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Lagoa R, Marques-da-Silva D, Diniz M, Daglia M, Bishayee A. Molecular mechanisms linking environmental toxicants to cancer development: Significance for protective interventions with polyphenols. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:118-144. [PMID: 32044471 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to environmental toxicants with diverse mechanisms of action is a growing concern. In addition to well-recognized carcinogens, various chemicals in environmental and occupational settings have been suggested to impact health, increasing susceptibility to cancer by inducing genetic and epigenetic changes. Accordingly, in this review, we have discussed recent insights into the pathological mechanisms of these chemicals, namely their effects on cell redox and calcium homeostasis, mitochondria and inflammatory signaling, with a focus on the possible implications for multi-stage carcinogenesis and its reversal by polyphenols. Plant-derived polyphenols, such as epigallocatechin-gallate, resveratrol, curcumin and anthocyanins reduce the incidence of cancer and can be useful nutraceuticals for alleviating the detrimental outcomes of harmful pollutants. However, development of therapies based on polyphenol administration requires further studies to validate the biological efficacy, identifying effective doses, mode of action and new delivery forms. Innovative microphysiological testing models are presented and specific proposals for future trials are given. Merging the current knowledge of multifactorial actions of specific polyphenols and chief environmental toxicants, this work aims to potentiate the delivery of phytochemical-based protective treatments to individuals at high-risk due to environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lagoa
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
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Lou Y, Guo Z, Zhu Y, Kong M, Zhang R, Lu L, Wu F, Liu Z, Wu J. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and its bioactive compound 2-undecanone significantly suppress benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung tumorigenesis by activating the Nrf2-HO-1/NQO-1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:242. [PMID: 31174565 PMCID: PMC6556055 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related deaths, with a high incidence and mortality in both sexes worldwide. Chemoprevention has been the most effective strategy for lung cancer prevention. Thus, exploring novel and effective candidate agents with low toxicity for chemoprevention is essential and urgent. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) (H. cordata), which is a widely used herbal medicine and is also popularly consumed as a healthy vegetable, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activity. However, the chemopreventive effect of H. cordata against benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P)-initiated lung tumorigenesis and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Methods A B[a]P-stimulated lung adenocarcinoma animal model in A/J mice in vivo and a normal lung cell model (BEAS.2B) in vitro were established to investigate the chemopreventive effects of H. cordata and its bioactive compound 2-undecanone against lung tumorigenesis and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Results H. cordata and 2-undecanone significantly suppressed B[a]P-induced lung tumorigenesis without causing obvious systemic toxicity in mice in vivo. Moreover, H. cordata and 2-undecanone effectively decreased B[a]P-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and further notably protected BEAS.2B cells from B[a]P-induced DNA damage and inflammation by significantly inhibiting phosphorylated H2A.X overexpression and interleukin-1β secretion. In addition, H. cordata and 2-undecanone markedly activated the Nrf2 pathway to induce the expression of the antioxidative enzymes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1). Nrf2 silencing by transfection with Nrf2 siRNA markedly decreased the expression of HO-1 and NQO-1 to diminish the reductions in B[a]P-induced ROS overproduction, DNA damage and inflammation mediated by H. cordata and 2-undecanone. Conclusions H. cordata and 2-undecanone could effectively activate the Nrf2-HO-1/NQO-1 signaling pathway to counteract intracellular ROS generation, thereby attenuating DNA damage and inflammation induced by B[a]P stimulation and playing a role in the chemoprevention of B[a]P-induced lung tumorigenesis. These findings provide new insight into the pharmacological action of H. cordata and indicate that H. cordata is a novel candidate agent for the chemoprevention of lung cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1255-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Lou
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Muyan Kong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Feichi Wu
- Hunan Zhengqing Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Huaihua, 418005, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China.
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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Omidian K, Rafiei H, Bandy B. Polyphenol inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced oxidative stress and neoplastic transformation in an in vitro model of carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:165-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Munnia A, Giese RW, Polvani S, Galli A, Cellai F, Peluso MEM. Bulky DNA Adducts, Tobacco Smoking, Genetic Susceptibility, and Lung Cancer Risk. Adv Clin Chem 2017. [PMID: 28629590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of bulky DNA adducts consists of conjugates formed between large reactive electrophiles and DNA-binding sites. The term "bulky DNA adducts" comes from early experiments that employed a 32P-DNA postlabeling approach. This technique has long been used to elucidate the association between adducts and carcinogen exposure in tobacco smoke studies and assess the predictive value of adducts in cancer risk. Molecular data showed increased DNA adducts in respiratory tracts of smokers vs nonsmokers. Experimental studies and meta-analysis demonstrated that the relationship between adducts and carcinogens was linear at low doses, but reached steady state at high exposure, possibly due to metabolic and DNA repair pathway saturation and increased apoptosis. Polymorphisms of metabolic and DNA repair genes can increase the effects of environmental factors and confer greater likelihood of adduct formation. Nevertheless, the central question remains as to whether bulky adducts cause human cancer. If so, lowering them would reduce cancer incidence. Pooled and meta-analysis has shown that smokers with increased adducts have increased risk of lung cancer. Adduct excess in smokers, especially in prospective longitudinal studies, supports their use as biomarkers predictive of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Munnia
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Roger W Giese
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simone Polvani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Cellai
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco E M Peluso
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy.
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Aqil F, Gupta RC. Controlled Delivery of Chemopreventive Agents by Polymeric Implants. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1379:1-11. [PMID: 26608285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3191-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The clinical development of cancer chemopreventive agents has been hampered by poor oral bioavailability issue. Several compounds have low aqueous solubility and undergo extensive first pass metabolism following oral dosing. To overcome this limitation, we developed polymeric implants from biodegradable ε-polycaprolactone (PCL) that can deliver both lipophilic as well as hydrophilic compounds. Implants furnish controlled release of compounds for long duration and provide dose-dependent release. The rate of release in vitro correlated well with the in vivo release. The polymeric implant technology thus overcomes the oral bioavailability issues, lowers the total required dose and minimizes or eliminates toxicity generally associated with high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Aqil
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., #304B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston Street, Delia Baxter II, Room 304E, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Ali F, Khan AQ, Khan R, Sultana S. Trichloroethylene-mediated cytotoxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes is mediated by the rapid accumulation of intracellular calcium: Interception by naringenin. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:147-61. [PMID: 25855085 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115578865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Industrial solvents pose a significant threat to the humankind. The mechanisms of their toxicity still remain in debate. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread industrial solvent responsible for severe liver dysfunction, cutaneous toxicity in occupationally exposed humans. We utilized an in vitro system of human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells in this study to avoid complex cell and extracellular interactions. We report the cytotoxicity of organic solvent TCE in HaCaT and its reversal by a natural flavanone, naringenin (Nar). The cytotoxicity was attributed to the rapid intracellular free calcium (Ca(2+)) release, which might lead to the elevation of protein kinase C along with robust free radical generation, instability due to energy depletion, and sensitization of intracellular stress signal transducer nuclear factor κB. These effects were actually seen to induce significant amount of genomic DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, all these effects of TCE were effectively reversed by the treatment of Nar, a natural flavanone. Our studies identify intracellular Ca as a unique target used by organic solvents in the cytotoxicity and highlight the Ca(2+) ion stabilizer properties of Nar.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ali
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - A Q Khan
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - R Khan
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - S Sultana
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Cao P, Jeyabalan J, Aqil F, Ravoori S, Gupta RC, Vadhanam MV. Polymeric implants for the delivery of green tea polyphenols. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:945-51. [PMID: 24464784 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric implants (millirods) have been tested for local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Modeling of drug release profiles is critical as it may provide theoretical insights on rational implant design. In this study, a biodegradable poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) polymeric implant delivery system was tested to deliver green tea polyphenols (GTPs), both in vitro and in vivo. Factors including polymer compositions, supplements, drug loads, and surface area of implants were investigated. Our data showed that GTPs were released from PCL implants continuously for long durations, and drug load was the main determining factor of GTPs release. Furthermore, rates of in vitro release and in vivo release in the rat model followed similar kinetics for up to 16 months. A mathematical model was deduced and discussed. GTP implants have the potential to be used systemically and locally at the tumor site as an alternative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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Lewandowska U, Szewczyk K, Hrabec E, Janecka A, Gorlach S. Overview of metabolism and bioavailability enhancement of polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:12183-99. [PMID: 24295170 DOI: 10.1021/jf404439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A proper diet is one of major factors contributing to good health and is directly related to general condition of the organism. Phenolic compounds are abundant in foods and beverages (fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, leguminous plants, cereals, herbs, spices, tea, coffee, wine, beer) and their pleiotropic biological activities result in numerous health beneficial effects. On the other hand, high reactivity and very large diversity in terms of structure and molecular weight renders polyphenols one of the most difficult groups of compounds to investigate, as evidenced by ambiguous and sometimes contradictory results of many studies. Furthermore, phenolics undergo metabolic transformations, which significantly change their biological activities. Here, we discuss some aspects of metabolism and absorption of phenolic compounds. On the basis of information reported in the literature as well as in summaries of clinical trials and patent applications, we also give an overview of strategies for enhancing their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Lewandowska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland
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Aqil F, Munagala R, Jeyabalan J, Vadhanam MV. Bioavailability of phytochemicals and its enhancement by drug delivery systems. Cancer Lett 2013; 334:133-41. [PMID: 23435377 PMCID: PMC3815990 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Issues of poor oral bioavailability of cancer chemopreventives have hindered progress in cancer prevention. Novel delivery systems that modulate the pharmacokinetics of existing drugs, such as nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, niosomes, liposomes and implants, could be used to enhance the delivery of chemopreventive agents to target sites. The development of new approaches in prevention and treatment of cancer could encompass new delivery systems for approved and newly investigated compounds. In this review, we discuss some of the delivery approaches that have already made an impact by either delivering a drug to target tissue or increasing its bioavailability by many fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Aqil
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Radha Munagala
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Jeyaprakash Jeyabalan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Manicka V Vadhanam
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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Li D, Guo G, Deng X, Fan R, Guo Q, Fan M, Liang J, Luo F, Qian Z. PLA/PEG-PPG-PEG/Dexamethasone implant prepared by hot-melt extrusion for controlled release of immunosuppressive drug to implantable medical devices, part 2:in vivoevaluation. Drug Deliv 2013; 20:134-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.801049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mei X, Xu YJ, Pan HB, Tu YY. Synergism of Green Tea Polyphenols and Phenanthrene Promotes the Death of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line SPC-A-1. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2013.767846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Aqil F, Vadhanam MV, Gupta RC. Enhanced activity of punicalagin delivered via polymeric implants against benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA adducts. Mutat Res 2012; 743:59-66. [PMID: 22234049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of punicalagin (PC) on benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-induced DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo. Incubation of BP (1 μM) with rat liver microsomes, appropriate co-factors and DNA in the presence of vehicle or punicalagin (1-40 μM) showed dose-dependent inhibition of the resultant DNA adducts, with essentially complete (97%) inhibition at 40 μM. However, PC failed to inhibit anti-BPDE-induced DNA adducts when tested in an in vitro non-microsomal system, suggesting that the inhibition of the microsomal BP-DNA adducts occurred due to inhibition of P450 1A1 by PC. To determine its efficacy in vivo, female S/D rats were administered punicalagin via the diet (1500 ppm; approximately 19 mg/day/animal) or subcutaneous polymeric implants (two 2-cm, 200mg with 20% drug load; 40 mg PC/implant) and then treated with continuous low-dose of BP by a subcutaneous polymeric implant (2 cm, 200mg with 10% load; 20mg BP/implant) and euthanized after 10 days. Analysis of the lung DNA by (32)P-postlabeling showed significant (60%; p=0.029) inhibition of DNA adducts by PC administered via the implants; the dietary route showed modest (34%) but statistically insignificant inhibition. Furthermore, total PC administered by implants was approximately 38-fold lower compared with the dietary route. Analysis of the lung microsomes showed significant inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A1 activity and induction of glutathione. Release of PC from the implants was found to be biphasic starting with a burst release, followed by a gradual decline. Ultra performance liquid chromatography analysis showed no detectable PC in the plasma but its hydrolyzed product, ellagic acid was readily detected. The plasma concentration of ellagic acid was over two orders of magnitude higher (589 ± 78 ng/mL) in the implant group compared with diet (4.36 ± 0.83 ng/mL). Together, our data show that delivery of PC by implants can reduce its effective dose substantially, and that the inhibition of DNA adducts in vivo occurred presumably due to the conversion of PC to ellagic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Aqil
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Bansal SS, Goel M, Aqil F, Vadhanam MV, Gupta RC. Advanced drug delivery systems of curcumin for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1158-71. [PMID: 21546540 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, chemopreventive agents have been used to treat/prevent several diseases including cancer. They are found to elicit a spectrum of potent responses including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, anticarcinogenic, and antiangiogenic activity in various cell cultures and some animal studies. Research over the past 4 decades has shown that chemopreventives affect a number of proteins involved in various molecular pathways that regulate inflammatory and carcinogenic responses in a cell. Various enzymes, transcription factors, receptors, and adhesion proteins are also affected by chemopreventives. Although, these natural compounds have shown significant efficacy in cell culture studies, they elicited limited efficacy in various clinical studies. Their introduction into the clinical setting is hindered largely by their poor solubility, rapid metabolism, or a combination of both, ultimately resulting in poor bioavailability upon oral administration. Therefore, to circumvent these limitations and to ease their transition to clinics, alternate strategies should be explored. Drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, and polymeric implantable devices are emerging as one of the viable alternatives that have been shown to deliver therapeutic concentrations of various potent chemopreventives such as curcumin, ellagic acid, green tea polyphenols, and resveratrol into the systemic circulation. In this review article, we have attempted to provide a comprehensive outlook for these delivery approaches, using curcumin as a model agent, and discussed future strategies to enable the introduction of these highly potent chemopreventives into a physician's armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Science Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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