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Li W, Hu Z, Jia C, Guo W, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Mechanism-based cytotoxicity trend prediction of furan-containing pollutants present in a mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123511. [PMID: 38325514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Human exposure to furan-containing pollutants (FCPs) has raised concerns due to their high risk of toxicity. A substantial number of approximately 8500 recorded compounds containing a furan ring exist which have been analytically or in biologically studied. A significant portion of these compounds is found in the everyday environments of individuals, particularly when ingested through food. Consequently, there is a need for a universal approach to rapidly predict the potential toxicity trends of FCPs. In this study, we developed a bromine labeling-based platform that combines LC-ICP-MS and LC-ESI-MS techniques to absolutely quantify FCP-induced protein adduction. The LC-ESI-MS approach facilitated the identification of FCP-derived protein adducts and optimized liquid chromatographic conditions for analyte separation. By employing a well-designed bromine-containing compound as a general internal standard, LC-ICP-MS-based technique enabled to absolutely assess bromine-labeled protein adduction. The protein adduction efficiencies of furan, 2-methylfuran, and 2,5-dimethylfuran were found to be 2.68, 2.90, and 0.37 molecules per 10,000 FCP molecules that primary hepatocytes received, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that 2-methylfuran exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, followed by furan and 2,5-dimethylfuran, which aligned with the order of their protein adduction. Thus, the protein adduction efficiency of FCPs could serve as a potential index for predicting their toxicity trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Zixia Hu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100102, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
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2
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Yuan Y, Wang W, Luo J, Tang C, Zheng Y, Yu J, Xu H, Zhu M, Hang T, Wang H, Diao X. Metabolite characterisation of the peptide-drug conjugate LN005 in liver S9s by UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:1-9. [PMID: 38044881 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2289635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
LN005 is a peptide-drug conjugate (PDC) targeting glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) to treat several types of cancer, such as breast, colon, and prostate cancer.As a new drug modality, understanding its metabolism and elimination pathways will help us to have a whole picture of it. Currently, there are no metabolic studies on LN005; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the metabolism of LN005, clarify its metabolic profile in the liver S9s of different species, and identify the major metabolic pathways and differences between species.The incubation samples were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS).The results showed that LN005 was metabolised by liver S9s, and four metabolites were identified. The main metabolic pathway of LN005 in liver S9s was oxidative deamination to ketone or hydrolysis. Similar metabolic profiles were observed in mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver S9s, indicating no differences between these four animal species and humans.This study provides information for the structural modification and optimisation of LN005 and affords a reference for subsequent animal experiments and human metabolism of other PDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yuan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Preparation, Shanghai Whittlong Pharmaceutical Institute Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongzhuang Tang
- Department of Biotransformation, XenoFinder Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuandong Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Honghong Xu
- Department of Preparation, Shanghai Whittlong Pharmaceutical Institute Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Department of Biotransformation, XenoFinder Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Taijun Hang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Diao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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3
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Hu M, Xu M, Chen Y, Ye Z, Zhu S, Cai J, Zhang M, Zhang C, Huang R, Ye Q, Ao H. Therapeutic potential of toosendanin: Novel applications of an old ascaris repellent as a drug candidate. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115541. [PMID: 37738795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN), extracted from Melia. toosendan Sieb.et Zucc. and Melia. azedarach L., has been developed into an ascaris repellent in China. However, with the improvement of public health protection, the incidence of ascariasis has been reduced considerably, resulting in limited medical application of TSN. Therefore, it is questionable whether this old ascaris repellent can develop into a drug candidate. Modern studies have shown that TSN has strong pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-botulinum, anti-viral and anti-parasitic potentials. It also can regulate fat formation and improve inflammation. These researches indicate that TSN has great potential to be developed into a corresponding medical product. In order to better development and application of TSN, the availability, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of TSN are summarized systematically. In addition, this review discusses shortcomings in the current researches and provides useful suggestions about how TSN developed into a drug candidate. Therefore, this paper illustrates the possibility of developing TSN as a medical product, aimed to provide directions for the clinical application and further research of TSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangkai Ye
- Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shunpeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruizhen Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Qiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Zhao J, He J, Xu J. Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A by Evodol. Xenobiotica 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37092795 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2207200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Evodol is one of the furanoids isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa that has been widely prescribed for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of evodol on CYP3A.2. A 30-min preincubation of evodol with human liver microsomes raised an obvious left IC50 shift, 3.9-fold for midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and 3.2-fold for testosterone 6β-hydroxylation. Evodol inactivated CYP3A in a time-, concentration- and NADPH-dependent manner, with KI and kinact of 5.1 μM and 0.028 min-1 for midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and 3.0 μM and 0.022 min-1 for testosterone 6β-hydroxylation.3. Co-incubation of ketoconazole attenuated the inactivation while inclusion of glutathione (GSH) and catalase/superoxide dismutase displayed no such protection.4. cis-Butene-1, 4-dial (BDA) intermediate derived from evodol were trapped by glutathione and N-acetyl-lysine in microsomes and characterized by HR-MS spectra. The BDA intermediate was believed to play a key role in CYP3A inactivation. CYP3A4 and 2C9 were the primary enzymes contributing to the bioactivation of evodol.5. To sum up, for the first time evodol was characterized as a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Animal Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingyu He
- R&D Institute, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Nanjing 211122, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Research, Nanjing Gaoxin Hospital, Nanjing 210031, China
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5
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Yan C, Peng T, Zhang T, Wang Y, Li N, Wang K, Jiang X. Molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by compounds occurring in Evodiae Fructus. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:75-93. [PMID: 36803497 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2180027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Evodiae Fructus (EF) is a common herbal medicine with thousands of years of medicinal history in China, which has been demonstrated with many promising pharmacological effects on cancer, cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease. However, there have been increasing reports of hepatotoxicity associated with EF consumption. Unfortunately, in a long term, many implicit constituents of EF as well as their toxic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recently, metabolic activation of hepatotoxic compounds of EF to generate reactive metabolites (RMs) has been implicated. Herein, we capture metabolic reactions relevant to hepatotoxicity of these compounds. Initially, catalyzed by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s), the hepatotoxic compounds of EF are oxidized to generate RMs. Subsequently, the highly electrophilic RMs could react with nucleophilic groups contained in biomolecules, such as hepatic proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids to form conjugates and/or adducts, leading to a sequence of toxicological consequences. In addition, currently proposed biological pathogenesis, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, hepatic metabolism disorder, and cell apoptosis are represented. In short, this review updates the knowledge on the pathways of metabolic activation of seven hepatotoxic compounds of EF and provides considerable insights into the relevance of proposed molecular hepatotoxicity mechanisms from a biochemical standpoint, for the purpose of providing a theoretical guideline for the rational application of EF in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ting Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
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6
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Li W, Hu Z, Sun C, Wang Y, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. A Metabolic Activation-Based Chemoproteomic Platform to Profile Adducted Proteins Derived from Furan-Containing Compounds. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:873-882. [PMID: 35353477 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to widespread furan-containing compounds (FCCs) has drawn much attention due to the high risk of their toxicities. Identifying adducted proteins resulting from the metabolic activation of FCCs is the core to learning the mechanism of FCCs' toxic action. We succeeded in establishing a metabolic activation-based chemoproteomic platform to map FCC-derived protein adducts in cultured primary hepatocytes treated with FCCs and to pinpoint the modification sites, using click chemistry but without alkynylation or azidation of FCCs to be investigated. The proposed platform was systematically verified by biomimetic synthesis, liver microsomal incubation, and primary hepatocyte culture. A mixture of furan, 2-methylfuran, and 2,5-dimethylfuran as model was tested by use of the established platform. A total of hepatic 171 lysine-based adducted proteins and 145 cysteine-based adducted proteins by the reactive metabolites of the three FCCs were enriched and identified (Byonic score ≥ 100). The target proteins were found to mainly participate in ATP synthesis. The technique was also successfully applied to furan-containing natural products. The established platform made it possible to profile covalently adducted proteins, because of potential exposure to a vast inventory of over two million of FCCs documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zixia Hu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
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7
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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Yang L. Limonoids From the Genus Melia (Meliaceae): Phytochemistry, Synthesis, Bioactivities, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:795565. [PMID: 35140606 PMCID: PMC8819599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.795565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Limonoids, as the vital bioactive chemical compounds in genus Melia plants, have attracted significant attention owing to their exclusive structural characteristics and remarkable biological activity. These compounds can be usually classified into two categories, including the ring-intact group and the ring-C-seco group. Benefiting from the development of separation and analysis technology, more than 200 limonoids have been isolated and identified from this genus. There is growing evidence that limonoids from genus Melia possess diverse pharmacological activities, especially anti-cancer effects, insecticidal activities, and anti-botulism effects. Toosendanin, one of the paramount limonoids, was considered as the pivotal bioactive marker in two medicinal herbs, including Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc and Melia azedarach L. In particular, limonoids are found to exhibit non-negligible toxic effects, a finding which needs further research. Besides this, the lack of clinical research data seriously hinders its further development and utilization, and necessary clinical trials should be taken into consideration. In this review, we systematically summarized the phytochemical compounds and their synthesis methods, pharmacological activities, and the structure–activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of genus Melia-derived limonoids. We believe that this up-to-date review could provide scientific evidence for the application of limonoids as agents beneficial to health in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengtao Wang, ; Li Yang,
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengtao Wang, ; Li Yang,
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8
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Sun M, Liu Q, Liang Q, Gao S, Zhuang K, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Liu K, She G, Xia Q. Toosendanin triggered hepatotoxicity in zebrafish via inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis pathways. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 250:109171. [PMID: 34454086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN) is a crucial component from Toosendan Fructus with a promising anti-tumor capacity. It is also the primary suspect hepatotoxic component of Toosendan Fructus. However, the mechanisms underlying TSN-induced liver injury are still largely unknown. In present study, we evaluated the hepatotoxicity of TSN on zebrafish and explored the role of inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis in TSN-induced hepatotoxicity. We found that TSN treatment decreased the area and fluorescence intensity of zebrafish liver in time- and dose-dependent manners at nonlethal concentrations. The ALT and AST activities were increased after TSN treatment. Severe cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear shrank were found in the liver of TSN-treated zebrafish. The expression profile of genes demonstrated that inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis pathways were involved in TSN-induced hepatotoxicity. Our study demonstrated for the first time that TSN treatment gave rise to liver injury in zebrafish, and inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis played a role in TSN-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China; School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Qiuxia Liang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shuo Gao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China; School of Pharmacy, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Kaiyan Zhuang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan 250103, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan 250103, China
| | - Huazheng Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan 250103, China.
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Qing Xia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan 250103, China.
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9
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Wang YK, Li WQ, Xia S, Guo L, Miao Y, Zhang BK. Metabolic Activation of the Toxic Natural Products From Herbal and Dietary Supplements Leading to Toxicities. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:758468. [PMID: 34744736 PMCID: PMC8564355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.758468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, herbal and dietary supplements have been widely applied to prevent and treat various diseases. However, the potential toxicities and adverse reactions of herbal and dietary supplements have been increasingly reported, and have gradually attracted widespread attention from clinical pharmacists and physicians. Metabolic activation of specific natural products from herbal and dietary supplements is mediated by hepatic cytochrome P450 or intestinal bacteria, and generates chemical reactive/toxic metabolites that bind to cellular reduced glutathione or macromolecules, and form reactive metabolites-glutathione/protein/DNA adducts, and these protein/DNA adducts can result in toxicities. The present review focuses on the relation between metabolic activation and toxicities of natural products, and provides updated, comprehensive and critical comment on the toxic mechanisms of reactive metabolites. The key inductive role of metabolic activation in toxicity is highlighted, and frequently toxic functional groups of toxic natural products were summarized. The biotransformation of drug cytochrome P450 or intestinal bacteria involved in metabolic activation were clarified, the reactive metabolites-protein adducts were selected as biomarkers for predicting toxicity. And finally, further perspectives between metabolic activation and toxicities of natural products from herbal and dietary supplements are discussed, to provide a reference for the reasonable and safe usage of herbal and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Qun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Zhuo Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Wu H, Gong S, Hu X, Fu Y, Shen X, Sun B, Wu JL, Li N. Hepatotoxic evaluation of toosendanin via biomarker quantification and pathway mapping of large-scale chemical proteomics. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112257. [PMID: 34000341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major side effect, sometimes can't be exactly evaluated by current approaches partly as the covalent modification of drug or its reactive metabolites (RMs) with proteins is a possible reason. In this study, we developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific analytical method to assess the hepatotoxicity induced by drug covalently modified proteins based on the quantification of the modified amino acids using toosendanin (TSN), a hepatotoxic chemical, as an example. TSN RM-protein adducts both in rat liver and blood showed good correlation with the severity of hepatotoxicity. Thus, TSN RM-protein adducts in serum can potentially serve as minimally invasive biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. Meanwhile, large-scale chemical proteomics analysis showed that at least 84 proteins were modified by TSN RMs in rat liver, and the bioinformatics analysis revealed that TSN might induce hepatotoxicity through multi-target protein-protein interaction especially involved in energy metabolism. These findings suggest that our approach may serve as a valuable tool to evaluate DILI and investigate the possible mechanism, especially for complex compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yida Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shilin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China
| | - Xinzi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China.
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, PR China.
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11
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Long SA, Huang S, Kambala A, Ren L, Wilson J, Goetz M, Hao X, Yang X, Goncharova EI, Jia L, LeBlanc A, Khanna C, Henrich CJ, Beutler JA. Identification of potential modulators of osteosarcoma metastasis by high-throughput cellular screening of natural products. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 97:77-86. [PMID: 32666679 PMCID: PMC8808376 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening assay was developed and applied to a large library of natural product extract samples, in order to identify compounds which preferentially inhibited the in vitro 2D growth of a highly metastatic osteosarcoma cell line (MG63.3) compared to a cognate parental cell line (MG63) with low metastatic potential. Evaluation of differentially active natural product extracts with bioassay-guided fractionation led to the identification of lovastatin (IC50 = 11 µm) and the limonoid toosendanin (IC50 = 26 nm). Other statins and limonoids were then tested, and cerivastatin was identified as a particularly potent (IC50 < 0.1 µm) and selective agent. These compounds potently and selectively induced apoptosis in MG63.3 cells, but not MG63. Assays with other cell pairs were used to examine the generality of these results. Statins and limonoids may represent unexplored opportunities for development of modulators of osteosarcoma metastasis. As cerivastatin was previously approved for clinical use, it could be considered for repurposing in osteosarcoma, pending validation in further models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Long
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anusha Kambala
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ling Ren
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Goetz
- Natural Products Discovery Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products in Guizhou Province, China Academy of Sciences, Gui Yang, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products in Guizhou Province, China Academy of Sciences, Gui Yang, China
| | - Ekaterina I. Goncharova
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Libin Jia
- Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amy LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Curtis J. Henrich
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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12
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Liu Y, Liu C, Liu Y, Ge Q, Sun C. Cytochrome P450 Mediated Bioactivation of Rutaevin, a Bioactive and Potentially Hepatotoxic Component of Evodia Rutaecarpa. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:3054-3064. [PMID: 33305580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Department of Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Yantaishan Hospital, No. 91 Jiefang Road, Yantai 26400, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yamei Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Quanli Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantaishan Hospital, No. 91 Jiefang Road, Yantai 26400, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yantai Municipal Government Hospital, No. 16 Yuhuangding West Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
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13
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Liu X, Lv H, Guo Y, Teka T, Wang X, Huang Y, Han L, Pan G. Structure-Based Reactivity Profiles of Reactive Metabolites with Glutathione. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1579-1593. [PMID: 32347096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic agents can be transformed into reactive metabolites under the action of various metabolic enzymes in vivo and then covalently combine with biological macromolecules (such as protein or DNA), resulting in increasing toxicity. The screening of reactive metabolites in drug discovery and development stages and monitoring of biotransformation in post-market drugs has become an important research field. Generally, reactive metabolites are electrophilic and can be captured by small nucleophiles. Glutathione (GSH) is a small peptide composed of three amino acids (i.e., glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine). It has a thiol group which can react with electrophilic groups of reactive metabolic intermediates (such as benzoquinone, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, and Michael acceptor) to form a stable binding conjugate. This paper aims to provide a review on structure-based reactivity profiles of reactive metabolites with GSH. Furthermore, this review also reveals the relationship between drugs' molecular structures and reactive metabolic toxicity from the perspective of metabolism, giving a reference for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong Lv
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yaqing Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Tekleab Teka
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, China
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14
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Zhang L, Liu Q, Pan Y, Qi X, Li Y, Chen C, Sun J. Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Bioactivation and Its Role in Nomilin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2208-2217. [PMID: 32633501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingwang Liu
- Institute of Heath and Medical Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yajuan Pan
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xianfang Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuanlong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Ci Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
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15
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Zhou H, Liu Q, Zhang J, Yao J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang L. Cytochrome P450-Mediated Bioactivation: Implication for the Liver Injury Induced by Fraxinellone, A Bioactive Constituent from Dictamni Cortex. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1960-1968. [PMID: 32484342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fraxinellone, a furanoid, is one of the bioactive and potentially hepatotoxic constituents from Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz, which is extensively spread throughout Asian countries. This herb was reported to cause liver injury in clinical application. However, the mechanism behind is still not fully understood. This study mainly focused on the hepatotoxicity of fraxinellone and the underlying mechanism. The current study demonstrated that fraxinellone resulted in a significant elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in a dose-dependent manner in mice after oral administration. Pretreatment with ketoconazole for three successive days could significantly alleviate the hepatotoxicity of fraxinellone. Considering that fraxinellone has a structural alert of furan ring, it is believed that the hepatotoxicity caused by fraxinellone required cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation. Bioactivation studies were subsequently carried out in vitro and in vivo. Fraxinellone was metabolized into cis-enedial intermediate, an electrophile that was prone to react with glutathione or N-acetyl-lysine through 1,2- or 1,4-addition to form stable conjugates. Ketoconazole significantly inhibited the formation of the glutathione conjugates (M1 and M2) in microsomal incubation and similar finding was obtained in vivo. Phenotyping study indicated that CYP3A4 was the principal enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of fraxinellone. This study suggested that CYP3A4-mediated bioactivation plays an indispensable role in fraxinellone-induced hepatotoxicity. The work performed herein enables us to better understand the hepatotoxicity of fraxinellone as well as the mechanism behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingwang Liu
- Institute of Heath & Medical Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianning Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanle Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Xuexiu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
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16
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Huang L, Li Y, Pan H, Lu Y, Zhou X, Shi F. Cortex dictamni-induced liver injury in mice: The role of P450-mediated metabolic activation of furanoids. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:41-52. [PMID: 32437846 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many furan containing compounds have been reported to be toxic resulted from the metabolic activation of the furan ring to reactive metabolite (RM). Cortex Dictamni (CD), a widely used herbal medicine, has been reported to cause severe even fatal hepatotoxicity. The injurious components and mechanism of CD-induced liver injury remain unclear. Our preliminary study showed that dictamnine, one major furanoid in CD, caused mouse liver injury via its reactive epoxide metabolite. Besides dictamnine, the major components of CD are series of bioactivation-alerting furanoids. Thus, we hypothesize that series of furanoids in CD may undergo metabolic activation and play a key role in CD-induced liver injury. Here, a single oral dose of 60 g/kg ethanol extract of CD (ECD) caused severe hepatocellular necrosis in mice at 24 h post-dose. ECD-induced liver injury showed a dose- and time-dependent manner. The hepatotoxic effects could be completely abolished by P450 nonselective inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and strongly modulated by other P450 modulators. The furanoids-concentrated fraction of ECD was responsible for the hepatotoxicity. At least ten furanoids with high abundance in ECD, such as obakunone, dictamnine, fraxinellone, limonin, were found to be metabolized to reactive epoxide or cis-enedione. The RM levels were consistent with the liver injury degree. Multiple furanoids, rather than single one, cooperatively contributed to the hepatotoxicity. ECD-induced liver injury could be reproduced by a mixture of pure furanoids. In summary, this study provides toxic component profiles of CD and demonstrates that P450-mediated bioactivation of multiple furanoids is responsible for CD-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Xumei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Fuguo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
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17
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Pei J, Xiao W, Zhu D, Ji X, Shi L, Deng X. Cytochrome P450 Enzyme-Mediated Bioactivation as an Underlying Mechanism of Columbin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:940-947. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, No. 293, Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Danyan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaowei Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liping Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaozhao Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, No. 293, Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing 210002, China
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18
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Lang SQ, Lang WH, Yu HY, Wang L. Metabolic activation of TM5441 in vitro and in vivo: Formation of reactive metabolites and human enzymes involved. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 143:105195. [PMID: 31852629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TM5441, a furan-containing drug, is an inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which can induce intrinsic apoptosis of human cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to identify the reactive metabolites of TM5441 and to reveal the bioactivation pathways that are associated with its hepatotoxicity. The reactive metabolites were trapped by using glutathione (GSH) or N-acetyl-lysine (NAL) in rat, dog, and human liver microsomal incubation system after exposure to TM5441. Two metabolic activation pathways were disclosed. The first bioactivation pathway was dominated by Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s); TM5441 was metabolized into cis-2-butene-1,4-dial derivative dependent on NADPH, which can be trapped in the liver microsomal incubations fortified with GSH or NAL as trapping agents. Five metabolites (M1, M2, M9, M12 and M13) associated with GSH and three metabolites (M4, M7 and M14) associated with NAL were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The second bioactivation pathway was catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs); TM5441 was conjugated with glucuronide to form acyl-glucuronide (M10), which further reacted with GSH, resulting in the identification of a TM5441-S-acyl-GSH adduct (M11) in liver microsomal incubations fortified with uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronidc acid (UDPGA) and GSH. M9, M10, M11, M12 and M13 were also detected in bile samples of rats given TM5441. Compared with rat, dog would display closer bioactivation profiles to human. The CYP450 enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of TM5441 was mainly identified as CYP3A4, using human recombinant CYP450 enzymes and specific inhibitory studies. The UGT enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of TM5441 mainly involved UGT2B7, 1A1 and 1A4. These results facilitate the understanding of the bioactivation of TM5441 and potential toxicological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Qin Lang
- Department of Outpatient, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hua Lang
- Department of Spine surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yu
- Department of Radiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, Shandong Province, China.
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19
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Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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20
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Yan X, Zhuo Y, Bian X, Li J, Zhang Y, Ma L, Lu G, Guo MQ, Wu JL, Li N. Integrated Proteomics, Biological Functional Assessments, and Metabolomics Reveal Toosendanin-Induced Hepatic Energy Metabolic Disorders. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:668-680. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
- Changzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 25 Heping North Road, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Xiqing Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Jianmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Yida Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Lidong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Guanghua Lu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ming-Quan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
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21
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Li ZQ, Jiang LL, Zhao DS, Zhou J, Wang LL, Wu ZT, Zheng X, Shi ZQ, Li P, Li HJ. The Modulatory Role of CYP3A4 in Dictamnine-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1033. [PMID: 30283337 PMCID: PMC6156363 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictamni Cortex (DC) has been reported to be associated with acute hepatitis in clinic and may lead to a selective sub-chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. Nevertheless, the potent toxic ingredient and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Dictamnine (DTN), the main alkaloid from DC, possesses a furan ring which was suspected of being responsible for hepatotoxicity via metabolic activation primarily by CYP3A4. Herein, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of CYP3A4 in DTN-induced liver injury. The in vitro results showed that the EC50 values in primary human hepatocytes (PHH), L02, HepG2 and NIH3T3 cells were correlated with the CYP3A4 expression levels in corresponding cells. Furthermore, the toxicity was increased in CYP3A4-induced PHH by rifampicin, and CYP3A4 over-expressed (OE) HepG2 and L02 cells. Contrarily, the cytotoxicity was decreased in CYP3A4-inhibited PHH and CYP3A4 OE HepG2 and L02 cells inhibited by ketoconazole (KTZ). In addition, the hepatotoxicity of DTN in enzyme induction/inhibition mice was further investigated in the aspects of biochemistry, histopathology, and pharmacokinetics. Administration of DTN in combination with KTZ resulted in attenuated liver injury, including lower alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities and greater AUC and Cmax of serum DTN, whereas, pretreatment with dexamethasone aggravated the injury. Collectively, our findings illustrated that DTN-induced hepatotoxicity correlated well with the expression of CYP3A4, namely inhibition of CYP3A4 alleviated the toxicity both in vitro and in vivo, and induction aggravated the toxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Tian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Qi Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Yang R, Zhao Q, Hu DD, Xiao XR, Li F. Optimization of extraction and analytical protocol for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of hepatotoxicity. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4359. [PMID: 30091800 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Dan-Dan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - Xue-Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming China
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23
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Zhuo Y, Wu JL, Yan X, Guo MQ, Liu N, Zhou H, Liu L, Li N. Strategy for Hepatotoxicity Prediction Induced by Drug Reactive Metabolites Using Human Liver Microsome and Online 2D-Nano-LC-MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13167-13175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
- Changzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 25 Heping North Road, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ming-Quan Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture,
Wuhan Botanical Garden, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Central
Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Liang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Na Li
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
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24
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Slawik C, Rickmeyer C, Brehm M, Böhme A, Schüürmann G. Glutathione Adduct Patterns of Michael-Acceptor Carbonyls. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4018-4026. [PMID: 28225253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has so far been considered to facilitate detoxification of soft organic electrophiles through covalent binding at its cysteine (Cys) thiol group, followed by stepwise catalyzed degradation and eventual elimination along the mercapturic acid pathway. Here we show that in contrast to expectation from HSAB theory, Michael-acceptor ketones, aldehydes and esters may form also single, double and triple adducts with GSH involving β-carbon attack at the much harder N-terminus of the γ-glutamyl (Glu) unit of GSH. In particular, formation of the GSH-N single adduct contradicts the traditional view that S alkylation always forms the initial reaction of GSH with Michael-acceptor carbonyls. To this end, chemoassay analyses of the adduct formation of GSH with nine α,β-unsaturated carbonyls employing high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry have been performed. Besides enriching the GSH adductome and potential biomarker applications, electrophilic N-terminus functionalization is likely to impair GSH homeostasis substantially through blocking the γ-glutamyl transferase catalysis of the first breakdown step of modified GSH, and thus its timely reconstitution. The discussion includes a comparison with cyclic adducts of GSH and furan metabolites as reported in literature, and quantum chemically calculated thermodynamics of hard-hard, hard-soft, and soft-soft adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Slawik
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Rickmeyer
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Brehm
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Böhme
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
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25
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Lu X, Ji C, Tong W, Lian X, Wu Y, Fan X, Gao Y. Integrated analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles highlights the complex and dynamic behavior of toosendanin-induced liver injury in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34225. [PMID: 27703232 PMCID: PMC5050432 DOI: 10.1038/srep34225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoid Toosendanin (TSN) exhibits a plenty of pharmacological effects in human and great values in agriculture. However, the hepatotoxicity caused by TSN or Melia-family plants containing TSN used in traditional Chinese medicine has been reported, and the mechanisms of TSN-induced liver injury (TILI) still remain largely unknown. In this study, the dose- and time-dependent effects of TSN on mice liver were investigated by an integrated microRNA-mRNA approach as well as the general toxicological assessments. As the results, the dose- and time-dependent liver injury and alterations in global microRNA and mRNA expressions were detected. Particularly, 9-days 80 mg/kg TSN exposure caused most serious liver injury in mice, and the hepatic adaptation to TILI was unexpectedly observed after 21-days 80 mg/kg TSN administration. Based on the pathway analysis of the intersections between predicted targets of differentially expressed microRNAs and differentially expressed mRNAs at three time points, it revealed that TILI may be caused by glutathione depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid dysmetabolism, ultimately leading to hepatocytes necrosis in liver, while liver regeneration may play an important role in the hepatic adaptation to TILI. Our results demonstrated that the integrated microRNA-mRNA approach could provide new insight into the complex and dynamic behavior of TILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cai Ji
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueping Lian
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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26
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Lassila T, Mattila S, Turpeinen M, Pelkonen O, Tolonen A. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of S- and N-linked glutathione conjugates of pulegone and menthofuran and identification of P450 enzymes mediating their formation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:917-926. [PMID: 26969934 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Menthofuran is a hepatotoxin and a major metabolite of pulegone, a monoterpene found in the essential oils of many mint species. It is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to reactive metabolites, which may further react with glutathione to form S-linked and N-linked conjugates. The tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation pathways of rarely observed N-linked conjugates, and the differences to fragmentation of S-linked conjugates, have not been reported in the literature previously, although this information is essential to enable comprehensive MS/MS-based screening methods covering the both types of conjugates. METHODS (R)-(+)-Pulegone, (S)-(-)-pulegone, and menthofuran were incubated with a human liver S9 fraction with glutathione (GSH) as the trapping agent. Conjugates were searched with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/orbitrap MS and their MS/MS spectra were measured both in the negative and positive ionization polarities. Menthofuran was also incubated with recombinant human CYP enzymes and GSH to elucidate the CYPs responsible for the formation of the reactive metabolites. RESULTS Four GSH conjugates of menthofuran were detected and identified as S- and N-linked conjugates based on MS/MS spectra. N-linked conjugates lacked the characteristic fragments of S-linked conjugates and commonly produced fragments that retained parts of glutamic acid. CYP1A2, 2B6 and 3A4 were observed to produce more GSH conjugates than other CYP isoforms. CONLUSIONS Furans can form reactive aldehydes that react in Schiff-base fashion with the free glutamyl-amine of GSH to form N-linked conjugates that have distinct MS/MS spectra from S-linked adducts. This should be taken into account when setting up LC/MS/MS-based detection of glutathione conjugates to screen for reactive metabolites, at least for compounds with a furan moiety. Neutral loss scanning of 178.0412 Da and 290.0573 Da in the positive ionization mode, or neutral loss scanning of 256.0695 Da and 290.0573 Da and precursor ion scanning of m/z 143.0462 in the negative ionization mode, is recommended. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lassila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Sampo Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, 90029, OYS, Finland
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620, Oulu, Finland
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27
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Lin D, Guo X, Gao H, Cheng L, Cheng M, Song S, Peng Y, Zheng J. In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of the Metabolic Activation of 8-Epidiosbulbin E Acetate. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1737-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiang Zheng
- Center
for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children’s Research
Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department
of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
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28
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Li C, Lin D, Gao H, Hua H, Peng Y, Zheng J. N-Acetyl Lysine/Glutathione-Derived Pyrroles as Potential Ex Vivo Biomarkers of Bioactivated Furan-Containing Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 28:384-93. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500334m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiang Zheng
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics,
Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology
and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
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