1
|
Halappanavar S, Wu D, Boyadzhiev A, Solorio-Rodriguez A, Williams A, Jariyasopit N, Saini A, Harner T. Toxicity screening of air extracts representing different source sectors in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton areas: In vitro oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response, and toxicogenomic analysis. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 872:503415. [PMID: 34798935 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the suitability and sensitivity of different in vitro toxicity endpoints were determined to evaluate and distinguish the specific contributions of polycyclic aromatic carbon (PAC) mixtures from various sites in Toronto (Canada), to pulmonary toxicity. Air samples were collected for two-month periods from April 2014 to March 2015 from one location, and from August 2016 to August 2017 from multiple locations reflecting different geographical areas in Toronto, and the Greater Toronto Area, with varying source emissions including background, traffic, urban, industrial and residential sites. Relative concentrations of PACs and their derivatives in these air samples were characterised. In vitro cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory, and oxidative stress assays were employed to assess the acute pulmonary effects of urban-air-derived air pollutants. In addition, global transcriptional profiling was utilized to understand how these chemical mixtures exert their harmful effects. Lastly, the transcriptomic data and the chemical profiles for each site and season were used to relate the biological response back to individual constituents. Site-specific responses could not be derived; however, the Spring season was identified as the most responsive through benchmark concentration analysis. A combination of correlational analysis and principal component analysis revealed that nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) drive the response at lower concentrations while specific PAHs drive the response at the highest concentration tested. Unsubstituted PAHs are the current targets for analysis as priority pollutants. The present study highlights the importance of by-products of PAH degradation in the assessment of risk. The study also demonstrates the usefulness of in vitro toxicity assays to derive meaningful data in support of risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada.
| | - D Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Boyadzhiev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Solorio-Rodriguez
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - N Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - A Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - T Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
PLA-PEG nanospheres decorated with phage display selected peptides as biomarkers for detection of human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1771-1787. [PMID: 32840755 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-mediated targeting to colorectal cancer can increase selectivity and specificity of this cancer diagnosis acting as biomarkers. The present work aimed to select peptides using the phage display technique and associate the peptides with polymeric nanospheres in order to evaluate their cytotoxicity and selectivity during cell interaction with Caco-2 human colon tumor cell line. Two peptides identified by phage display (peptide-1 and peptide-2) were synthesized and exhibited purity higher than 84%. Poly(lactic acid)-block-polyethylene glycol nanospheres were prepared by nanoprecipitation and double emulsion methods in order to load the two peptides. Nanoparticles ranged in size from 114 to 150 nm and peptide encapsulation efficiency varied from 16 to 32%, depending on the methodology. No cytotoxic activity was observed towards Caco-2 tumor cell line, either free or loaded peptides in concentrations up to 3 μM at incubation times of 6 and 24 h, indicating safety as biomarkers. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled peptides allowed evaluating selective interactions with Caco-2 cells, where peptide-1 entrapped in nanospheres showed greater intensity of co-localized cell fluorescence, in comparison to peptide-2. Peptide-1 loaded in nanospheres revealed promising to be investigated in further studies of selectivity with other human colon rectal cells as a potential biomarker.Graphical abstract.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kramer AL, Suski KJ, Bell DM, Zelenyuk A, Massey Simonich SL. Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Oxidation Products in α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles Formed through Ozonolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6669-6677. [PMID: 31125204 PMCID: PMC7122035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) modeling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH oxidation products (PAH-OPs) in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles relies on the known chemical composition of the particles. Four PAHs, phenanthrene (PHE), dibenzothiophene (DBT), pyrene (PYR), and benz(a)anthracene (BaA), were studied individually to identify and quantify PAH-OPs produced and incorporated into SOA particles formed by ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of PAH vapor. SOA particles were characterized using real-time in situ instrumentation, and collected on quartz fiber filters for offline analysis of PAHs and PAH-OPs. PAH-OPs were measured in all PAH experiments at equal or greater concentrations than the individual PAHs they were produced from. The total mass of PAH and PAH-OPs, relative to the total SOA mass, varied for different experiments on individual parent PAHs: PHE and 6 quantified PHE-OPs (3.0%), DBT and dibenzothiophene sulfone (4.9%), PYR and 3 quantified PYR-OPs (3.1%), and BaA and benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (0.26%). Further exposure of PAH-SOA to ozone generally increased the concentration ratio of PAH-OPs to PAH, suggesting longer atmospheric lifetimes for PAH-OPs, relative to PAHs. These data indicate that PAH-OPs are formed during SOA particle formation and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kaitlyn J. Suski
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Washington 99354, United States
| | - David M. Bell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Washington 99354, United States
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon 97331, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon 97331, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel: (541) 737-9194. Fax: (542) 737 0497.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarma SN, Blais JM, Chan HM. Neurotoxicity of alkylated polycyclic aromatic compounds in human neuroblastoma cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:285-300. [PMID: 28598261 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1314840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants originating from incomplete combustion processes. While the toxicity of parent PAC such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is well characterized, effects of other alkyl-PAC dibenzothiophene (DBT) and retene (Ret) are not well established. The aim of this study was to examine the underlying relative neurotoxic mechanisms attributed to BaP (parent PAH), DBT and Ret (alkyl-PACs) using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The lethal concentrations (LC10 and LC20) were found at approximately 10 µM and 40 µM, respectively after 24-h exposure of SK-N-SH cells. It was hypothesized that PAC trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to activation of apoptotic signaling pathways. Differentiated neuronal cells were treated with three compounds at (0.5-40 µM) for 24 h. There was a significant concentration-dependent increase in levels of ROS, even at sub-lethal levels of 1 µM Ret. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was significantly decreased. Real-time RT-PCR results showed up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of antioxidative genes expression in BaP-, DBT-, and Ret-treated SK-N-SH cells. Cytochrome c protein levels and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also significantly elevated in a concentration-related manner. Data demonstrated that BaP-, DBT-, or Ret-induced neuronal cell damage involved oxidative stress generation through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Alkyl-PAC also exhibited higher potency in ROS induction and reduction of MMP than parent PAC. These findings may be important for environmental risk assessment attributed to exposure to PAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jules M Blais
- a Department of Biology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- a Department of Biology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Halden RU, Hartmann EM, Denslow ND, Haynes PA, LaBaer J. Recent advances in proteomics applied to elucidate the role of environmental impacts on human health and organismal function. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1-4. [PMID: 25751307 DOI: 10.1021/pr501224f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , 781 East Terrace Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|