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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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2
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Cerny MA, Kalgutkar AS, Obach RS, Sharma R, Spracklin DK, Walker GS. Effective Application of Metabolite Profiling in Drug Design and Discovery. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6387-6406. [PMID: 32097005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
At one time, biotransformation was a descriptive activity in pharmaceutical development, viewed simply as structural elucidation of drug metabolites, completed only once compounds entered clinical development. Herein, we present our strategic approach using structural elucidation to enable chemistry design/SAR development. The approach considers four questions that often present themselves to medicinal chemists optimizing their compounds for candidate selection: (1) What are the important clearance mechanisms that mediate the disposition of my molecule? (2) Can metabolic liabilities be modulated in a favorable way? (3) Does my compound undergo bioactivation to a reactive metabolite? (4) Do any of the metabolites possess activity, either on- or off-target? An additional question necessary to support compound development relates to metabolites in safety testing (MIST) and our approach also addresses this question. The value in structural elucidation is derived from its application to better design molecules, guide their clinical development, and underwrite patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cerny
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raman Sharma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Douglas K Spracklin
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
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Crouch RD, Blobaum AL, Felts AS, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Species-Specific Involvement of Aldehyde Oxidase and Xanthine Oxidase in the Metabolism of the Pyrimidine-Containing mGlu5-Negative Allosteric Modulator VU0424238 (Auglurant). Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1245-1259. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Fan PW, Zhang D, Halladay JS, Driscoll JP, Khojasteh SC. Going Beyond Common Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Case Studies of Biotransformation Involving Aldehyde Oxidase, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Cathepsin B, Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase, and ADP-Ribosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1253-61. [PMID: 27117704 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The significant roles that cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes play in drug discovery cannot be ignored, and these enzyme systems are commonly examined during drug optimization using liver microsomes or hepatocytes. At the same time, other drug-metabolizing enzymes have a role in the metabolism of drugs and can lead to challenges in drug optimization that could be mitigated if the contributions of these enzymes were better understood. We present examples (mostly from Genentech) of five different non-P450 and non-UGT enzymes that contribute to the metabolic clearance or bioactivation of drugs and drug candidates. Aldehyde oxidase mediates a unique amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834 (N-[3-[6-[4-[(2R)-1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl]anilino]-4-methyl-5-oxopyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylphenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide), leading to high clearance of the drug. Likewise, the rodent-specific ribose conjugation by ADP-ribosyltransferase leads to high clearance of an interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor. Metabolic reactions by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are easily mistaken for P450-mediated metabolism such as oxidative defluorination of 4-fluoro-N-methylaniline by FMO. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is involved in the initial hydrolysis of glutathione metabolites, leading to formation of proximate toxins and nephrotoxicity, as is observed with cisplatin in the clinic, or renal toxicity, as is observed with efavirenz in rodents. Finally, cathepsin B is a lysosomal enzyme that is highly expressed in human tumors and has been targeted to release potent cytotoxins, as in the case of brentuximab vedotin. These examples of non-P450- and non-UGT-mediated metabolism show that a more complete understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes allows for better insight into the fate of drugs and improved design strategies of molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Fan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
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Wang X, Yang P, Li J, Ihsan A, Liu Q, Cheng G, Tao Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Genotoxic risk of quinocetone and its possible mechanism in in vitro studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:446-460. [PMID: 30090359 PMCID: PMC6062406 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxalines possessing the quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide (QdNOs) basic structure are used for their antibacterial action, although their mechanism of genotoxicity is not clear. After comparing the sensitivity of V79 cells and HepG2 cells to quinocetone (QCT) and other QdNOs, it was found that HepG2 cells are more sensitive. The results show that QCT induces the generation of O2˙- and OH˙ during metabolism. Free radicals could then attack guanine and induce 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG) generation, causing DNA strand breakage, the inhibition of topoisomerase II (topo II) activity, and alter PCNA, Gadd45 and topo II gene expression. QCT also caused mutations in the mtDNA genes COX1, COX3 and ATP6, which might affect the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nuclear extracts from HepG2 cells treated with QCT had markedly reduced topo II activity, as judged by the inability to convert pBR322 DNA from the catenated to the decatenated form by producing stable DNA-topo II complexes. This study suggests that QCT electrostatically bound to DNA in a groove, affecting the dissociation of topo II from DNA and impacting DNA replication. Taken together, these data reveal that DNA damage induced by QCT resulted from O2˙- and OH˙ generated in the metabolism process. This data throws new light onto the genotoxicity of quinoxalines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87287186
| | - Panpan Yang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Juan Li
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Sahiwal , Pakistan
| | - Qianying Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zhengli Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87287186
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
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Gu C, Lewis RJ, Wells AS, Svensson PH, Hosagrahara VP, Johnsson E, Hallström G. Lipid Peroxide-Mediated Oxidative Rearrangement of the Pyrazinone Carboxamide Core of Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitor AZD9819 in Blood Plasma Samples. Drug Metab Dispos 2015. [PMID: 26203069 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the mechanistic interpretation of ex vivo oxidation of a candidate drug in blood plasma samples. An unexpected lipid peroxide-mediated epoxidation followed by a dramatic rearrangement led to production of a five-membered oxazole derivative from the original six-membered pyrazinone-carboxamide core of a human neutrophil elastase inhibitor, 6-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrazine-2-carboxamide (AZD9819). The rearranged oxidation product 2-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-5-(N-ethylacetamido)-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)oxazole-4-carboxamide was characterized by accurate-mass tandem mass spectrometry fragmentations, by two-dimensional NMR and X-ray crystallography of an authentic standard, and by incorporation of an (18)O atom from molecular (18)O2 to the location predicted by our proposed mechanism. The lipid peroxide-mediated oxidation was demonstrated by using human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and by inhibiting the oxidation with ascorbic acid or l-glutathione, two antioxidants effective in both plasma and the LDL incubation. A nucleophilic mechanism for the epoxidation of AZD9819 by lipid hydroperoxides explains the prevention of its ex vivo oxidation by acidification of the plasma samples. The discovery of the lipid peroxide-dependent oxidation of an analyte and the means of prevention could provide valuable information for biotransformation and bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Gu
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Richard J Lewis
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Andrew S Wells
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Per H Svensson
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Vinayak P Hosagrahara
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Eskil Johnsson
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
| | - Gösta Hallström
- AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.G., V.P.H.); AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden (R.J.L., E.J.); AstraZeneca, R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom (R.J.L., A.S.W.); AstraZeneca, R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S); AstraZeneca, R&D Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware (C.G.); AstraZeneca, R&D Lund, Lund, Sweden (E.J., G.H.); SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden (P.H.S.); and Applied Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (P.H.S.)
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Sodhi JK, Wong S, Kirkpatrick DS, Liu L, Khojasteh SC, Hop CECA, Barr JT, Jones JP, Halladay JS. A novel reaction mediated by human aldehyde oxidase: amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:908-15. [PMID: 25845827 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GDC-0834, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor investigated as a potential treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, was previously reported to be extensively metabolized by amide hydrolysis such that no measurable levels of this compound were detected in human circulation after oral administration. In vitro studies in human liver cytosol determined that GDC-0834 (R)-N-(3-(6-(4-(1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl)phenylamino)-4-methyl-5-oxo- 4,5-dihydropyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophene-2-carboxamide) was rapidly hydrolyzed with a CLint of 0.511 ml/min per milligram of protein. Aldehyde oxidase (AO) and carboxylesterase (CES) were putatively identified as the enzymes responsible after cytosolic fractionation and mass spectrometry-proteomics analysis of the enzymatically active fractions. Results were confirmed by a series of kinetic experiments with inhibitors of AO, CES, and xanthine oxidase (XO), which implicated AO and CES, but not XO, as mediating GDC-0834 amide hydrolysis. Further supporting the interaction between GDC-0834 and AO, GDC-0834 was shown to be a potent reversible inhibitor of six known AO substrates with IC50 values ranging from 0.86 to 1.87 μM. Additionally, in silico modeling studies suggest that GDC-0834 is capable of binding in the active site of AO with the amide bond of GDC-0834 near the molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), orientated in such a way to enable potential nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl of the amide bond by the hydroxyl of MoCo. Together, the in vitro and in silico results suggest the involvement of AO in the amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Susan Wong
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - John T Barr
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
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9
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Sanoh S, Tayama Y, Sugihara K, Kitamura S, Ohta S. Significance of aldehyde oxidase during drug development: Effects on drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Scott JS, Bowker SS, Brocklehurst KJ, Brown HS, Clarke DS, Easter A, Ertan A, Goldberg K, Hudson JA, Kavanagh S, Laber D, Leach AG, MacFaul PA, Martin EA, McKerrecher D, Schofield P, Svensson PH, Teague J. Circumventing Seizure Activity in a Series of G Protein Coupled Receptor 119 (GPR119) Agonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8984-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5011012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Scott
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Suzanne S. Bowker
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Katy J. Brocklehurst
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Hayley S. Brown
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David S. Clarke
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Alison Easter
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Anne Ertan
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Kristin Goldberg
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Julian A. Hudson
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Stefan Kavanagh
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Laber
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Philip A. MacFaul
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Elizabeth A. Martin
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Darren McKerrecher
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Paul Schofield
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Per H. Svensson
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Joanne Teague
- Innovative
Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
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11
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Present status of quinoxaline motifs: Excellent pathfinders in therapeutic medicine. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:688-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Targeting GPR119 for the Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:95-131. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Scott JS, Brocklehurst KJ, Brown HS, Clarke DS, Coe H, Groombridge SD, Laber D, MacFaul PA, McKerrecher D, Schofield P. Conformational restriction in a series of GPR119 agonists: differences in pharmacology between mouse and human. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3175-9. [PMID: 23628336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of conformationally restricted GPR119 agonists were prepared based around a 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane scaffold. Examples were found to have markedly different pharmacology in mouse and human despite similar levels of binding to the receptor. This highlights the large effects on GPCR phamacology that can result from small structural changes in the ligand, together with inter-species differences between receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Scott
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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14
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Rajapakse A, Linder C, Morrison RD, Sarkar U, Leigh ND, Barnes CL, Daniels JS, Gates KS. Enzymatic conversion of 6-nitroquinoline to the fluorophore 6-aminoquinoline selectively under hypoxic conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:555-63. [PMID: 23488987 DOI: 10.1021/tx300483z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial interest in small molecules that can be used to detect or kill the hypoxic (low oxygen) cells found in solid tumors. Nitroaryl moieties are useful components in the design of hypoxia-selective imaging agents and prodrugs because one-electron reductases can convert the nitroaryl group to nitroso, hydroxylamino, and amino metabolites selectively under low oxygen conditions. Here, we describe the in vitro, cell free metabolism of a pro-fluorescent substrate, 6-nitroquinoline (1) under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Both LC-MS and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses provided evidence that the one-electron reducing enzyme system, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, converted the nonfluorescent parent compound 1 to the known fluorophore 6-aminoquinoline (2) selectively under hypoxic conditions. The presumed intermediate in this reduction process, 6-hydroxylaminoquinoline (6), is fluorescent and can be efficiently converted by xanthine/xanthine oxidase to 2 only under hypoxic conditions. This finding provides evidence for multiple oxygen-sensitive steps in the enzymatic conversion of nitroaryl compounds to the corresponding amino derivatives. In a side reaction that is separate from the bioreductive metabolism of 1, xanthine oxidase converted 1 to 6-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one (5). These studies may enable the use of 1 as a fluorescent substrate for the detection and profiling of one-electron reductases in cell culture or biopsy samples. In addition, the compound may find use as a fluorogenic probe for the detection of hypoxia in tumor models. The occurrence of side products such as 5 in the enzymatic bioreduction of 1 underscores the importance of metabolite identification in the characterization of hypoxia-selective probes and drugs that employ nitroaryl units as oxygen sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuruddha Rajapakse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri , 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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15
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Scott JS, Birch AM, Brocklehurst KJ, Brown HS, Goldberg K, Groombridge SD, Hudson JA, Leach AG, MacFaul PA, McKerrecher D, Poultney R, Schofield P, Svensson PH. Optimisation of aqueous solubility in a series of G protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) agonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20130e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solubility improvements in a series of GPR119 agonists are achieved through reduction of lipophilicity together with hydrogen bond acceptor modulation.
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16
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Morrison RD, Blobaum AL, Byers FW, Santomango TS, Bridges TM, Stec D, Brewer KA, Sanchez-Ponce R, Corlew MM, Rush R, Felts AS, Manka J, Bates BS, Venable DF, Rodriguez AL, Jones CK, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Daniels JS. The role of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase in the biotransformation of a novel negative allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1834-45. [PMID: 22711749 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.046136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative allosteric modulation (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu₅) represents a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of childhood developmental disorders, such as fragile X syndrome and autism. VU0409106 emerged as a lead compound within a biaryl ether series, displaying potent and selective inhibition of mGlu₅. Despite its high clearance and short half-life, VU0409106 demonstrated efficacy in rodent models of anxiety after extravascular administration. However, lack of a consistent correlation in rat between in vitro hepatic clearance and in vivo plasma clearance for the biaryl ether series prompted an investigation into the biotransformation of VU0409106 using hepatic subcellular fractions. An in vitro appraisal in rat, monkey, and human liver S9 fractions indicated that the principal pathway was NADPH-independent oxidation to metabolite M1 (+16 Da). Both raloxifene (aldehyde oxidase inhibitor) and allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) attenuated the formation of M1, thus implicating the contribution of both molybdenum hydroxylases in the biotransformation of VU0409106. The use of ¹⁸O-labeled water in the S9 experiments confirmed the hydroxylase mechanism proposed, because ¹⁸O was incorporated into M1 (+18 Da) as well as in a secondary metabolite (M2; +36 Da), the formation of which was exclusively xanthine oxidase-mediated. This unusual dual and sequential hydroxylase metabolism was confirmed in liver S9 and hepatocytes of multiple species and correlated with in vivo data because M1 and M2 were the principal metabolites detected in rats administered VU0409106. An in vitro-in vivo correlation of predicted hepatic and plasma clearance was subsequently established for VU0409106 in rats and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Morrison
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vanderbilt Center for Neurosciences Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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17
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Scott JS, Birch AM, Brocklehurst KJ, Broo A, Brown HS, Butlin RJ, Clarke DS, Davidsson Ö, Ertan A, Goldberg K, Groombridge SD, Hudson JA, Laber D, Leach AG, MacFaul PA, McKerrecher D, Pickup A, Schofield P, Svensson PH, Sörme P, Teague J. Use of Small-Molecule Crystal Structures To Address Solubility in a Novel Series of G Protein Coupled Receptor 119 Agonists: Optimization of a Lead and in Vivo Evaluation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5361-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300310c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Scott
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Birch
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Katy J. Brocklehurst
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Broo
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hayley S. Brown
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Roger J. Butlin
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Clarke
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Öjvind Davidsson
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anne Ertan
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Kristin Goldberg
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Sam D. Groombridge
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A. Hudson
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - David Laber
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A. MacFaul
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Darren McKerrecher
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Pickup
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Schofield
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Per H. Svensson
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Sörme
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Teague
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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18
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Dalvie D, Sun H, Xiang C, Hu Q, Jiang Y, Kang P. Effect of Structural Variation on Aldehyde Oxidase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Zoniporide. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1575-87. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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