Primordial proteins and HIV-Part II

Identification of nanobacteria in human arthritic synovial fluid by method validated in human blood and urine using 200 nm model nanoparticles

Earlier we introduced a biosensor for the identification of nanobacteria in water drops. Here, we generalize its principle and apply it to identify nanobacteria in synovial fluid from a patient with osteoarthritis. Results indicate the prevalence of nanobacteria in the synovial fluid. The identification method is applicable to body fluids such as unfiltered human blood and urine, is independent of culturing procedures, and permits for a rapid detection of nanoparticles in liquid drops. In view of increasing clinical evidence on a contribution of nanobacteria in disease, their reported detection in HIV-infected people in South Africa, laboratory experiments indicating the excretion of viable (i.e., propagating) nanobacteria from humans via urine, the use of human excreta in agricultural irrigation, models predicting an injection of nanoaerosols contained in irrigation water enriched with human excreta into the atmosphere, and the identification of nanobacteria in the terrestrial atmosphere, promote the identification method described in this work to an important tool to monitor nanobacteria in body fluids and environmental samples.

Nanobioaerosols--reconsidering agricultural irrigation in a warming world

Nanobacteria are best described as 60-300 nm nanovesicles. In the body they collect calcium and phosphate to form apatite, adhere to cells, or invade them--processes regulated by a slime based on proteins (primordial proteins). A versatile functionality realized with a minimum of properties equips nanobacteria with a unique survival potential. They were identified in humans, animals, wastewater and the stratosphere. In South Africa they were detected in people infected with HIV. Models indicate that they boost the genetic diversity of the HIV-1 virus. Experiments showed that they are excreted via urine, explaining their presence in the environment. Eradication would be virtually impossible if they had an extraterrestrial origin, implying a permanent bombardment from space. Whereas the biological status of nanobacteria is still not clarified, we postulate here that the native habitat of nanobacteria are mammals, suggesting that at least modern species have their origin on Earth. The thesis results from mapping functions and properties of the slime, and could facilitate the localisation of nanobacterial reservoirs, identification of local distribution routes and tracking of global transport cycles. Agricultural irrigation with water containing excreta from humans infected with nanobacteria could be a central disseminator of the nanobioaerosols.

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Culture of nanobacteria from human gallbladder bile

AIM: To introduce a method for culturing nanobacteria from human gallbladder bile.

METHODS: The bile samples were collected from 30 patients with gallbladder-stone. After pretreatment with dilution-centrifuge-filtration (DCF) and filtration method, respectively, those samples were cultured under the ro-utine cell culture condition for nanobacteria. The morp-hological features of the obtained nanobacteria were observed under light and electron microscope. Indirect immunofluorescence staining was used to identify the nanobacteria.

RESULTS: Of the 30 bile samples, the positive rate of nanobacteria was 40% when the samples were pre-treated by DCF method, and the positive rate was 57% when they were pretreated by filtration method. There was no significant difference between those two methods (χ² = 1.669, P >0.05). Brown movement of the tiny nanobacteria was observed at 2 wk. At 4 wk, nanobacteria started to attach on the bottom of the cul-ture bottles. Specific combination of the obtained nan-obacteria with 8D10 antibodies was observed. The nanobacteria were ball- or stick-like with a length of 80-350 nm under electron microscope.

CONCLUSION: The infection of nanobacteria exists in the bile of gallbladder-stone patients. Filtration is a si-mple and effective method for the preparation of the gallbladder bile.