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Wang G, Huang L, Zhuang S, Han F, Huang Q, Hao M, Lin G, Chen L, Shen B, Li F, Li X, Chen C, Gao Y, Mock T, Liang J. Resting cell formation in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1347-1360. [PMID: 38402560 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Resting cells represent a survival strategy employed by diatoms to endure prolonged periods of unfavourable conditions. In the oceans, many diatoms sink at the end of their blooming season and therefore need to endure cold and dark conditions in the deeper layers of the water column. How they survive these conditions is largely unknown. We conducted an integrative analysis encompassing methods from histology, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics to reveal the biological mechanism of resting-cell formation in the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Resting-cell formation was triggered by a decrease in light and temperature with subsequent catabolism of storage compounds. Resting cells were characterised by an acidic and viscous cytoplasm and altered morphology of the chloroplast ultrastructure. The formation of resting cells in T. pseudonana is an energy demanding process required for a biophysical alteration of the cytosol and chloroplasts to endure the unfavourable conditions of the deeper ocean as photosynthetic organisms. However, most resting cells (> 90%) germinate upon return to favorable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangning Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Shanshan Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Han
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Mengyuan Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guifang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Longnan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Biying Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Changping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yahui Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Junrong Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
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Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Ceyca-Contreras JP, Gómez-Ruiz EP, Rios E, García-Vielma C, García-Salas JA. DNA Damage in Bat Blood Leukocytes Using a Chromatin Dispersion Test (CDT): Biomarker of Environmental Genotoxicity. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:59. [PMID: 38602569 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants produce adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. Biomonitoring and biomarkers offer a reasonable approach to make these assessments. Induced genetic changes can be using as a biomarker in organisms that react to a given compound in the ecosystem. Monitoring environmental genotoxicity necessitates the choice of model animals known as "sentinels or biological monitors" and the suitability of validated tests for DNA damage evaluation. We aimed to estimate the DNA damage produced by thermal stress in the leukocytes of the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). The DNA damage in bat leukocytes exposed to different temperatures (35 °C, 45 °C, and 55 °C) was evaluated by the adapted chromatin dispersion test (CDT) and the results were confirmed by the alkaline comet test. The CDT permitted a clear representation of leukocytes with fragmented DNA and of nonfragmented DNA. In addition, we detected nuclear anomalies in relation to cell death cellular swelling, nuclear fragmentation, and chromatin lysis. The alkaline comet assay revealed that the halos of diffuse chromatin include fragmented DNA. The assay of the method employing the CDT is well established, precise, and cost-effective for the routine quantitative analysis of DNA damage on the effect of the leukocytes of bats exposed to thermal stress. This could also apply as a sensitive screening tool for the evaluation of genotoxicity in environmental protection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva I Cortés-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66450, México.
| | - Juan P Ceyca-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66450, México.
| | - Emma P Gómez-Ruiz
- Parque Ecológico Chipinque, A.B.P., San Pedro Garza García, NL, México
| | - Evelyn Rios
- Laboratorio de Mastozoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México
| | - Catalina García-Vielma
- Department of Genetics, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Monterrey, México
| | - Juan A García-Salas
- Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66450, México
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3
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Liu K, Feng YJ, Guo JX, Wang GL, Shan LL, Gao SW, Liu Q, Sun HN, Li XY, Sun XR, Bian JY, Kwon T. Argon non-thermal plasma treatment promotes the development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in saline alkali environments. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01946-x. [PMID: 38519772 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization leads to a reduction in arable land area, which seriously endangers food security. Developing saline-alkali land has become a key measure to address the contradiction between population growth and limited arable land. Rice is the most important global food crop, feeding half of the world's population and making it a suitable choice for planting on saline-alkali lands. The traditional salt-alkali improvement method has several drawbacks. Currently, non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology is being increasingly applied in agriculture. However, there are few reports on the cultivation of salt/alkali-tolerant rice. Under alkaline stress, argon NTP treatment significantly increased the germination rate of Longdao 5 (LD5) rice seeds. In addition, at 15 kV and 120 s, NTP treatment significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and SOD. NTP treatment induced changes in genes related to salt-alkali stress in rice seedlings, such as chitinase and xylanase inhibitor proteins, which increased the tolerance of the seeds to salt-alkali stress. This experiment has expanded the application scope of NTP in agriculture, providing a more cost-effective, less harmful, and faster method for developing salt-alkali-tolerant rice and laying a theoretical foundation for cultivating NTP-enhanced salt-alkali-tolerant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
- Northeast Branch of National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Feng
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Guo
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gui-Ling Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li-Li Shan
- Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, 154026, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shi-Wei Gao
- Suihua Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suihua, 152000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Suihua Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suihua, 152000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xi-Yu Li
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xing-Rong Sun
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing-Yang Bian
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 351-33 Neongme-Gil, Ibam-Myeon, , Jeongeup-Si, Jeonbuk, 56216, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Applied Biological Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Bi D, Cao L, An Y, Xu J, Wu Y. Short-term responses of temperate and subarctic marine diatoms to Irgarol 1051 and UV radiation: Insights into temperature interactions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295686. [PMID: 38324513 PMCID: PMC10849241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton face numerous pressures resulting from chemical and physical stressors, primarily induced by human activities. This study focuses on investigating the interactive effects of widely used antifouling agent Irgarol 1051 and UV radiation on the photo-physiology of marine diatoms from diverse latitudes, within the context of global warming. Our findings clearly shown that both Irgarol and UV radiation have a significant inhibitory impact on the photochemical performance of the three diatoms examined, with Irgarol treatment exhibiting more pronounced effects. In the case of the two temperate zone diatoms, we observed a decrease in the inhibition induced by Irgarol 1051 and UVR as the temperature increased up to 25°C. Similarly, for the subarctic species, an increase in temperature resulted in a reduction in the inhibition caused by Irgarol and UVR. These results suggest that elevated temperatures can mitigate the short-term inhibitory effects of both Irgarol and UVR on diatoms. Furthermore, our data indicate that increased temperature could significantly interact with UVR or Irgarol for temperate diatoms, while this was not the case for cold water diatoms, indicating temperate and subarctic diatoms may respond differentially under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongquan Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lixin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yuheng An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Salt Marsh Ecosystems and Resources Ministry of Natural Resources, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Salt Marsh Ecosystems and Resources Ministry of Natural Resources, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
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Poulsen N, Kröger N. Thalassiosira pseudonana (Cyclotella nana) (Hustedt) Hasle et Heimdal (Bacillariophyceae): A genetically tractable model organism for studying diatom biology, including biological silica formation. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:809-817. [PMID: 37424141 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2004, Thalassiosira pseudonana was the first eukaryotic marine alga to have its genome sequenced. Since then, this species has quickly emerged as a valuable model species for investigating the molecular underpinnings of essentially all aspects of diatom life, particularly bio-morphogenesis of the cell wall. An important prerequisite for the model status of T. pseudonana is the ongoing development of increasingly precise tools to study the function of gene networks and their encoded proteins in vivo. Here, we briefly review the current toolbox for genetic manipulation, highlight specific examples of its application in studying diatom metabolism, and provide a peek into the role of diatoms in the emerging field of silica biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Poulsen
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils Kröger
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Singh PK, Bhattacharjya R, Lakshmi NJ, Thakur IS, Tiwari A. Evaluation of the antioxidative response of diatoms grown on emerging steroidal contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:820. [PMID: 37289326 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With increasing anthropic activities, a myriad of typical contaminants from industries, hospitals, and municipal discharges have been found which fail to be categorized under regulatory standards and are hence considered contaminants of "emerging concern". Since these pollutants are not removed effectively even by the conventional treatment systems, they tend to inflict potential threats to both human and aquatic life. However, microalgae-mediated remediation strategies have recently gained worldwide importance owing to their role in carbon fixation, low operational cost, and production of high-value products. In this study, centric diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis was exposed to different concentrations of estradiol (E2)-induced synthetic media ranging from 0 to 2 mg L-1, and its impact on the antioxidative system of algae was investigated. The results demonstrate that the nutrient stress caused a strong oxidative response elevating the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the 2 mg L-1 E2-treated diatom cultures. However, the specific activity of the H2O2 radical scavenging enzymes like catalase (CAT) was inhibited by the E2 treatment, while that of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) remained comparable to the control (0 mg L-1 of E2). Thus, the study reveals the scope of diatoms as potential indicators of environmental stress even under the varying concentration of a single contaminant (E2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Raya Bhattacharjya
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - N Jaya Lakshmi
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- Amity School of Earth & Environment Science, Amity University, Haryana, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India.
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Zou J, Han J, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Han B, Wu K, Wang B, Wu Y, Fan X. Cytological and physiological tolerance of transgenic tobacco to Cd stress is enhanced by the ectopic expression of SmZIP8. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111252. [PMID: 35487660 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zrt and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are responsible for transporting various divalent metal cations. However, information about the characteristics of the cellular and physiological tolerance of plant ZIPs to Cd stress is still limited. The expression levels of SmZIP8 in Salix matsudana Koidz were upregulated by Cd stress. The complete length of SmZIP8 from S. matsudana was cloned, and transgenic tobacco was obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Then, the tolerance to Cd stress of wild-type (WT) and transgenic tobacco seedlings was analyzed and compared by studying the cytotoxicity of the root tip cells, photosynthetic parameters, histochemical staining of O2- and H2O2, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde content under Cd stress. In comparison with WT tobacco, the ectopic expression of SmZIP8 in tobacco promoted the cytological tolerance of the transgenic tobacco to Cd stress by reducing cell damage, raising the mitotic indexes, and reducing the rate of chromosome aberration of the root cells. Meanwhile, the results of increased photosynthetic capacity, decreased oxidative damage, and activated antioxidant enzymes showed that the physiological tolerance of transgenic tobacco to Cd was enhanced. The principal component analysis for the above physiological parameters explained 96.08% of the total variance (PC1, 77.77%; PC2, 18.31%), indicating a significant difference in Cd tolerance abilities between the tobacco expressing SmZIP8 and WT tobacco. Therefore, SmZIP8 may be considered as an important genetic resource for the phytoremediation of Cd or other heavy metal pollution via the use of transgenic plants obtained through genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China.
| | - Jiahui Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Yuerui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Bowen Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Kongfen Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Binghan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Yuyang Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Xiaotan Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
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Shakya M, Silvester E, Rees G, Rajapaksha KH, Faou P, Holland A. Changes to the amino acid profile and proteome of the tropical freshwater microalga Chlorella sp. in response to copper stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113336. [PMID: 35228027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of freshwaters is increasing globally, with microalgae considered one of the most sensitive taxa to metal pollution. Here, we used 72 h bioassays to explore the biochemical effects of copper (Cu) on the amino acid (AA) profile and proteome of Chlorella sp. and advance our understanding of the molecular changes that occur in algal cells during exposure to environmentally realistic Cu concentrations. The Cu concentrations required to inhibit algal growth rate by 10% (EC10) and 50% (EC50) were 1.0 (0.7-1.2) µg L-1 and 2.0 (1.9-2.4) µg L-1, respectively. The AA profile of Chlorella sp. showed increases in glycine and decreases in isoleucine, leucine, valine, and arginine, with increasing Cu. Proteomic analysis revealed the modulation of several proteins involved in energy production pathways, including: photosynthesis, carbon fixation, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation, which likely assists in meeting increased energy demands under Cu-stressed conditions. Copper exposure also caused up-regulation of cellular processes and signalling proteins, and the down-regulation of proteins related to ribosomal structure and protein translation. These changes in biomolecular pathways have direct effects on the AA profile and total protein content and provide an explanation for the observed changes in amino acid profile, cell growth and morphology. This study shows the complex mode of action of Cu on Chlorella under environmentally realistic Cu concentrations and highlights several potential biomarkers for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Shakya
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, Vic 3690, Australia.
| | - Ewen Silvester
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, Vic 3690, Australia
| | - Gavin Rees
- CSIRO Land and Water, and Institute of Land Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, NSW 2640, Australia
| | - Kolin Harinda Rajapaksha
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Aleicia Holland
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, Vic 3690, Australia
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Structural Identification of Metalloproteomes in Marine Diatoms, an Efficient Algae Model in Toxic Metals Bioremediation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020378. [PMID: 35056698 PMCID: PMC8779346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The biosorption of pollutants using microbial organisms has received growing interest in the last decades. Diatoms, the most dominant group of phytoplankton in oceans, are (i) pollution tolerant species, (ii) excellent biological indicators of water quality, and (iii) efficient models in assimilation and detoxification of toxic metal ions. Published research articles connecting proteomics with the capacity of diatoms for toxic metal removal are very limited. In this work, we employed a structural based systematic approach to predict and analyze the metalloproteome of six species of marine diatoms: Thalassiosira pseudonana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Thalassiosira oceanica, Fistulifera solaris, and Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata. The results indicate that the metalloproteome constitutes a significant proportion (~13%) of the total diatom proteome for all species investigated, and the proteins binding non-essential metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, As, and Ba) are significantly more than those identified for essential metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, and Ni). These findings are most likely related to the well-known toxic metal tolerance of diatoms. In this study, metalloproteomes that may be involved in metabolic processes and in the mechanisms of bioaccumulation and detoxification of toxic metals of diatoms after exposure to toxic metals were identified and described.
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10
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Seasonal mixed layer depth shapes phytoplankton physiology, viral production, and accumulation in the North Atlantic. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6634. [PMID: 34789722 PMCID: PMC8599477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal shifts in phytoplankton accumulation and loss largely follow changes in mixed layer depth, but the impact of mixed layer depth on cell physiology remains unexplored. Here, we investigate the physiological state of phytoplankton populations associated with distinct bloom phases and mixing regimes in the North Atlantic. Stratification and deep mixing alter community physiology and viral production, effectively shaping accumulation rates. Communities in relatively deep, early-spring mixed layers are characterized by low levels of stress and high accumulation rates, while those in the recently shallowed mixed layers in late-spring have high levels of oxidative stress. Prolonged stratification into early autumn manifests in negative accumulation rates, along with pronounced signatures of compromised membranes, death-related protease activity, virus production, nutrient drawdown, and lipid markers indicative of nutrient stress. Positive accumulation renews during mixed layer deepening with transition into winter, concomitant with enhanced nutrient supply and lessened viral pressure. Phytoplankton are important primary producers. Here the authors investigate phytoplankton physiological changes associated with bloom phases and mixing regimes in the North Atlantic, finding that stratification and deep mixing shape accumulation rates by altering physiology and viral production.
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11
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Zhao Y, Tang X, Lv M, Liu Q, Li J, Zhang B, Li L, Zhang X, Zhao Y. The molecular response mechanisms of a diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to the toxicity of BDE-47 based on whole transcriptome analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 229:105669. [PMID: 33142158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitously distributed persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine environments. Phytoplankton are the entrance of PBDEs entering to biotic environments from abiotic environments, while the responding mechanisms of phytoplankton to PBDEs have not been full established. Therefore, we chose the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana in this study, by integrating whole transcriptome analysis with physiological-biochemical data, to reveal the molecular responding mechanisms of T. pseudonana to the toxicity of BDE-47. Our results indicated the changes of genes expressions correlated to the physiological-biochemical changes, and there were multiple molecular mechanisms of T. pseudonana responding to the toxicity of BDE-47: Gene expressions evidence explained the suppression of light reaction and proved the occurrence of cellular oxidative stress; In the meanwhile, up-regulations of genes in pathways involving carbon metabolisms happened, including the Calvin cycle, glycolysis, TCA cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and triacylglycerol synthesis; Lastly, DNA damage was found and three outcome including DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death (PCD) happened, which could finally inhibit the cell division and population growth of T. pseudonana. This study presented the most complete molecular responding mechanisms of phytoplankton cells to PBDEs, and provided valuable information of various PBDEs-sensitive genes with multiple functions for further research involving organic pollutants and phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Mengchen Lv
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Bihan Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Luying Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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12
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Ceyca-Contreras JP, Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, García-Salas JA, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, García-Hernández J. Evaluation of the genotoxic effect of heavy metals in pigeons from urban and rural habitat in Monterrey, Mexico, using the chromatin dispersion assay. Biomarkers 2020; 25:670-676. [PMID: 32969739 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1825811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate genotoxic effect of heavy metals on Pigeon Erythrocytes (PE) from urban and rural habitat (outside of the city) in Monterrey, Mexico, using the chromatin dispersion assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS We quantified metals concentrations (Cd, Hg, Cu and Pb) in tail feathers of 22 pigeons from an urban and a rural site in northeastern Mexico. DNA damage in peripheral blood erythrocytes was measured by chromatin dispersion assay in 13 pigeon living in urban habitat and in nine living in rural habitat as the control. MicroNucleus (MN) test was used to confirm levels of DNA damage. RESULTS Birds in urban habitat had highest concentrations in feathers for all the metallic elements analysed with respect to birds in rural habitat. Concentrations of Cu and Hg showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Our results showed a significant increase of DNA damage in urban-habitat pigeons compared with that of pigeons in rural area. These results were confirmed by a MN test. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings demonstrate that PE examination via chromatin dispersion assay is a reliable, precise and inexpensive morphological bioassay for evaluating environmental genotoxicity associated with heavy metals. Further studies for evaluating the individual participation of contaminants in DNA damage are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Ceyca-Contreras
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Elva I Cortés-Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Juan A García-Salas
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
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13
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Kumar G, Shekh A, Jakhu S, Sharma Y, Kapoor R, Sharma TR. Bioengineering of Microalgae: Recent Advances, Perspectives, and Regulatory Challenges for Industrial Application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:914. [PMID: 33014997 PMCID: PMC7494788 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae, due to their complex metabolic capacity, are being continuously explored for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and other industrially important bioactives. However, suboptimal yield and productivity of the bioactive of interest in local and robust wild-type strains are of perennial concerns for their industrial applications. To overcome such limitations, strain improvement through genetic engineering could play a decisive role. Though the advanced tools for genetic engineering have emerged at a greater pace, they still remain underused for microalgae as compared to other microorganisms. Pertaining to this, we reviewed the progress made so far in the development of molecular tools and techniques, and their deployment for microalgae strain improvement through genetic engineering. The recent availability of genome sequences and other omics datasets form diverse microalgae species have remarkable potential to guide strategic momentum in microalgae strain improvement program. This review focuses on the recent and significant improvements in the omics resources, mutant libraries, and high throughput screening methodologies helpful to augment research in the model and non-model microalgae. Authors have also summarized the case studies on genetically engineered microalgae and highlight the opportunities and challenges that are emerging from the current progress in the application of genome-editing to facilitate microalgal strain improvement. Toward the end, the regulatory and biosafety issues in the use of genetically engineered microalgae in commercial applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Kumar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Ajam Shekh
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, India
| | - Sunaina Jakhu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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14
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Kiran Marella T, Saxena A, Tiwari A. Diatom mediated heavy metal remediation: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 305:123068. [PMID: 32156552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals is a major threat to aquatic bodies and is a global concern to our four main spheres of the earth viz. atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The biosorption of pollutants using naturally inspired sources like microalgae has considerable advantages. Diatoms are the most dominant and diverse group of phytoplankton which accounts for 45% oceanic primary productivity. They perform a pioneer part in the biogeochemistry of metals in both fresh and marine water ecosystems. The diatoms play a significant role in degradation, speciation, and detoxification of chemical wastes and hazardous metals from polluted sites. Herein, an overview is presented about the ability of diatom algae to phycoremediate heavy metals by passive adsorption and active assimilation from their aqueous environments with an emphasis on extracellular and intracellular mechanisms involved in contaminant uptake through the frustules for preventing heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kiran Marella
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Telangana State, India
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 313, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 313, India.
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15
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Wang H, Chen F, Mi T, Liu Q, Yu Z, Zhen Y. Responses of Marine Diatom Skeletonema marinoi to Nutrient Deficiency: Programmed Cell Death. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02460-19. [PMID: 31757826 PMCID: PMC6974647 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02460-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are important phytoplankton and contribute greatly to the primary productivity of marine ecosystems. Despite the ecological significance of diatoms and the importance of programmed cell death (PCD) in the fluctuation of diatom populations, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of PCD triggered by different nutrient stresses. Here we describe the physiological, morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes in response to low levels of nutrients in the ubiquitous diatom Skeletonema marinoi The levels of gene expression involved in oxidation resistance and PCD strongly increased upon nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) starvation. The enzymatic activity of caspase 3-like protein also increased. Differences in mRNA levels and protein activities were observed between the low-N and low-P treatments, suggesting that PCD could have a differential response to different nutrient stresses. When cultures were replete with N or P, the growth inhibition stopped. Meanwhile, the enzymatic activity of caspase 3-like protein and the number of cells with damaged membranes decreased. These results suggest that PCD is an important cell fate decision mechanism in the marine diatom S. marinoi Our results provide important insight into how diatoms adjust phenotypic and genotypic features of their cell-regulated death programs when stressed by nutrient limitations. Overall, this study could allow us to better understand the molecular mechanism behind the formation and termination of diatom blooms in the marine environment.IMPORTANCE Our study showed how the ubiquitous diatom S. marinoi responded to different nutrient limitations with PCD in terms of physiological, morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. Some PCD-related genes (PDCD4, GOX, and HSP90) induced by N deficiency were relatively upregulated compared to those induced by P deficiency. In contrast, the expression of the TSG101 gene in S. marinoi showed a clear and constant increase during P limitation compared to N limitation. These findings suggest that PCD is a complex mechanism involving several different proteins. The systematic mRNA level investigations provide new insight into understanding the oxidative stress- and cell death-related functional genes of diatoms involved in the response to nutrient fluctuations (N or P stress) in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiezhu Mi
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemical Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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16
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Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, García-Salas JA, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, Ceyca-Contreras JP, Cortez-Reyes M, Fernández JL, Gosálvez J. Detection of DNA damage in pigeon erythrocytes using a chromatin dispersion assay. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:228-235. [PMID: 31805813 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1701596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of environmental genotoxicity requires the selection of model organisms as 'sentinels' as well as the development of sensitive and reliable tests for the assessment of DNA damage. The aims of this study were to quantify genomic DNA strand breakage in the erythrocytes of Columba livia induced by thermal stress using the modified chromatin dispersion test and to validate the results by alkaline comet assay and DNA breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization (DBD-FISH). The chromatin dispersion test allowed for clear visualization of erythrocyte cells with DNA damage and of cells with no DNA damage. DNA damage increased significantly with increase in temperature. Additionally, we observed nuclear abnormalities associated with apoptosis, such as karyorrhexis (nuclear disintegration) and karyolysis (nuclear dissolution). These results were validated by alkaline comet assay and DBD-FISH. In conclusion, this procedure is a reliable, precise, and inexpensive morphological bioassay for routine quantitative analysis of DNA breakage in pigeon erythrocytes induced by thermal stress. This method could also be useful as a practical screening tool for genotoxicity testing in environmental care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan A García-Salas
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | | | | | - Michel Cortez-Reyes
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - José L Fernández
- Genetics Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña-INIBIC, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Gosálvez
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Mizrachi A, Graff van Creveld S, Shapiro OH, Rosenwasser S, Vardi A. Light-dependent single-cell heterogeneity in the chloroplast redox state regulates cell fate in a marine diatom. eLife 2019; 8:47732. [PMID: 31232691 PMCID: PMC6682412 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are photosynthetic microorganisms of great ecological and biogeochemical importance, forming vast blooms in aquatic ecosystems. However, we are still lacking fundamental understanding of how individual cells sense and respond to diverse stress conditions, and what acclimation strategies are employed during bloom dynamics. We investigated cellular responses to environmental stress at the single-cell level using the redox sensor roGFP targeted to various organelles in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We detected cell-to-cell variability using flow cytometry cell sorting and a microfluidics system for live imaging of oxidation dynamics. Chloroplast-targeted roGFP exhibited a light-dependent, bi-stable oxidation pattern in response to H2O2 and high light, revealing distinct subpopulations of sensitive oxidized cells and resilient reduced cells. Early oxidation in the chloroplast preceded commitment to cell death, and can be used for sensing stress cues and regulating cell fate. We propose that light-dependent metabolic heterogeneity regulates diatoms’ sensitivity to environmental stressors in the ocean. Microscopic algae, such as diatoms, are widely spread throughout the oceans, and are responsible for half of the oxygen we breathe. At certain times of the year these algae grow very rapidly to form large “blooms” that can be detected by satellites in space. These blooms are generally short-lived because the algae are either eaten by other marine organisms, run out of nutrients, or die as a result of being infected by viruses or bacteria. However, some diatom cells survive the end of the bloom and go on to generate new blooms in the future, but it is still not clear how. As the bloom collapses, diatoms experience many stressful conditions which can cause active molecules known as reactive oxygen species, or ROS for short, to accumulate inside cells. Normally growing cells also produce low amounts of ROS, which regulate various processes that are important for maintaining a cell’s health. However, high amounts of ROS can cause damage, which may lead to a cell’s death. Now, Mizrachi et al. investigated why some algae survive while others die in response to stressful conditions, focusing on the amount of ROS that accumulates within the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Laboratory experiments showed that individual cells of P. tricornutum respond differently to environmental stress, forming two distinct groups of either sensitive or resilient cells. Sensitive cells accumulated high levels of ROS within a cell compartment known as the chloroplast and eventually died. Whereas resilient cells were able to maintain low levels of ROS in the chloroplast and survived long after the other cells perished. Populations of genetically identical diatom cells also formed distinct groups of sensitive and resilient cells, demonstrating that these two opposing reactions to stress are not caused by genetic differences between cells. Lastly, Mizrachi et al. showed that how diatoms acclimate to stress depends on the amount of light they are exposed to. When in the dark, all cells became sensitive to oxidative stress, without forming distinct groups. But, when exposed to strong light that mimics the ocean surface, cells formed distinct groups within the population. This suggests that light regulates how susceptible these microscopic algae are to environmental stress. The different responses within a population may serve as a “bet-hedging” strategy, enabling at least some of the cells to survive unpredicted stressful conditions. The next challenge will be to find out whether algae growing in the oceans also use the same strategy and investigate what impact this has on diatom blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avia Mizrachi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiri Graff van Creveld
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orr H Shapiro
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Thangaraj S, Shang X, Sun J, Liu H. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Novel Insights into Intracellular Silicate Stress-Responsive Mechanisms in the Diatom Skeletonema dohrnii. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2540. [PMID: 31126124 PMCID: PMC6566588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are a successful group of marine phytoplankton that often thrives under adverse environmental stress conditions. Members of the Skeletonema genus are ecologically important which may subsist during silicate stress and form a dense bloom following higher silicate concentration. However, our understanding of diatoms' underlying molecular mechanism involved in these intracellular silicate stress-responses are limited. Here an iTRAQ-based proteomic method was coupled with multiple physiological techniques to explore distinct cellular responses associated with oxidative stress in the diatom Skeletonema dohrnii to the silicate limitation. In total, 1768 proteins were detected; 594 proteins were identified as differentially expressed (greater than a two-fold change; p < 0.05). In Si-limited cells, downregulated proteins were mainly related to photosynthesis metabolism, light-harvesting complex, and oxidative phosphorylation, corresponding to inducing oxidative stress, and ROS accumulation. None of these responses were identified in Si-limited cells; in comparing with other literature, Si-stress cells showed that ATP-limited diatoms are unable to rely on photosynthesis, which will break down and reshuffle carbon metabolism to compensate for photosynthetic carbon fixation losses. Our findings have a good correlation with earlier reports and provides a new molecular level insight into the systematic intracellular responses employed by diatoms in response to silicate stress in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheeswaran Thangaraj
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
- Research Center for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
- Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xiaomei Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
- Research Center for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
- Research Center for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
- Research Center for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, No 27, Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250110, China.
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19
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Cohen NR, Gong W, Moran DM, McIlvin MR, Saito MA, Marchetti A. Transcriptomic and proteomic responses of the oceanic diatom
Pseudo‐nitzschia granii
to iron limitation. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3109-3126. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Cohen
- Department of Marine Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27514 USA
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
| | - Weida Gong
- Department of Marine Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27514 USA
| | - Dawn M. Moran
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
| | - Matthew R. McIlvin
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
| | - Mak A. Saito
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
| | - Adrian Marchetti
- Department of Marine Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27514 USA
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20
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Curcumin-mediated effects on anti-diabetic drug-induced cardiotoxicity. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:399. [PMID: 30221112 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to compare the cardiotoxicity of two very commonly used anti-diabetic drugs namely pioglitazone (Pio) and metformin (Met); and to study the effects of curcumin (Curc) against these drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Curc, being an anti-oxidant molecule and having cardio-protective potential, can have promising synergistic effects in reducing the cardiac stress induced by anti-diabetic therapies. Various dose and time-dependent cell viability and oxidative stress assays were conducted to study cardiotoxic side-effects and Curc-mediated effects in cardiomyoblasts. Effects of Curc were also studied in hyperglycaemia induced cardiac stress in the presence of drugs. Quantitative assays for cell growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial permeability followed by anti-oxidant enzymes and caspases activity assays were done to study the mechanism of action of the induced cardiotoxicity. Significant dose and time mediated deleterious effects of Pio and Met were witnessed. Oxidative stress studies showed a remarkable increase in ROS with increasing dose of anti-diabetic drugs. Increased caspase activity and altered mitochondrial integrity were also witnessed in presence of Met and Pio in cardiomyoblasts. These alterations were found to be significantly reduced when treated with Curc simultaneously. The study confirms that Met and Pio exert toxic effects on cardiac cells by generating oxidative stress. Curc, being an anti-oxidative molecule, can suppress this effect and, therefore, can be used as a supplement with anti-diabetic drugs to suppress the induced cardiac stress.
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21
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Stuhr M, Blank-Landeshammer B, Reymond CE, Kollipara L, Sickmann A, Kucera M, Westphal H. Disentangling thermal stress responses in a reef-calcifier and its photosymbionts by shotgun proteomics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3524. [PMID: 29476118 PMCID: PMC5824892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of key marine ecological engineers and carbonate producers often relies on their association with photosymbiotic algae. Evaluating stress responses of these organisms is important to predict their fate under future climate projections. Physiological approaches are limited in their ability to resolve the involved molecular mechanisms and attribute stress effects to the host or symbiont, while probing and partitioning of proteins cannot be applied in organisms where the host and symbiont are small and cannot be physically separated. Here we apply a label-free quantitative proteomics approach to detect changes of proteome composition in the diatom-bearing benthic foraminifera Amphistegina gibbosa experimentally exposed to three thermal-stress scenarios. We developed a workflow for protein extraction from less than ten specimens and simultaneously analysed host and symbiont proteomes. Despite little genomic data for the host, 1,618 proteins could be partially assembled and assigned. The proteomes revealed identical pattern of stress response among stress scenarios as that indicated by physiological measurements, but allowed identification of compartment-specific stress reactions. In the symbiont, stress-response and proteolysis-related proteins were up regulated while photosynthesis-related proteins declined. In contrast, host homeostasis was maintained through chaperone up-regulation associated with elevated proteosynthesis and proteolysis, and the host metabolism shifted to heterotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Stuhr
- Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | | | - Claire E Reymond
- Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Laxmikanth Kollipara
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany.,Medizinische Fakultät, Medizinische Proteom-Center (MPC), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Kucera
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hildegard Westphal
- Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Autoinhibitory sterol sulfates mediate programmed cell death in a bloom-forming marine diatom. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1292. [PMID: 29101388 PMCID: PMC5670183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell mortality is a key mechanism that shapes phytoplankton blooms and species dynamics in aquatic environments. Here we show that sterol sulfates (StS) are regulatory molecules of a cell death program in Skeletonema marinoi, a marine diatom-blooming species in temperate coastal waters. The molecules trigger an oxidative burst and production of nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner. The intracellular level of StS increases with cell ageing and ultimately leads to a mechanism of apoptosis-like death. Disrupting StS biosynthesis by inhibition of the sulfonation step significantly delays the onset of this fatal process and maintains steady growth in algal cells for several days. The autoinhibitory activity of StS demonstrates the functional significance of small metabolites in diatoms. The StS pathway provides another view on cell regulation during bloom dynamics in marine habitats and opens new opportunities for the biochemical control of mass-cultivation of microalgae. Phytoplankton blooms are shaped by a period of rapid growth followed by massive cell death. Here the authors show that sterol sulfates accumulate in aging cells of a bloom-forming marine diatom and trigger an oxidative burst that leads to a mechanism of apoptosis-like death.
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Lin Q, Liang JR, Huang QQ, Luo CS, Anderson DM, Bowler C, Chen CP, Li XS, Gao YH. Differential cellular responses associated with oxidative stress and cell fate decision under nitrate and phosphate limitations in Thalassiosira pseudonana: Comparative proteomics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184849. [PMID: 28910417 PMCID: PMC5599023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are important components of marine ecosystems and contribute greatly to the world's primary production. Despite their important roles in ecosystems, the molecular basis of how diatoms cope with oxidative stress caused by nutrient fluctuations remains largely unknown. Here, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic method was coupled with a series of physiological and biochemical techniques to explore oxidative stress- and cell fate decision-related cellular and metabolic responses of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to nitrate (N) and inorganic phosphate (P) stresses. A total of 1151 proteins were detected; 122 and 56 were significantly differentially expressed from control under N- and P-limited conditions, respectively. In N-limited cells, responsive proteins were related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, oxidative stress responses and cell death, corresponding to a significant decrease in photosynthetic efficiency, marked intracellular ROS accumulation, and caspase-mediated programmed cell death activation. None of these responses were identified in P-limited cells; however, a significant up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase proteins was observed, which could be the major contributor for P-limited cells to cope with ambient P deficiency. These findings demonstrate that fundamentally different metabolic responses and cellular regulations are employed by the diatom in response to different nutrient stresses and to keep the cells viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun-Rong Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Chun-Shan Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Donald M. Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chris Bowler
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, CNRS UMR8197 INSERM U1024, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Chang-Ping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ya-Hui Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
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Responses of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to changes in CO 2 concentration: a proteomic approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42333. [PMID: 28181560 PMCID: PMC5299434 DOI: 10.1038/srep42333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of CO2 in many aquatic systems is variable, often lower than the KM of the primary carboxylating enzyme Rubisco, and in order to photosynthesize efficiently, many algae operate a facultative CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). Here we measured the responses of a marine diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana, to high and low concentrations of CO2 at the level of transcripts, proteins and enzyme activity. Low CO2 caused many metabolic pathways to be remodeled. Carbon acquisition enzymes, primarily carbonic anhydrase, stress, degradation and signaling proteins were more abundant while proteins associated with nitrogen metabolism, energy production and chaperones were less abundant. A protein with similarities to the Ca2+/ calmodulin dependent protein kinase II_association domain, having a chloroplast targeting sequence, was only present at low CO2. This protein might be a specific response to CO2 limitation since a previous study showed that other stresses caused its reduction. The protein sequence was found in other marine diatoms and may play an important role in their response to low CO2 concentration.
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25
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Popova AA, Koksharova OA. Neurotoxic Non-proteinogenic Amino Acid β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine and Its Role in Biological Systems. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:794-805. [PMID: 27677549 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916080022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites of photoautotrophic organisms have attracted considerable interest in recent years. In particular, molecules of non-proteinogenic amino acids participating in various physiological processes and capable of producing adverse ecological effects have been actively investigated. For example, the non-proteinogenic amino acid β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is neurotoxic to animals including humans. It is known that BMAA accumulation via the food chain can lead to development of neurodegenerative diseases in humans such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, BMAA can be mistakenly incorporated into a protein molecule instead of serine. Natural sources of BMAA and methods for its detection are discussed in this review, as well as the role of BMAA in metabolism of its producers and possible mechanisms of toxicity of this amino acid in different living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Popova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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26
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Graff van Creveld S, Rosenwasser S, Levin Y, Vardi A. Chronic Iron Limitation Confers Transient Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Marine Diatoms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:968-979. [PMID: 27503604 PMCID: PMC5047098 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are single-celled, photosynthetic, bloom-forming algae that are responsible for at least 20% of global primary production. Nevertheless, more than 30% of the oceans are considered "ocean deserts" due to iron limitation. We used the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model system to explore diatom's response to iron limitation and its interplay with susceptibility to oxidative stress. By analyzing physiological parameters and proteome profiling, we defined two distinct phases: short-term (<3 d, phase I) and chronic (>5 d, phase II) iron limitation. While at phase I no significant changes in physiological parameters were observed, molecular markers for iron starvation, such as Iron Starvation Induced Protein and flavodoxin, were highly up-regulated. At phase II, down-regulation of numerous iron-containing proteins was detected in parallel to reduction in growth rate, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, respiration rate, and antioxidant capacity. Intriguingly, while application of oxidative stress to phase I and II iron-limited cells similarly oxidized the reduced glutathione (GSH) pool, phase II iron limitation exhibited transient resistance to oxidative stress, despite the down regulation of many antioxidant proteins. By comparing proteomic profiles of P. tricornutum under iron limitation and metatranscriptomic data of an iron enrichment experiment conducted in the Pacific Ocean, we propose that iron-limited cells in the natural environment resemble the phase II metabolic state. These results provide insights into the trade-off between optimal growth rate and susceptibility to oxidative stress in the response of diatoms to iron quota in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Graff van Creveld
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (S.G.v.C., S.R., A.V.),and Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (Y.L.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (S.G.v.C., S.R., A.V.),and Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (Y.L.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (S.G.v.C., S.R., A.V.),and Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (Y.L.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (S.G.v.C., S.R., A.V.),and Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (Y.L.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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27
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Muhseen ZT, Xiong Q, Chen Z, Ge F. Proteomics studies on stress responses in diatoms. Proteomics 2015; 15:3943-53. [PMID: 26364674 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are a highly diverse group of eukaryotic phytoplankton that are distributed throughout marine and freshwater environments and are believed to be responsible for approximately 40% of the total marine primary productivity. The ecological success of diatoms suggests that they have developed a range of strategies to cope with various biotic and abiotic stress factors. It is of great interest to understand the adaptive responses of diatoms to different stresses in the marine environment. Proteomic technologies have been applied to the adaptive responses of marine diatoms under different growth conditions in recent years such as nitrogen starvation, iron limitation and phosphorus deficiency. These studies have provided clues to elucidate the sophisticated sensing mechanisms that control their adaptive responses. Although only a very limited number of proteomic studies were conducted in diatoms, the obtained data have led to a better understanding of the biochemical processes that contribute to their ecological success. This review presents the current status of proteomic studies of diatom stress responses and discusses the novel developments and applications for the analysis of protein post-translational modification in diatoms. The potential future application of proteomics could contribute to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying diatom acclimation to a given stress and the acquisition of an enhanced diatom stress tolerance. Future challenges and research opportunities in the proteomics studies of diatoms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Tariq Muhseen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
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