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Sharma R, Palanisamy A, Dhama K, Mal G, Singh B, Singh KP. Exploring the possible use of saponin adjuvants in COVID-19 vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2944-2953. [PMID: 33295829 PMCID: PMC7738204 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1833579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a safe, efficacious, and cost-effective vaccine for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by novel coronavirus strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The protective immunity of certain types of vaccines can be enhanced by the addition of adjuvants. Many diverse classes of compounds have been identified as adjuvants, including mineral salts, microbial products, emulsions, saponins, cytokines, polymers, microparticles, and liposomes. Several saponins have been shown to stimulate both the Th1-type immune response and the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against endogenous antigens, making them very useful for subunit vaccines, especially those for intracellular pathogens. In this review, we discuss the structural characteristics, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationship of saponins, biological activities, and use of saponins in various viral vaccines and their applicability to a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Sharma
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Arivukarasu Palanisamy
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Gorakh Mal
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Zhang M, Ye L, Huang H, Cheng D, Liu K, Wu W, Shen F, Jiang Z, Hou Y, Bai G. Micelles self-assembled by 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl latycodigenin enhance cell membrane permeability, promote antibiotic pulmonary targeting and improve anti-infective efficacy. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:140. [PMID: 33008413 PMCID: PMC7532624 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticle-based pulmonary drug delivery systems are commonly developed and applied for drug-targeted delivery. They exhibit significant advantages compared to traditional pulmonary drug delivery systems. However, developing the formulation of each drug is a time-consuming and laborious task. RESULTS In this study, a universal lung-targeting nanoparticle was designed and constructed. The self-assembled micelles were composed of a platycodon secondary saponin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycodigenin 682 (GP-682), based on its specific amphiphilic structure. The GP-682 micelles exhibited a relatively stable zeta potential with a particle size between 60 and 90 nm, and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) value was approximately 42.3 μg/mL. Preincubation of GP-682 micelles markedly enhanced their cell membrane permeability and improved drug uptake in vitro. The results were visualized using fluorescent dye tracing, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. The obtained benefits enhanced the distribution of levofloxacin (Lev) in mouse lung tissue and reduced antibiotics overdosing. The acute lung injury mouse model induced by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA 14 strain demonstrated that preinjection of GP-682 micelles before antibiotic administration resulted in a higher survival rate and anti-infective efficacy in vivo. It also caused reductions in pulmonary injury, bacterial invasion and cytokine expression compared with treatment with Lev alone. CONCLUSIONS GP-682 micelles are another nanoparticle-based pulmonary drug delivery system and provide a new lung-targeting therapy option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Dandan Cheng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Fukui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.
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Malabed R, Hanashima S, Murata M, Sakurai K. Interactions of OSW-1 with Lipid Bilayers in Comparison with Digitonin and Soyasaponin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3600-3610. [PMID: 32160747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OSW-1, a unique steroidal saponin isolated from the bulbs of Ornithogalum saundersiae, has potent cell-growth inhibition activity. In this study, we conducted fluorescence measurements and microscopic observations using palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)-cholesterol (Chol) bilayers to evaluate the membrane-binding affinity of OSW-1 in comparison with another steroidal saponin, digitonin, and the triterpenoid saponin, soyasaponin Bb(I). The membrane activities of these saponins were evaluated using calcein leakage assays and fitted to the binding isotherm by changing the ratios of saponin-lipids. Digitonin showed the highest binding affinity for the POPC-Chol membrane (Kapp = 0.38 μM-1) and the strongest membrane disruptivity in the bound saponin-lipid ratio at the point of 50% calcein leakage (r50 = 0.47) occurrence. OSW-1 showed slightly lower activity (Kapp = 0.31 μM-1; r50 = 0.78), and the soyasaponin was the lowest in the membrane affinity and the calcein leakage activity (Kapp = 0.017 μM-1; r50 = 1.66). The effect of OSW-1 was further assessed using confocal microscopy in an experiment utilizing DiI and rhodamine 6G as the fluorescence probes. The addition of 30 μM OSW-1 induced inward membrane curvature in some giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). At the higher OSW-1 concentration (58 μM, r50 = 0.78) where the 50% calcein leakage was observed, the morphology of some GUVs became elongated. With digitonin at the corresponding concentration (35 μM, r50 = 0.47), membrane disruption and formation of large aggregates in aqueous solution were observed, probably due to a detergent-type mechanism. These saponins, including OSW-1, required Chol to exhibit their potent membrane activity although their mechanisms are thought to be different. At the effective concentration, OSW-1 preferably binds to the bilayers without prominent disruption of vesicles and exerts its activity through the formation of saponin-Chol complexes, probably resulting in membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Malabed
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakurai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Sancho-Albero M, Encabo-Berzosa MDM, Beltrán-Visiedo M, Fernández-Messina L, Sebastián V, Sánchez-Madrid F, Arruebo M, Santamaría J, Martín-Duque P. Efficient encapsulation of theranostic nanoparticles in cell-derived exosomes: leveraging the exosomal biogenesis pathway to obtain hollow gold nanoparticle-hybrids. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18825-18836. [PMID: 31595912 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes can be considered natural targeted delivery systems able to carry exogenous payloads, drugs or theranostic nanoparticles (NPs). This work aims to combine the therapeutic capabilities of hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNs) with the unique tumor targeting properties provided by exosomes. Here, we tested different methods to encapsulate HGNs (capable of absorbing light in the NIR region for selective thermal ablation) into murine melanoma cells derived exosomes (B16-F10-exos), including electroporation, passive loading by diffusion, thermal shock, sonication and saponin-assisted loading. These methods gave less than satisfactory results: although internalization of relatively large NPs into B16-F10-exos was achieved by almost all the physicochemical methods tested, only about 15% of the exosomes were loaded with NPs and several of those processes had a negative effect regarding the morphology and integrity of the loaded exosomes. In a different approach, B16-F10 cells were pre-incubated with PEGylated HGNs (PEG-HGNs) in an attempt to incorporate the NPs into the exosomal biogenesis pathway. The results were highly successful: exosomes recovered from the supernatant of the cell culture showed up to 50% of HGNs internalization. The obtained hybrid HGN-exosome vectors were characterized with a battery of techniques to make sure that internalization of HGNs did not affect exosome characteristics compared with other strategies. PEG-HGNs were released through the endosomal-exosome biogenesis pathway confirming that the isolated vesicles were exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Albero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Encabo-Berzosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Beltrán-Visiedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Lola Fernández-Messina
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Diego de León 62, 28006-Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER- CV), 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Diego de León 62, 28006-Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER- CV), 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Santamaría
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín-Duque
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain and Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), 50009-Zaragoza, Spain and IIS Aragón(IISA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), 50009-Zaragoza, Spain and Fundación ARAID. Avda. Ranillas, 1-D, planta 2ª, oficina b, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
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Shelepova EA, Kim AV, Voloshin VP, Medvedev NN. Intermolecular Voids in Lipid Bilayers in the Presence of Glycyrrhizic Acid. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9938-9946. [PMID: 30299964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is known that glycyrrhizic acid (GA) promotes the enhancement of the activity of several medicines. This is attributed to the fact that GA increases the membrane permeability of small drug molecules. There is an opinion that GA facilitates the formation of additional large voids in the membrane, which enhance the passive diffusion of molecules across the membrane. In this work, we investigate how GA influences the intermolecular voids using the molecular dynamics simulation. We calculate the interstitial spheres (empty spheres inscribed between molecules) in model DPPC and DOPC bilayers, both pure and with the addition of cholesterol. It was observed that the addition of GA does not lead to the formation of new large interstitial spheres; i.e., new large voids do not appear. The distribution of empty volume inside the bilayers is also studied. We calculated the profiles of the empty volume fraction both from the middle plane of the bilayer and from its outer surface (from the lipid-water interface). This analysis has shown that the addition of GA does not cause the increase of the empty volume in the bilayer; moreover, there is a slight decrease in the bilayers with cholesterol. Thus, we have not found a confirmation of the simplest hypothesis that individual GA molecules induce pores in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Shelepova
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 63090 , Russia.,Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion , Novosibirsk 63090 , Russia
| | - Alexandra V Kim
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 63090 , Russia.,Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion , Novosibirsk 63090 , Russia
| | - Vladimir P Voloshin
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion , Novosibirsk 63090 , Russia
| | - Nikolai N Medvedev
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 63090 , Russia.,Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion , Novosibirsk 63090 , Russia
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Wang YE, Xu K, Yue WH, Xu QM, You BG, Zhang MY, Zhu ZC, Yang SL, Liu YL, Li KP. Hederacolchiside A1 suppresses proliferation of tumor cells by inducing apoptosis through modulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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7
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Kuo CP, Chang KS, Hsu JL, Tsai IF, Lin AB, Wei TY, Wu CL, Lu YT. Analysis of the immune response of human dendritic cells to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by quantitative proteomics. Proteome Sci 2016; 14:5. [PMID: 26957948 PMCID: PMC4782377 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-016-0095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular immune response for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection remained incompletely understood. To uncover membrane proteins involved in this infection mechanism, an integrated approach consisting of an organic solvent-assisted membrane protein digestion, stable-isotope dimethyl labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was used to comparatively profile the membrane protein expression of human dendritic cells upon heat-killed M. tuberculosis (HKTB) treatment. Results Organic solvent-assisted trypsin digestion coupled with stable-isotope labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis was applied to quantitatively analyze the membrane protein expression of THP-1 derived dendritic cells. We evaluated proteins that were upregulated in response to HKTB treatment, and applied STRING website database to analyze the correlations between these proteins. Of the investigated proteins, aminopeptidase N (CD13) was found to be largely expressed after HKTB treatment. By using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we found that membranous CD13 expression was upregulated and was capable of binding to live mycobacteria. Treatment dendritic cell with anti-CD13 antibody during M. tuberculosis infection enhanced the ability of T cell activation. Conclusions Via proteomics data and STRING analysis, we demonstrated that the highly-expressed CD13 is also associated with proteins involved in the antigen presenting process, especially with CD1 proteins. Increasing expression of CD13 on dendritic cells while M. tuberculosis infection and enhancement of T cell activation after CD13 treated with anti-CD13 antibody indicates CD13 positively involved in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-016-0095-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ping Kuo
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec 2, Chungshan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Song Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201 Taiwan
| | - I-Fang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew Boyd Lin
- Biology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Tsai-Yin Wei
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Wu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec 2, Chungshan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ta Lu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec 2, Chungshan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Lorent JH, Quetin-Leclercq J, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. The amphiphilic nature of saponins and their effects on artificial and biological membranes and potential consequences for red blood and cancer cells. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:8803-22. [PMID: 25295776 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Saponins, amphiphiles of natural origin with numerous biological activities, are widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Some saponins exhibit relatively selective cytotoxic effects on cancer cells but the tendency of saponins to induce hemolysis limits their anticancer potential. This review focused on the effects of saponin activity on membranes and consequent implications for red blood and cancer cells. This activity seems to be strongly related to the amphiphilic character of saponins that gives them the ability to self-aggregate and interact with membrane components such as cholesterol and phospholipids. Membrane interactions of saponins with artificial membrane models, red blood and cancer cells are reviewed with respect to their molecular structures. The review considered the mechanisms of these membrane interactions and their consequences including the modulation of membrane dynamics, interaction with membrane rafts, and membrane lysis. We summarized current knowledge concerning the mechanisms involved in the interactions of saponins with membrane lipids and examined the structure activity relationship of saponins regarding hemolysis and cancer cell death. A critical analysis of these findings speculates on their potential to further develop new anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Lorent
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (FACM), Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.05, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Xu K, Shu Z, Xu QM, Liu YL, Li XR, Wang YL, Yang SL. Cytotoxic activity of Pulsatilla chinensis saponins and their structure-activity relationship. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:680-686. [PMID: 23659376 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.790901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic activity of 36 saponins isolated from roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel against the human cancer cell lines (A549, SGC-7901) and the human hepatic cell line (HL-7702) was tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Saponins 1-14 showed considerable cytotoxic activity, whereas saponins 15-36 showed no significant activity, which suggested that a free carboxylic group located at C-28 of aglycon is essential for their cytotoxic activity. Moreover, the analysis of structure-activity relationships also suggested that the oleanane-type saponins showed better cytotoxic activity than lupane-type saponins, and the length and linkage of glycolic chain attached to C-3 of aglycon displayed an important effect to the potent cytotoxicity. In conclusion, oleanolic acid 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-α-l-arabinopyranoside (5) exhibited the most significant cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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10
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Yun SJ, Park JW, Choi IJ, Kang B, Kim HK, Moon DW, Lee TG, Hwang D. TOFSIMS-P: a web-based platform for analysis of large-scale TOF-SIMS data. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9298-305. [PMID: 22054246 DOI: 10.1021/ac2016932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has been a useful tool to profile secondary ions from the near surface region of specimens with its high molecular specificity and submicrometer spatial resolution. However, the TOF-SIMS analysis of even a moderately large size of samples has been hampered due to the lack of tools for automatically analyzing the huge amount of TOF-SIMS data. Here, we present a computational platform to automatically identify and align peaks, find discriminatory ions, build a classifier, and construct networks describing differential metabolic pathways. To demonstrate the utility of the platform, we analyzed 43 data sets generated from seven gastric cancer and eight normal tissues using TOF-SIMS. A total of 87 138 ions were detected from the 43 data sets by TOF-SIMS. We selected and then aligned 1286 ions. Among them, we found the 66 ions discriminating gastric cancer tissues from normal ones. Using these 66 ions, we then built a partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model resulting in a misclassification error rate of 0.024. Finally, network analysis of the 66 ions showed disregulation of amino acid metabolism in the gastric cancer tissues. The results show that the proposed framework was effective in analyzing TOF-SIMS data from a moderately large size of samples, resulting in discrimination of gastric cancer tissues from normal tissues and identification of biomarker candidates associated with the amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jeong Yun
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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11
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Augustin JM, Kuzina V, Andersen SB, Bak S. Molecular activities, biosynthesis and evolution of triterpenoid saponins. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:435-57. [PMID: 21333312 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are bioactive compounds generally considered to be produced by plants to counteract pathogens and herbivores. Besides their role in plant defense, saponins are of growing interest for drug research as they are active constituents of several folk medicines and provide valuable pharmacological properties. Accordingly, much effort has been put into unraveling the modes of action of saponins, as well as in exploration of their potential for industrial processes and pharmacology. However, the exploitation of saponins for bioengineering crop plants with improved resistances against pests as well as circumvention of laborious and uneconomical extraction procedures for industrial production from plants is hampered by the lack of knowledge and availability of genes in saponin biosynthesis. Although the ability to produce saponins is rather widespread among plants, a complete synthetic pathway has not been elucidated in any single species. Current conceptions consider saponins to be derived from intermediates of the phytosterol pathway, and predominantly enzymes belonging to the multigene families of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), cytochromes P450 (P450s) and family 1 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are thought to be involved in their biosynthesis. Formation of unique structural features involves additional biosynthetical enzymes of diverse phylogenetic background. As an example of this, a serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferase (SCPL) was recently found to be involved in synthesis of triterpenoid saponins in oats. However, the total number of identified genes in saponin biosynthesis remains low as the complexity and diversity of these multigene families impede gene discovery based on sequence analysis and phylogeny. This review summarizes current knowledge of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in plants, molecular activities, evolutionary aspects and perspectives for further gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Augustin
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Synthetic Biology, VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Mass spectrometry imaging of rat brain sections: nanomolar sensitivity with MALDI versus nanometer resolution by TOF–SIMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:151-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gauthier C, Legault J, Girard-Lalancette K, Mshvildadze V, Pichette A. Haemolytic activity, cytotoxicity and membrane cell permeabilization of semi-synthetic and natural lupane- and oleanane-type saponins. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2002-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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