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Huang C, Wang D, Li N, Yang C, Chen X, Liu X, He J, Ding Y, Tong C, Peng C, Li F, Wang Y, Gao R. Exposure to ethephon compromises endometrial decidualization in mice during early pregnancy via GPR120. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112361. [PMID: 34052757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ethephon (ETH), a plant growth regulator commonly used for several purposes, can potentially decrease sperm numbers and viability. Occasional findings regarding ETH effects on female reproduction during early pregnancy have also been reported. During early pregnancy, endometrial decidualization is a critical event for embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. Thus, we aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of ETH on endometrial decidualization both in vivo and in vitro. Mice were gavaged with 0 and 285 mg/kg b.w. ETH from gestational days (GD)1 until sacrifice, whereas pseudopregnant mice from pseudopregnant day 1 (PPD-1) until PPD-8. Primary mouse endometrial stromal cells (mESCs) received 640 ug/ml ETH and added E2 and P4 to induce decidualization. Results indicated female albino CD1 mice exposed to high dose of ETH (285 mg/kg b.w.) by oral gavage, the number of embryo implantation sites on GD6 and GD8 were significantly decreased, the levels of serum E2 and P4 on GD8 were significantly decreased. Compared with the control group, the decidualization response artificially induced by corn oil in pseudopregnant mice and by E2 and P4 in primary mouse endometrial stromal cells (mESCs) was weakened in the high dose of ETH treated group. The high dose, 285 mg/kg b.w ETH treated group altered the expression of endometrial decidual markers on GD6 and GD8. The triglyceride and fatty acid metabolism-related genes were significantly increased after female albino CD1 mice exposed to high does, 285 mg/kg b.w ETH on GD6 and GD8. GPR120 was substantially reduced after ETH treatment. When overexpression of GPR120, the compromised decidualization induced by ETH treatment was rescued. Furthermore, molecular docking presented Thr234 and His251 of GPR120 as preferred binding sites for ETH. Mutation of these two sites rescued the compromised decidualization induced by ETH. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ETH exposure could impair decidualization during early pregnancy. GPR120 expression and binding between GPR120 and ETH are crucial for impaired decidualization mediated via ETH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Huang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Na Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chengshun Yang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junlin He
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yubin Ding
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chuan Peng
- Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Rufei Gao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Abstract
Originally, organophosphorus (OP) toxicology consisted of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by insecticides and chemical threat agents acting as phosphorylating agents for serine in the catalytic triad, but this is no longer the case. Other serine hydrolases can be secondary OP targets, depending on the OP structure, and include neuropathy target esterase, lipases, and endocannabinoid hydrolases. The major OP herbicides are glyphosate and glufosinate, which act in plants but not animals to block aromatic amino acid and glutamine biosynthesis, respectively, with safety for crops conferred by their expression of herbicide-tolerant targets and detoxifying enzymes from bacteria. OP fungicides, pharmaceuticals including calcium retention agents, industrial chemicals, and cytochrome P450 inhibitors act by multiple noncholinergic mechanisms, often with high potency and specificity. One type of OP-containing fire retardant forms a highly toxic bicyclophosphate γ-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist upon combustion. Some OPs are teratogenic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic by known mechanisms that can be avoided as researchers expand knowledge of OP chemistry and toxicology for future developments in bioregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3112;
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Casida JE. Unexpected Metabolic Reactions and Secondary Targets of Pesticide Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4471-4477. [PMID: 27192487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides provide a fascinating combination of substituents not present in other environmental chemicals, leading to unexpected metabolites and toxicological effects in pests, mammals, and other organisms. The parent compound and/or metabolites of some pesticides have multiple targets, requiring identification of the causal agents and their modes of action. This review considers a few of the author's observations in the past six decades, some solved and others still puzzling. It illustrates that a new substituent combination not only confers specific chemical and physical properties to a class of compounds but often yields metabolites with a surprising variety of biological activities. Examples considered include proinsecticides, procyclic phosphates, CYP inhibitors as synergists, thiocarbamate sulfoxides, promutagens, carcinogens, and hepatotoxins, and stress tolerance inducers in plants. Although the discoveries considered are based on pesticide toxicology, they are broadly applicable to environmental toxicology and xenobiotics in animals, plants, and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 114 Wellman Hall, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-3112, United States
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Lockridge O. Review of human butyrylcholinesterase structure, function, genetic variants, history of use in the clinic, and potential therapeutic uses. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:34-46. [PMID: 25448037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phase I clinical trials have shown that pure human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is safe when administered to humans. A potential therapeutic use of BChE is for prevention of nerve agent toxicity. A recombinant mutant of BChE that rapidly inactivates cocaine is being developed as a treatment to help recovering cocaine addicts avoid relapse into drug taking. These clinical applications rely on knowledge of the structure, stability, and properties of BChE, information that is reviewed here. Gene therapy with a vector that sustains expression for a year from a single injection is a promising method for delivering therapeutic quantities of BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
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Lantz SR, Casida JE. Characterization of the transient oxaphosphetane BChE inhibitor formed from spontaneously activated ethephon. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1320-2. [PMID: 23927580 PMCID: PMC3775443 DOI: 10.1021/tx4002429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The
major plant growth regulator ethephon degrades to ethylene
and phosphate in aqueous solutions and plants and is spontaneously
activated to a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor in alkaline
solutions and animal tissues. In the present 31P NMR kinetic
study of the reactions of ethephon in pH 7.4 carbonate buffer, we
observed a transient peak at 28.11 ppm. The time course for the appearance
and disappearance of this peak matches the activation/degradation
kinetic profile of the BChE inhibitor, and the chemical shift supports
the proposed 2-oxo-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaphosphetane structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Lantz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley , California 94720-3112, United States
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