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Sukakul T, Bruze M, Svedman C. Fragrance Contact Allergy - A Review Focusing on Patch Testing. Acta Derm Venereol 2024; 104:adv40332. [PMID: 39140486 PMCID: PMC11334351 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v104.40332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragrance materials are widely used in various types of products in daily life and many of them can be contact sensitizers. Contact allergy to fragrances has been reported to be common worldwide. Unlike other groups of contact allergens such as metals and preservatives, fragrance materials in consumer products can be present as single fragrance chemicals or in the form of mixtures known as natural complex substances. Due to the complexity of the fragrance materials and the high number of fragrance substances known to cause contact sensitization, selecting suitable materials for patch testing is challenging. Emerging fragrance markers have been additionally introduced in different baseline series for screening to enhance the rate of fragrance contact allergy detection. Moreover, there have been continual updates on basic knowledge, clinical perspectives, sources of exposure, and regulations on the use of fragrance materials. Avoiding pitfalls while performing patch testing with fragrance test materials is also crucial and should not be overlooked. Therefore, this review aims to update knowledge to provide a high-quality holistic approach to fragrance contact allergy diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Ke Y, Gall BK, Dewey NS, Rotavera B, Ferreira EM. Multigram Synthesis of a Combustion-Relevant δ-Ketohydroperoxide through Sulfonylhydrazine Substitution. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202266. [PMID: 35945143 PMCID: PMC9643622 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of a δ-ketohydroperoxide is described, addressing potential functional-group compatibilities in these elusive species relevant to combustion and atmospheric chemistries. The hydroperoxide is installed via sulfonylhydrazine substitution, which was found to be more effective than displacement of secondary halides. As part of this protocol, it was observed that 1,2-dimethoxyethane is an advantageous medium for the reaction, avoiding the formation of a tetrahydrofuran hydroperoxide side product. This discovery facilitated the multigram synthesis (6 steps, 41 % yield overall) and discrete characterization of the target δ-ketohydroperoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Ting Ke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| | - Bradley K. Gall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| | - Nicholas S. Dewey
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| | - Brandon Rotavera
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
- College of EngineeringUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| | - Eric M. Ferreira
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
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Karlberg AT, Lepoittevin JP. One hundred years of allergic contact dermatitis due to oxidized terpenes: What we can learn from old research on turpentine allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:627-636. [PMID: 34453446 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although in recent years the focus on sensitizing terpene oxidation products has been on oxidized limonene and linalool, the autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine causing occupational contact dermatitis in painters. This review is written in a way as to allow us to get closer to the work of the scientists in earlier days, to participate in the successes, and also to observe the weak points. The researchers concluded that the main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3 -carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine which is of the Iberian type with no or only traces of Δ3 -carene. Historical exposure to turpentine showed that ending the industrial exposure stopped the occupational skin sensitization. Patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population. A hundred years of extensive chemical and clinical studies worldwide should be sufficient to meet the evidence requirement regarding allergic contact dermatitis caused by terpenes. HIGHLIGHTS: The autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine. The main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3 -carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine with no or only traces of Δ3 -carene. Recent patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lichter J, Silva E Sousa M, Peter N, Sahli F, Vileno B, Kuresepi S, Gourlaouen C, Giménez-Arnau E, Blömeke B. Skin sensitization to fragrance hydroperoxides: interplay between dendritic cells, keratinocytes and free radicals. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:1143-1152. [PMID: 33205411 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin sensitization to hydroperoxides (R-OOHs) of the commonly used fragrance terpenes limonene, linalool and citronellol is frequently reported. R-OOHs are believed to initiate the process leading to sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. Thus, radical intermediates, keratinocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) may act in concert to initiate the process. OBJECTIVES To evaluate individual DC activation profiles by R-OOHs in the context of keratinocytes with regard to frequency, specificity and magnitude of upregulation. METHODS We used 2D and 3D cocultures with keratinocytes/reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) and DCs to evaluate cell surface levels of the costimulatory molecules CD86, CD80 and the adhesion molecule CD54 on cocultured DCs. Analysis of radical formation from limonene hydroperoxides in RHE was performed using electron paramagnetic resonance combined with the spin trapping technique. RESULTS R-OOHs induce donor-dependent DC activation. Major differences were found between the limonene-OOHs. Limonene-1-OOH was stronger with respect to both frequency and magnitude of response. Using a 3D coculture model, no DC activation was detected after topical application of 0·2% limonene-OOHs (20 µg cm-2 ), while 1·2% limonene-1-OOH or 2% limonene-2-OOH induced DC activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated differences in the carbon and oxygen radicals formed from the limonene-OOHs using RHE, mimicking what may happen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We report clear individual differences in DC maturation induced by the most important hydroperoxides. Response rates and magnitude of response both indicate that very small structural alterations in the hydroperoxides are translated into specific DC responses. In addition, we provide more insight into the amounts of hydroperoxides that can activate DCs and induce sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - M Silva E Sousa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - N Peter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - F Sahli
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France.,French EPR Federation of Research, Réseau NAtional de Rpe interDisciplinaire (RENARD, Fédération IR-RPE CNRS #3443), Strasbourg, France
| | - S Kuresepi
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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Hennen J, Silva E Sousa M, Sahli F, Lichter J, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E, Blömeke B. Sensitization potential and potency of terpene hydroperoxides in the cocultured activation test method. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:97-103. [PMID: 30963590 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive patch test reactions to mixtures of oxidized terpenes containing allergenic hydroperoxides are frequently reported. However, human sensitization data for these hydroperoxides are not available. OBJECTIVES To analyse and evaluate the human sensitization potential and potency of hydroperoxides in vitro by using human cells. MATERIALS/METHODS Limonene-1-hydroperoxide, limonene-2-hydroperoxide, citronellol-7-hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, 1-(1-hydroperoxy-1-methylethyl)cyclohexene and mixtures of citronellol hydroperoxides (isomers at positions 6 and 7) and linalool hydroperoxides (isomers at positions 6 and 7) were studied. All compounds were synthesized except for cumene hydroperoxide, which was commercially available. Their potential and potency to activate dendritic cells (DCs) was evaluated by measuring the upregulation of CD86 and CD54 on THP-1 cells upon exposure in the cocultured activation test (COCAT) consisting of HaCaT cells (human keratinocyte cell line) and THP-1 monocytes (as a surrogate for DCs). RESULTS Hydroperoxides upregulated CD86 and/or CD54 on cocultured THP-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results are comparable with their sensitization potency ranking in predictive animal models. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the human sensitization potential and potency of several hydroperoxides were determined by the use of human cells and the COCAT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | | | - Fatma Sahli
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jutta Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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Ramzi A, Ahmadi H, Sadiktsis I, Nilsson U. A two-dimensional non-comprehensive reversed/normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system for determination of limonene and linalool hydroperoxides. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kuresepi S, Vileno B, Turek P, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E. Potential of EPR spin-trapping to investigate in situ free radicals generation from skin allergens in reconstructed human epidermis: cumene hydroperoxide as proof of concept. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:171-179. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1420906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salen Kuresepi
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
- French EPR Federation of Research, REseau NAtional de Rpe interDisciplinaire, RENARD, Fédération IR-RPE CNRS #3443, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Turek
- POMAM Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
- French EPR Federation of Research, REseau NAtional de Rpe interDisciplinaire, RENARD, Fédération IR-RPE CNRS #3443, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
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Natsch A, Günthardt BF, Corbi E, Pérès C, Düsterloh A, Leijs H, van Strien M, Nilsson U, Calandra MJ, Wang Y. Interlaboratory evaluation of methods to quantify skin sensitizing hydroperoxides potentially formed from linalool and limonene in perfumes. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Biosciences; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland
| | - Barbara F. Günthardt
- Analytical Chemistry; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland
| | - Elise Corbi
- Laboratoire recherche et analyses; CHANEL; avenue Charles de Gaulle 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine France
| | - Christophe Pérès
- Laboratoire recherche et analyses; CHANEL; avenue Charles de Gaulle 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine France
| | - André Düsterloh
- DSM Nutritional Products; Wurmisweg 576 4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - Hans Leijs
- International Flavors & Fragrances; Zevenheuvelenweg 60 5048 AN Tilburg Netherlands
| | - Michel van Strien
- International Flavors & Fragrances; Zevenheuvelenweg 60 5048 AN Tilburg Netherlands
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Firmenich US; 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
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Acute Limonene Toxicity in Escherichia coli Is Caused by Limonene Hydroperoxide and Alleviated by a Point Mutation in Alkyl Hydroperoxidase AhpC. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4690-6. [PMID: 25934627 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01102-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonene, a major component of citrus peel oil, has a number of applications related to microbiology. The antimicrobial properties of limonene make it a popular disinfectant and food preservative, while its potential as a biofuel component has made it the target of renewable production efforts through microbial metabolic engineering. For both applications, an understanding of microbial sensitivity or tolerance to limonene is crucial, but the mechanism of limonene toxicity remains enigmatic. In this study, we characterized a limonene-tolerant strain of Escherichia coli and found a mutation in ahpC, encoding alkyl hydroperoxidase, which alleviated limonene toxicity. We show that the acute toxicity previously attributed to limonene is largely due to the common oxidation product limonene hydroperoxide, which forms spontaneously in aerobic environments. The mutant AhpC protein with an L-to-Q change at position 177 (AhpC(L177Q)) was able to alleviate this toxicity by reducing the hydroperoxide to a more benign compound. We show that the degree of limonene toxicity is a function of its oxidation level and that nonoxidized limonene has relatively little toxicity to wild-type E. coli cells. Our results have implications for both the renewable production of limonene and the applications of limonene as an antimicrobial.
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Calandra MJ, Impellizzeri J, Wang Y. An HPLC method for hydroperoxides derived from limonene and linalool in citrus oils, using post-column luminol-mediated chemiluminescence detection. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Firmenich, Inc.; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
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Pesonen M, Suomela S, Kuuliala O, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Aalto-Korte K. Occupational contact dermatitis caused by D-limonene. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:273-9. [PMID: 25141986 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limonene is widely used as a fragrance substance and solvent in cleansing products. Oxidized limonene is a frequent contact allergen among consumers of cosmetics, personal care products, and scented household cleaning products. Less is known about the sources of occupational exposure and occupational contact dermatitis caused by limonene. OBJECTIVE To report 14 patients with occupational contact allergy to limonene. METHODS The patients were examined in 2008-2013. An in-house preparation of oxidized limonene was patch tested as 3% and 5% in petrolatum from 2008 to August 2010, and after this as 3%, 1% and 0.3% pet. From 2012 onwards, a commercial test substance of limonene hydroperoxides was also used. We assessed the patients' occupational and domestic exposure to limonene. RESULTS Occupational limonene allergy was observed in workers who used limonene-containing machine-cleaning detergents and hand cleansers, and in workers who used limonene-containing surface cleaners and dishwashing liquids similar to those used by consumers. In 3 cases, the occupational limonene allergy resulted from work-related use of limonene-containing, leave-on cosmetic products. CONCLUSIONS Limonene is a frequent occupational sensitizer in hand cleansers and cleaning products. Occupational limonene contact allergy may also be caused by exposure to cosmetic products scented with limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250, Helsinki, Finland
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Kern S, Granier T, Dkhil H, Haupt T, Ellis G, Natsch A. Stability of limonene and monitoring of a hydroperoxide in fragranced products. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kern
- Analytical Chemistry; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland
| | - Thierry Granier
- Process Research Chemistry; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland
| | - Hafida Dkhil
- Perfume Analysis; Givaudan France SAS; 19-23, Voie des Bans F-95102 Argenteuil France
| | - Tina Haupt
- Biosciences; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland
| | - Graham Ellis
- Regulatory Affairs and Product Safety Fragrances; Givaudan International SA; 5 Chemin de la Parfumerie CH-1214 Vernier Switzerland
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Biosciences; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland
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Rudbäck J, Ramzy A, Karlberg AT, Nilsson U. Determination of allergenic hydroperoxides in essential oils using gas chromatography with electron ionization mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:982-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ahmed Ramzy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
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Bråred Christensson J, Hellsén S, Börje A, Karlberg AT. Limonene hydroperoxide analogues show specific patch test reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 70:291-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; SE-405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Dermatology; Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Staffan Hellsén
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; SE-405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Börje
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; SE-405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; SE-405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
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15
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Kao D, Chaintreau A, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E. Mechanistic studies on the reactivity of sensitizing allylic hydroperoxides: investigation of the covalent modification of amino acids by carbon-radical intermediates. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50109d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Rudbäck J, Islam N, Nilsson U, Karlberg AT. A sensitive method for determination of allergenic fragrance terpene hydroperoxides using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1370-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Nurul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
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Bråred Christensson J, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Johansen JD, Garcia-Bravo B, Giménez-Arnau A, Goh CL, Nixon R, White IR. An international multicentre study on the allergenic activity of air-oxidizedR-limonene. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68:214-23. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kao D, Chaintreau A, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E. Synthesis of allylic hydroperoxides and EPR spin-trapping studies on the formation of radicals in iron systems as potential initiators of the sensitizing pathway. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6188-200. [PMID: 21648947 DOI: 10.1021/jo200948x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many terpenes used as fragrance compounds autoxidize when exposed to air, forming allylic hydroperoxides that have the potential to be skin contact allergens. To trigger the immunotoxicity process that characterizes contact allergy, these hydroperoxides are supposed to bind covalently to proteins in the skin via radical pathways. We investigated the formation of reactive radical intermediates from 7-hydroperoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-dien-3-ol and 2-hydroperoxylimonene, responsible for the sensitizing potential acquired by autoxidized linalool and limonene. Both compounds were synthesized through new short and reproducible synthetic pathways. The hydroperoxide decomposition catalyzed by Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox systems, playing a key role in degradating peroxides in vivo, was examined by spin-trapping-EPR spectroscopy. Alkoxyl and carbon-centered free radicals derived from the hydroperoxides were successfully trapped by the spin-trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, whereas peroxyl radicals were characterized by spin-trapping studies with 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. Using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, we demonstrated the formation of adducts, via radical mechanisms induced by Fe(II)/Fe(III), between the hydroperoxides and N-acetylhistidine methyl ester, a model amino acid that is prone to radical reactions. Free radicals derived from these hydroperoxides can thus induce amino acid chemical modifications via radical mechanisms. The study of these mechanisms will help to understand the sensitizing potential of hydroperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Kao
- Laboratoire de Dermatochimie, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR 7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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Martínek V, Sklenář J, Dračínský M, Šulc M, Hofbauerová K, Bezouška K, Frei E, Stiborová M. Glycosylation Protects Proteins against Free Radicals Generated from Toxic Xenobiotics. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:359-74. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Johansson SGH, Emilsson K, Grøtli M, Börje A. Structural influence on radical formation and sensitizing capacity of alkylic limonene hydroperoxide analogues in allergic contact dermatitis. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:677-88. [PMID: 20163165 DOI: 10.1021/tx900433n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydroperoxides are known to be strong contact allergens and a common cause of contact allergy. They are easily formed by the autoxidation of, for example, fragrance terpenes, compounds that are common in perfumes, cosmetics, and household products. A requirement of the immunological mechanisms of contact allergy is the formation of an immunogenic hapten-protein complex. For hydroperoxides, a radical mechanism is postulated for this formation. In our previous investigations of allylic limonene hydroperoxides, we found that the formation of carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals, as well as the sensitizing capacity, is influenced by the structure of the hydroperoxides. The aim of the present work was to further investigate the connection between structure, radical formation, and sensitizing capacity by studying alkylic analogues of the previously investigated allylic limonene hydroperoxides. The radical formation was studied in radical-trapping experiments employing 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine iron(III) chloride as an initiator and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloxyl as a radical trapper. We found that the investigated hydroperoxides initially form carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals that subsequently form alcohols and ketones. Trapped carbon-centered radicals and nonradical products were isolated and identified. Small changes in structure, like the omission of the endocyclic double bond or the addition of a methyl group, resulted in large differences in radical formation. The results indicate that alkoxyl radicals seem to be more important than carbon-centered radicals in the immunogenic complex formation. The sensitizing capacities were studied in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA), and all hydroperoxides tested were found to be potent sensitizers. For two of the hydroperoxides investigated, the recently suggested thiol-ene reaction is a possible mechanism for the formation of immunogenic complexes. For the third investigated, fully saturated, hydroperoxide, the thiol-ene mechanism is not possible for immunogenic complex formation. This strongly indicates that several radical reaction pathways for immunogenic complex formation of limonene hydroperoxides are active in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan G H Johansson
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Johansson S, Redeby T, Altamore TM, Nilsson U, Börje A. Mechanistic proposal for the formation of specific immunogenic complexes via a radical pathway: a key step in allergic contact dermatitis to olefinic hydroperoxides. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1774-81. [PMID: 19725554 DOI: 10.1021/tx9001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of scented products causes an increase of allergic contact dermatitis to fragrance compounds in Western countries today. Many fragrance compounds are prone to autoxidation, forming hydroperoxides as their primary oxidation products. Hydroperoxides are known to be strong allergens and to form specific immunogenic complexes. However, the mechanisms for the formation of the immunogenic complexes are largely unknown. We have investigated this mechanism for (5R)-5-isopropenyl-2-methyl-2-cyclohexene-1-hydroperoxide (Lim-2-OOH) by studying the formation of adducts in the reaction between this hydroperoxide and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine iron(III) chloride (Fe(III)TPPCl) in the presence of protected cysteine (NAc-Cys-OMe) or glutathione (GSH). Isolated adducts originate from the addition of the thiol group of NAc-Cys-OMe over the carbon-carbon double bonds of carvone. Furthermore, adducts between NAc-Cys-OMe and carveol as well as between GSH and carvone have been identified. The formation of these adducts most likely proceeds via the radical thiol-ene mechanism. The addition of a terpene moiety to cysteine offers an explanation of the specificity of the immune response to structurally different hydroperoxides. These results also explain the lack of cross-reactivity between carvone and Lim-2-OOH. In conclusion, we propose that immunogenic complexes of olefinic hydroperoxides can be formed via the radical thiol-ene mechanism. These complexes will be specific for the individual olefinic hydroperoxides due to the inclusion of a terpene moiety derived from the hydroperoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Johansson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Redeby T, Nilsson U, Altamore TM, Ilag L, Ambrosi A, Broo K, Börje A, Karlberg AT. Specific Adducts Formed through a Radical Reaction between Peptides and Contact Allergenic Hydroperoxides. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 23:203-10. [DOI: 10.1021/tx9003352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theres Redeby
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy M. Altamore
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annalisa Ambrosi
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Broo
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Börje
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Meesters RJW, Duisken M, Hollender J. Cytochrome P450-catalysed arene-epoxidation of the bioactive tea tree oil ingredientp-cymene: indication for the formation of a reactive allergenic intermediate? Xenobiotica 2009; 39:663-71. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250902989094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Christensson JB, Johansson S, Hagvall L, Jonsson C, Börje A, Karlberg AT. Limonene hydroperoxide analogues differ in allergenic activity. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 59:344-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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