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Wu BC, Skovbakke SL, Masoudi H, Hancock REW, Franzyk H. In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of Lipidated Peptidomimetics Pam-(Lys-βNspe) 6-NH 2 and Lau-(Lys-βNspe) 6-NH 2 Against PMA-Induced Acute Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2102. [PMID: 32983167 PMCID: PMC7485003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Host Defense Peptides (HDPs) are key components of innate immunity that exert antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and immunomodulatory activities in all higher organisms. Synthetic peptidomimetic analogs were designed to retain the desirable pharmacological properties of HDPs while having improved stability toward enzymatic degradation, providing enhanced potential for therapeutic applications. Lipidated peptide/β-peptoid hybrids [e.g., Pam-(Lys-βNspe)6-NH2 (PM1) and Lau-(Lys-βNspe)6-NH2 (PM2)] are proteolytically stable HDP mimetics displaying anti-inflammatory activity and formyl peptide receptor 2 antagonism in human and mouse immune cells in vitro. Here PM1 and PM2 were investigated for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced acute mouse ear inflammation model. Topical administration of PM1 or PM2 led to attenuated PMA-induced ear edema, reduced local production of the pro-inflammatory chemokines MCP-1 and CXCL-1 as well as the cytokine IL-6. In addition, diminished neutrophil infiltration into PMA-inflamed ear tissue and suppressed local release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were observed upon treatment. The obtained results show that these two peptidomimetics exhibit anti-inflammatory effects comparable to that of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin, and hence possess a potential for treatment of inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing C Wu
- Center for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah L Skovbakke
- Biotherapeutic Glycoengineering and Immunology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hamid Masoudi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Center for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Syed AS, Akram M, Bae ON, Kim CY. Isocassiaoccidentalin B, A NewC-Glycosyl Flavone Containing a 3-Keto Sugar, and Other Constituents fromCassia nomame. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shah Syed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; College of Pharmacy; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Korea
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; College of Pharmacy; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; College of Pharmacy; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; College of Pharmacy; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Korea
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3
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Corynoline Isolated from Corydalis bungeana Turcz. Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effects via Modulation of Nfr2 and MAPKs. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080975. [PMID: 27472313 PMCID: PMC6273489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corydalis bungeana Turcz. is an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb used widely in traditional Chinese medicine for upper respiratory tract infections. It is demonstrated that corynoline is its active anti-inflammatory component. The nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway play important roles in the regulation of inflammation. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of corynoline through modulation of Nfr2 and MAPKs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells were used to explore modulatory role of NO production and the activation of signaling proteins and transcription factors using nitrite assay, Western bloting and qPCR. Treatment with corynoline reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) and the protein and mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Treatment also significantly increased the expression of Nrf2, quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) at the mRNA and protein levels, which demonstrated that corynoline may protect cells from inflammation through the Nrf2/ARE pathway In addition, corynoline suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, molecular data revealed that corynoline inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated phosphorylation of c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Taken together, these results suggest that corynoline reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β, by suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) and p38 phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells, which is regulated by the Nrf2/ARE pathway. These findings reveal part of the molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of corynoline.
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Akram M, Shin I, Kim KA, Noh D, Baek SH, Chang SY, Kim H, Bae ON. A newly synthesized macakurzin C-derivative attenuates acute and chronic skin inflammation: The Nrf2/heme oxygenase signaling as a potential target. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 307:62-71. [PMID: 27450019 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired immune responses in skin play a pivotal role in the development and progression of chemical-associated inflammatory skin disorders. In this study, we synthesized new flavonoid derivatives from macakurzin C, and identified in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a potent anti-inflammatory flavonoid, Compound 14 (CPD 14), with its underlying mechanisms. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages and IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated human keratinocytes, CPD 14 significantly inhibited the release of inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, and cytokines (IC50 for NO inhibition in macrophages: 4.61μM). Attenuated NF-κB signaling and activated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of CPD 14. The in vivo relevance was examined in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced acute skin inflammation and oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis models. Topically applied CPD 14 significantly protected both irritation- and sensitization-associated skin inflammation by suppressing the expression of inflammatory mediators. In summary, we demonstrated that a newly synthesized flavonoid, CPD 14, has potent inhibitory effects on skin inflammation, suggesting it is a potential therapeutic candidate to treat skin disorders associated with excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Iljin Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-A Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabi Noh
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsu Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Zídek Z, Kverka M, Dusilová A, Kmoníčková E, Jansa P. Dual inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production by polysubstituted 2-aminopyrimidines. Nitric Oxide 2016; 57:48-56. [PMID: 27133739 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro experiments demonstrate inhibitory effects of polysubstituted 2-aminopyrimidines on high output production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulated by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in peritoneal macrophages of mouse and rat origin. PGE2 production was inhibited also in LPS-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A tight dependence of the suppressive activities on chemical structure of pyrimidines was observed. Derivatives containing hydroxyl groups at the C-4 and C-6 positions of pyrimidine ring were devoid of any influence on NO and PGE2. Remarkable inhibitory potential was acquired by the replacement of hydroxyl groups with chlorine, the 4,6-dichloro derivatives being more effective than the monochloro analogues. The effects were further intensified by modification of the amino group at the C-2 position, changing it to the (N,N-dimethylamino)methyleneamino or the formamido ones. There was no substantial difference in the expression of NO-inhibitory effects among derivatives containing distinct types of substituents at the C-5 position (hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, and benzyl). In contrast to NO, larger substituents then methyl were required to inhibit PGE2 production. Overall, no significant correlation between the extent of NO and PGE2 suppression was observed. The IC50s of derivatives with the strongest effects on both NO and PGE2 were within the range of 2-10 μM. Their NO-inhibitory potential of pyrimidines was stronger than that of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) aspirin and indomethacin. The PGE2-inhibitory effectiveness of pyrimidines was about the same as that of aspirin, but weaker as compared to indomethacin. The NO- and PGE2-inhibitory activity of tested pyrimidines has been found associated with decreased expression of iNOS mRNA and COX-2 mRNA, respectively, and with post-translation interactions. Selected NO-/PGE2-inhibitory derivatives decreased severity of intestinal inflammation in murine model of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Zídek
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloslav Kverka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Dusilová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kmoníčková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jansa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, Su ZY, Li W, Huang MT, Kong AN. The epigenetic effects of aspirin: the modification of histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation in the prevention of colon carcinogenesis in azoxymethane- and dextran sulfate sodium-treated CF-1 mice. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:616-624. [PMID: 27207670 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Chronic inflammation appears to enhance the risk of CRC. Emerging evidence has suggested that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in CRC. Aspirin [acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)] has been shown to prevent CRC; however, the epigenetic mechanisms of its action remain unknown. This study investigated the protective role of ASA in azoxymethane (AOM)-initiated and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-promoted colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) and examined the epigenetic effects, particularly on histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac), underlying the preventive effect of ASA. CF-1 mice were fed with AIN-93M diet with or without 0.02% ASA from 1 week prior to AOM initiation until the mice were killed 20 weeks after AOM injection. Our results showed that AOM/DSS + ASA significantly suppressed inflammatory colitis symptoms and tumor multiplicity. AOM/DSS + ASA reduced AOM/DSS-induced protein expression and the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and globally restored H3K27ac. Furthermore, AOM/DSS + ASA inhibited AOM/DSS-induced enrichment of H3K27ac in the promoters of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) that corresponded to the dramatic suppression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Surprisingly, no significant changes in the H3K27ac abundance in the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Cox-2) promoters or in the Cox-2 mRNA and protein expression were observed. Collectively, our results suggest that a potential novel epigenetic mechanism underlies the chemopreventive effects of ASA, and this mechanism attenuates CAC in AOM/DSS-induced CF-1 mice via the inhibition of HDACs and the modification of H3K27ac marks that suppress iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guo
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Department of Pharmaceutics and.,Center for Epigenomics of CAM Natural Products, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Chengyue Zhang
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Department of Pharmaceutics and.,Center for Epigenomics of CAM Natural Products, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zheng-Yuan Su
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli City, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan and
| | - Wenji Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and.,Center for Epigenomics of CAM Natural Products, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mou-Tuan Huang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and.,Center for Epigenomics of CAM Natural Products, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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7
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Quercetin on RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages Induced with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid. Molecules 2016; 21:450. [PMID: 27049378 PMCID: PMC6273652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,6-pentahydroxyflavone) is a well-known antioxidant and a flavonol found in many fruits, leaves, and vegetables. Quercetin also has known anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. However, the effects of quercetin on virus-induced macrophages have not been fully reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced macrophages was examined. Quercetin at concentrations up to 50 μM significantly inhibited the production of NO, IL-6, MCP-1, IP-10, RANTES, GM-CSF, G-CSF, TNF-α, LIF, LIX, and VEGF as well as calcium release in dsRNA (50 µg/mL of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid)-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages (p < 0.05). Quercetin at concentrations up to 50 μM also significantly inhibited mRNA expression of signal transducer and activated transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT3 in dsRNA-induced RAW 264.7 cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, quercetin had alleviating effects on viral inflammation based on inhibition of NO, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in dsRNA-induced macrophages via the calcium-STAT pathway.
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Zhen J, Guo Y, Villani T, Carr S, Brendler T, Mumbengegwi DR, Kong ANT, Simon JE, Wu Q. Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Extracts of the African Medicinal Plant Ximenia caffra. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:948262. [PMID: 25785232 PMCID: PMC4346700 DOI: 10.1155/2015/948262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for identification and quantification of polyphenols in the leaves of Ximenia caffra using HPLC/UV/MS. Based on analyzing the MS and UV data and in comparison to the authentic standards, a total of 10 polyphenols were identified and quantified, including gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, and their derivatives. The total content of these compounds was found to be approximately 19.45 mg/g in the leaf and the most abundant is quercetin-rutinoside (9.08 mg/g). The total phenolic content as measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay was 261.87 ± 7.11 mg GAE/g and the total antioxidant capacity as measured in vitro was 1.46 ± 0.01 mmol Trolox/g. The antiproliferative effect of the leaf extract was measured by MTS assay with IC50 value of 239.0 ± 44.5 μg/mL. Cell-based assays show that the leaf extract inhibits the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (IL-6, iNOS, and TNF-α) by using RT-qPCR, implying its anti-inflammatory effects. It was further demonstrated that the underlying therapeutic mechanism involves the suppression of NF-κB, a shared pathway between cell death and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhen
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tom Villani
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Steve Carr
- National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Davis R. Mumbengegwi
- Drug Discovery and Development Program, Science, Technology and Innovation Division, Multidisciplinary Research Center University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue Private Bag Box 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - James E. Simon
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- *James E. Simon: and
| | - Qingli Wu
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- *Qingli Wu:
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Khor TO, Fuentes F, Shu L, Paredes-Gonzalez X, Yang AY, Liu Y, Smiraglia DJ, Yegnasubramanian S, Nelson WG, Kong ANT. Epigenetic DNA methylation of antioxidative stress regulator NRF2 in human prostate cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:1186-97. [PMID: 25266896 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic control of NRF2, a master regulator of many critical antioxidative stress defense genes in human prostate cancer (CaP), is unknown. Our previous animal study found decreased Nrf2 expression through promoter CpG methylation/histone modifications during prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice. In this study, we evaluated CpG methylation of human NRF2 promoter in 27 clinical prostate cancer samples and in LNCaP cells using MAQMA analysis and bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing. Prostate cancer tissue microarray (TMA) containing normal and prostate cancer tissues was studied by immunohistochemistry. Luciferase reporter assay using specific human NRF2 DNA promoter segments and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay against histone modifying proteins were performed in LNCaP cells. Three specific CpG sites in the NRF2 promoter were found to be hypermethylated in clinical prostate cancer samples (BPH<ADT-RCaP<AS-CaP). NRF2 staining in human prostate cancer TMA showed a decreasing trend for both intensity and percentage of positive cells from normal tissues to advanced-stage prostate cancer (Gleason score from 3-9). Reporter assays in the LNCaP cells containing these three CpG sites showed methylation-inhibited transcriptional activity of the NRF2 promoter. LNCaP cells treated with 5-aza/TSA restored the expression of NRF2 and NRF2 downstream target genes, decreased expression levels of DNMT and HDAC proteins, and ChIP assays showed increased RNA Pol II and H3Ac with a concomitant decrease in H3K9me3, MBD2, and MeCP2 at CpG sites of human NRF2 promoter. Taken together, these findings suggest that epigenetic modification may contribute to the regulation of transcription activity of NRF2, which could be used as prevention and treatment target of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Oo Khor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Francisco Fuentes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Limin Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ximena Paredes-Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Anne Yuqing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Dominic J Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - William G Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.
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