton
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.H.); (M.W.); (I.J.P.d.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Aaron Keeley
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Martina Hrast
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Maikel Wijtmans
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.H.); (M.W.); (I.J.P.d.E.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.H.); (M.W.); (I.J.P.d.E.)
| | - György Miklós Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-382-6821
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Rajana N, Ramana D, Moses Babu J, Basavaiah K, Rama Devi D. Quantitative method for determination of 3,3‐dimethylallyl bromide genotoxic impurity in Tazarotene drug substance by GC‐MS. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Rajana
- Technology Development Center, Custom Pharmaceutical Services Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. Miyapur Hyderabad India
- Integrated Product Development Organization Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Bachupally Telangana India
| | - D.V Ramana
- Technology Development Center, Custom Pharmaceutical Services Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. Miyapur Hyderabad India
| | - J. Moses Babu
- Integrated Product Development Organization Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Bachupally Telangana India
| | - K. Basavaiah
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry Andhra University Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Dharamasoth Rama Devi
- AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Andhra University Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India
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Rajana N, Yarbagi KM, Balakumaran K, Madhubabu MV, Mosesbabu J, Basavaiah K, Rama Devi D. An Orthogonal Approach for Determination of Acetamide Content in Pharmaceutical Drug Substance and Base-Contaminated Acetonitrile by GC and GC-MS External Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:769-777. [PMID: 31504301 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetamide is a potential genotoxic impurity; it should control in drug substance based on daily dosage level. It forms from base-contaminated acetonitrile and by-product of some drug substances. The available methods for acetamide in drug substance and water samples were determined by GC-MS using internal standard with critical procedures. These developed and validated methods can assist in evaluating the reaction between acetonitrile and different bases and also determine trace level acetamide in drug substances. The method development was initiated with DB-624, 30 m, 0.32 width and 1.0-μm column. The column was used to validate at the 600 ppm TTC value. Similarly, the CP-SIL 5CB, 60 m, 0.32 width, the 5-μm column was used for the remaining TTC values. The validation study was performed for all TTC limits. The % RSD for precision at 600, 60, 20, 10 and 2.5 ppm was <15%. The % recovery at all TTC level was in between the 70 and 130%. Solution stability study was performed up to the 24 h. At 2.5 ppm, the results were <15% variation from the initial value. The linearities from the 50 to 150% concerning TTC values were more than limit of 0.98 correlation coefficient. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation values were 0.4 to the 1.3 ppm, respectively, for 2.5 ppm TTC limit method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Rajana
- Technology Development centre, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd., Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India.,Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Kaviaraj M Yarbagi
- Technology Development centre, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd., Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - K Balakumaran
- Technology Development centre, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd., Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - M V Madhubabu
- Technology Development centre, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd., Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - J Mosesbabu
- Technology Development centre, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd., Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - K Basavaiah
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, India
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Bercu J, Galloway S, Parris P, Teasdale A, Masuda-Herrera M, Dobo K, Heard P, Kenyon M, Nicolette J, Vock E, Ku W, Harvey J, White A, Glowienke S, Martin E, Custer L, Jolly R, Thybaud V. Potential impurities in drug substances: Compound-specific toxicology limits for 20 synthetic reagents and by-products, and a class-specific toxicology limit for alkyl bromides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Szekely G, Amores de Sousa MC, Gil M, Castelo Ferreira F, Heggie W. Genotoxic Impurities in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Sources, Regulations, and Mitigation. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8182-229. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Szekely
- School of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam C. Amores de Sousa
- Department
of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
(iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Gil
- Hovione FarmaCiencia SA, R&D, Sete Casas, 2674-506, Loures, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department
of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
(iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - William Heggie
- Hovione FarmaCiencia SA, R&D, Sete Casas, 2674-506, Loures, Portugal
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Design, preparation and characterization of novel molecularly imprinted polymers for removal of potentially genotoxic 1,3-diisopropylurea from API solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Snodin DJ. Genotoxic Impurities: A Regulatory Toxicology Commentary on Recent Articles in Organic Process Research & Development. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op200205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Snodin
- Xiphora Biopharma Consulting, 9 Richmond Apartments, Redland Court Road, Bristol, BS6 7BG U.K
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Giordani A, Kobel W, Gally HU. Overall impact of the regulatory requirements for genotoxic impurities on the drug development process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:1-15. [PMID: 21420491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade a considerable effort has been made both by the regulators and the pharmaceutical industry to assess genotoxic impurities (GTI) in pharmaceutical products. Though the control of impurities in drug substances and products is a well established and consolidated procedure, its extension to GTI has given rise to a number of problems, both in terms of setting the limits and detecting these impurities in pharmaceutical products. Several papers have dealt with this issue, discussing available regulations, providing strategies to evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemical substances, and trying to address the analytical challenge of detecting GTI at trace levels. In this review we would like to discuss the available regulations, the toxicological background for establishing limits, as well as the analytical approaches used for GTI assessment. The final aim is that of providing a complete overview of the topic with updated available information, to address the overall GTI issue during the development of new drug substances.
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