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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes severe disease in humans for which no licensed vaccine exists. A novel vaccine is in development that targets multiple elements of the bacteria since single-component vaccines have not shown efficacy to date. How these multiple components alter the immune response raised by the vaccine is not well studied. We found that the addition of two protein components did not alter substantially the antibody responses raised with respect to function or mobilization of B cells. There was also not a substantial change in the activity of T cells, another part of the adaptive response. This study showed that protection by this vaccine may be mediated primarily by antibody protection. Staphylococcus aureus causes severe disease in humans for which no licensed vaccine exists. A novel S. aureus vaccine (SA4Ag) is in development, targeting the capsular polysaccharides (CPs) and two virulence-associated surface proteins. Vaccine-elicited antibody responses to CPs are efficacious against serious infection by other encapsulated bacteria. Studies of natural S. aureus infection have also shown a role for TH17 and/or TH1 responses in protection. Single-antigen vaccines, including CPs, have not been effective against S. aureus; a multiantigen vaccine approach is likely required. However, the impact of addition of protein antigens on the immune response to CPs has not been studied. Here, the immune response induced by a bivalent CP conjugate vaccine (to model the established mechanism of action of vaccine-induced protection against Gram-positive pathogens) was compared to the response induced by SA4Ag, which contains both CP conjugates and protein antigens, in cynomolgus macaques. Microengraving, flow cytometry, opsonophagocytic assays, and Luminex technology were used to analyze the B-cell, T-cell, functional antibody, and innate immune responses. Both the bivalent CP vaccine and SA4Ag induced cytokine production from naive cells and antigen-specific memory B-cell and functional antibody responses. Increases in levels of circulating, activated T cells were not apparent following vaccination, nor was a TH17 or TH1 response evident. However, our data are consistent with a vaccine-induced recruitment of T follicular helper (TFH) cells to lymph nodes. Collectively, these data suggest that the response to SA4Ag is primarily mediated by B cells and antibodies that abrogate important S. aureus virulence mechanisms. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus causes severe disease in humans for which no licensed vaccine exists. A novel vaccine is in development that targets multiple elements of the bacteria since single-component vaccines have not shown efficacy to date. How these multiple components alter the immune response raised by the vaccine is not well studied. We found that the addition of two protein components did not alter substantially the antibody responses raised with respect to function or mobilization of B cells. There was also not a substantial change in the activity of T cells, another part of the adaptive response. This study showed that protection by this vaccine may be mediated primarily by antibody protection.
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Rivera R, Wang J, Yu X, Demirkan G, Hopper M, Bian X, Tahsin T, Magee DM, Qiu J, LaBaer J, Wallstrom G. Automatic Identification and Quantification of Extra-Well Fluorescence in Microarray Images. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3969-3977. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rivera
- Department
of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, 13212 East
Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Jie Wang
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing
Institute of Radiation Medicine, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Gokhan Demirkan
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Marika Hopper
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Xiaofang Bian
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Tasnia Tahsin
- Department
of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, 13212 East
Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Ji Qiu
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Garrick Wallstrom
- Department
of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, 13212 East
Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
- Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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Jia B, McNeil LK, Dupont CD, Tsioris K, Barry RM, Scully IL, Ogunniyi AO, Gonzalez C, Pride MW, Gierahn TM, Liberator PA, Jansen KU, Love JC. Longitudinal multiparameter single-cell analysis of macaques immunized with pneumococcal protein-conjugated or unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines reveals distinct antigen specific memory B cell repertoires. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183738. [PMID: 28910279 PMCID: PMC5598952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of protein-conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines has been well characterized for children. The level of protection conferred by unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines remains less clear, particularly for elderly individuals who have had prior antigenic experience through immunization with unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines or natural exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS We compared the magnitude, diversity and genetic biases of antigen-specific memory B cells in two groups of adult cynomolgus macaques that were immunized with a 7-valent conjugated vaccine and boosted after five years with either a 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (13vPnC) or a 23-valent unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPS) using microengraving (a single-cell analysis method) and single-cell RT-PCR. RESULTS Seven days after boosting, the mean frequency of antigen-specific memory B cells was significantly increased in macaques vaccinated with 13vPnC compared to those receiving 23vPS. The 13vPnC-vaccinated macaques also exhibited a more even distribution of antibody specificities to four polysaccharides in the vaccine (PS4, 6B, 14, 23F) that were examined. However, single-cell analysis of the antibody variable region sequences from antigen-specific B cells elicited by unconjugated and conjugated vaccines indicated that both the germline gene segments forming the heavy chains and the average lengths of the Complementary Determining Region 3 (CDR3) were similar. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that distinctive differences can manifest between antigen-specific memory B cell repertoires in nonhuman primates immunized with conjugated and unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. The study also supports the notion that the conjugated vaccines have a favorable profile in terms of both the frequency and breadth of the anamnestic response among antigen-specific memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. McNeil
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Dupont
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos Tsioris
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Barry
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ingrid L. Scully
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Adebola O. Ogunniyi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Gonzalez
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Pride
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Gierahn
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Liberator
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathrin U. Jansen
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Secreted factors play a central role in normal and pathological processes in every tissue in the body. The brain is composed of a highly complex milieu of different cell types and few methods exist that can identify which individual cells in a complex mixture are secreting specific analytes. By identifying which cells are responsible, we can better understand neural physiology and pathophysiology, more readily identify the underlying pathways responsible for analyte production, and ultimately use this information to guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target the cell types of relevance. We present here a method for detecting analytes secreted from single human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural cells and have applied the method to measure amyloid β (Aβ) and soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα), analytes central to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Through these studies, we have uncovered the dynamic range of secretion profiles of these analytes from single iPSC-derived neuronal and glial cells and have molecularly characterized subpopulations of these cells through immunostaining and gene expression analyses. In examining Aβ and sAPPα secretion from single cells, we were able to identify previously unappreciated complexities in the biology of APP cleavage that could not otherwise have been found by studying averaged responses over pools of cells. This technique can be readily adapted to the detection of other analytes secreted by neural cells, which would have the potential to open new perspectives into human CNS development and dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have established a technology that, for the first time, detects secreted analytes from single human neurons and astrocytes. We examine secretion of the Alzheimer's disease-relevant factors amyloid β (Aβ) and soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) and present novel findings that could not have been observed without a single-cell analytical platform. First, we identify a previously unappreciated subpopulation that secretes high levels of Aβ in the absence of detectable sAPPα. Further, we show that multiple cell types secrete high levels of Aβ and sAPPα, but cells expressing GABAergic neuronal markers are overrepresented. Finally, we show that astrocytes are competent to secrete high levels of Aβ and therefore may be a significant contributor to Aβ accumulation in the brain.
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Ozkumur AY, Goods BA, Love JC. Development of a High-Throughput Functional Screen Using Nanowell-Assisted Cell Patterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4643-50. [PMID: 26121321 PMCID: PMC4754792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Living-cell-based screens can facilitate lead discovery of functional therapeutics of interest. A versatile and scalable method is reported that uses dense arrays of nanowells for imparting defined patterns on monolayers of cells. It is shown that this approach can coordinate a multi-component biological assay by designing and implementing a high-throughput, functional nanoliter-scale neutralization assay to identify neutralizing antibodies against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Yalcin Ozkumur
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Brittany A. Goods
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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