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Hartmann K, Egberink H, Möstl K, Addie DD, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Thiry E, Truyen U, Hosie MJ. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma and Other Adverse Reactions to Vaccination in Cats. Viruses 2023; 15:1708. [PMID: 37632050 PMCID: PMC10459272 DOI: 10.3390/v15081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs), including feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs), occur only rarely but can be severe. Understanding potential VAAEs is an important part of informed owner consent for vaccination. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of feline medicine experts, presents the current knowledge on VAAEs in cats, summarizing the literature and filling the gaps where scientific studies are missing with expert opinion to assist veterinarians in adopting the best vaccination practice. VAAEs are caused by an aberrant innate or adaptive immune reaction, excessive local reactions at the inoculation site, an error in administration, or failure in the manufacturing process. FISS, the most severe VAAE, can develop after vaccinations or injection of other substances. Although the most widely accepted hypothesis is that chronic inflammation triggers malignant transformation, the pathogenesis of FISS is not yet fully understood. No injectable vaccine is risk-free, and therefore, vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Vaccines should be brought to room temperature prior to administration and injected at sites in which FISS surgery would likely be curative; the interscapular region should be avoided. Post-vaccinal monitoring is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | | | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zuich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd., Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
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Ludwig L, Dobromylskyj M, Wood GA, van der Weyden L. Feline Oncogenomics: What Do We Know about the Genetics of Cancer in Domestic Cats? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100547. [PMID: 36288160 PMCID: PMC9609674 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a significant cause of suffering and death in domestic cats. In humans, an understanding of the genetics of different types of cancers has become clinically important for all aspects of patient care and forms the basis for most emerging diagnostics and therapies. The field of ‘oncogenomics’ characterises the alterations of cancer-associated genes that are found in tumours. Such a thorough understanding of the oncogenome of human tumours has only been possible due to a high-quality reference genome and an understanding of the genetic variation that can exist between people. Although a high-quality reference genome for cats has only recently been generated, investigations into understanding the genetics of feline cancers have been underway for many years, using a range of different technologies. This review summarises what is currently known of the genetics of both common and rare types of cancer in domestic cats. Drawing attention to our current understanding of the feline oncogenome will hopefully bring this topic into focus and serve as a springboard for more much-needed research into the genetics of cancer in domestic cats. Abstract Cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic cats. In humans, an understanding of the oncogenome of different cancer types has proven critical and is deeply interwoven into all aspects of patient care, including diagnostics, prognostics and treatments through the application of targeted therapies. Investigations into understanding the genetics of feline cancers started with cytogenetics and was then expanded to studies at a gene-specific level, looking for mutations and expression level changes of genes that are commonly mutated in human cancers. Methylation studies have also been performed and together with a recently generated high-quality reference genome for cats, next-generation sequencing studies are starting to deliver results. This review summarises what is currently known of the genetics of both common and rare cancer types in cats, including lymphomas, mammary tumours, squamous cell carcinomas, soft tissue tumours, mast cell tumours, haemangiosarcomas, pulmonary carcinomas, pancreatic carcinomas and osteosarcomas. Shining a spotlight on our current understanding of the feline oncogenome will hopefully serve as a springboard for more much-needed research into the genetics of cancer in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Correspondence:
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Bing Y, Wund Z, Abratte T, Borlle L, Kang S, Southard T, Hume KR. Biological indicators of chemoresistance: an ex vivo analysis of γH2AX and p53 expression in feline injection-site sarcomas. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:192. [PMID: 30498397 PMCID: PMC6251226 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The response of soft tissue sarcomas to cytotoxic chemotherapy is inconsistent. Biomarkers of chemoresistance or chemosensitivity are needed in order to identify appropriate patients for treatment. Given that many chemotherapeutics kill cells through direct DNA interactions, we hypothesized that upregulation of DNA damage response mechanisms would confer resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy in sarcomas. To study this, we used spontaneously-occurring feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS). Methods γH2AX and p53 expression were determined in biopsy samples of FISS. γH2AX expression was determined via immunohistochemistry whereas p53 expression was determined via qRT-PCR. Cell lines derived from these sarcoma biopsies were then treated with carboplatin (N = 11) or doxorubicin (N = 5) and allowed to grow as colonies. Colony forming-ability of cells exposed to chemotherapy was compared to matched, untreated cells and expressed as percent survival relative to controls. ImageJ was used for quantification. A mixed model analysis was performed to determine if an association existed between relative survival of the treated cells and γH2AX or p53 expression in the original tumors. Cell lines were validated via vimentin expression or growth as subcutaneous sarcomas in nude mice. Results An association was detected between γH2AX expression and relative survival in cells exposed to carboplatin (P = 0.0250). In the 11 FISS tumors evaluated, γH2AX expression ranged from 2.2 to 18.8% (mean, 13.3%). Cells from tumors with γH2AX expression higher than the sample population mean had fourfold greater relative survival after carboplatin exposure than cells from tumors with γH2AX expression less than the mean. There was no association between relative survival after carboplatin exposure and p53 expression (P = 0.1608), and there was no association between relative survival after doxorubicin exposure and either γH2AX (P = 0.6124) or p53 (P = 0.8645) expression. Four cell lines were validated via growth as sarcomas in nude mice. Vimentin expression was confirmed in the other 7 cell lines. Conclusions γH2AX expression, but not wild type p53, may potentially serve as a biomarker of resistance to platinum therapeutics in soft tissue sarcomas. To further investigate this finding, prospective, in vivo studies are indicated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Bing
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Zacharie Wund
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Tina Abratte
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Lucia Borlle
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Susie Kang
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Teresa Southard
- 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Kelly R Hume
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
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Hartmann K, Day MJ, Thiry E, Lloret A, Frymus T, Addie D, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Gruffydd-Jones T, Horzinek MC, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Truyen U, Möstl K. Feline injection-site sarcoma: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:606-13. [PMID: 26101312 PMCID: PMC11148925 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OVERVIEW In cats, the most serious of adverse effects following vaccination is the occurrence of invasive sarcomas (mostly fibrosarcomas): so-called 'feline injection-site sarcomas' (FISSs). These develop at sites of previous vaccination or injection. They have characteristics that are distinct from those of fibrosarcomas in other areas and behave more aggressively. The rate of metastasis ranges from 10-28%. PATHOGENESIS The pathogenesis of these sarcomas is not yet definitively explained. However, chronic inflammatory reactions are considered the trigger for subsequent malignant transformation. Injections of long-acting drugs (such as glucocorticoids, and others) have been associated with sarcoma formation. Adjuvanted vaccines induce intense local inflammation and seem therefore to be particularly linked to the development of FISS. The risk is lower for modified-live and recombinant vaccines, but no vaccine is risk-free. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION Aggressive, radical excision is required to avoid tumour recurrence. The prognosis improves if additional radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy (such as recombinant feline IL-2) are used. For prevention, administration of any irritating substance should be avoided. Vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Non-adjuvanted, modified-live or recombinant vaccines should be selected in preference to adjuvanted vaccines. Injections should be given at sites at which surgery would likely lead to a complete cure; the interscapular region should generally be avoided. Post-vaccination monitoring should be performed.
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Sasani F, Baghban F, Nikbakht Brujeni GH, Kazemi M. TP53 intronic mutations in bovine enzootic hematuria-associated urinary bladder tumors. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:543-7. [PMID: 23242803 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812469632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor protein 53 (TP53) is a tumor suppressor gene that is frequently mutated in urinary bladder tumors in both humans and animals. In cattle, urinary bladder tumors have been reported as occurring spontaneously as well as in conjunction with bracken fern consumption-induced bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH). The goal of this study was to evaluate various types of bovine urinary bladder neoplasms for the presence of TP53 alterations, using the polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method. DNA was extracted from both epithelial and mesenchymal urinary bladder tumor samples in cattle, associated with the chronic consumption of bracken fern. PCR was performed using primers targeted to exons 5 to 8, following electrophoresis and isolation, and the products were assessed by SSCP. Tumors in which alterations in the electrophoresis patterns were noted included hemangiomas, papillomas, and carcinomas in situ. Exemplars of these tumor types were selected for sequencing, and although no changes were noted in the 5 to 8 exon range, on either side of the designed primers for exon 6, there was some portion of intron 6 in which sequencing demonstrated a deletion of the thyamine nucleotide at position 9332. In summary, although mutations were not observed within exons 5 to 8, this represents the first report of an intronic mutation in the TP53 gene in association with bovine urinary bladder tumors. Mutations within introns can predispose tissues to the development of cancer, and therefore, a possible association between mutations of the introns of TP53 and the development of urinary bladder tumors in cattle with BEH should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6453, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Mucha D, Laberke S, Meyer S, Hirschberger J. Lack of association between p53 SNP and FISS in a cat population from Germany. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:130-7. [PMID: 22882519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One recent study indicates a significant association between certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genomic sequence of feline p53 and feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS). The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between a specific nucleotide insertion in p53 gene and FISS in a German cat population. Blood samples from 150 German cats were allocated to a control group consisting of 100 healthy cats and a FISS-group consisting of 50 cats with FISS. All blood samples were examined for the presence of the SNP in the p53 gene. Results found the T-insertion at SNP 3 in 20.0% of the cats in the FISS-group and 19.2% of cats in the control-group. No statistically significant difference was observed in allelic distribution between the two groups. Further investigations are necessary to determine the association of SNPs in the feline p53 gene and the occurrence of FISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mucha
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Mochizuki H, Goto-Koshino Y, Sato M, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Comparison of the antitumor effects of an MDM2 inhibitor, nutlin-3, in feline lymphoma cell lines with or without p53 mutation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:187-94. [PMID: 22578852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The P53 tumor suppressor protein is a multifunctional transcription factor that prevents the malignant transformation of normal cells. In human malignancies, p53 is the most frequently altered gene and is mutated in approximately 50% of all malignancies. In contrast, p53 gene mutation has been rarely detected in feline malignancies, and most feline malignancies conceivably retain the wild-type p53 (wt-p53) gene. MDM2 negatively regulates the P53 protein by inhibiting its transcriptional activity and nuclear transport and by inducing its degradation. Inhibition of P53-MDM2 interaction stabilizes P53 protein and activates P53 pathway. Nutlin-3, a small molecule that inhibits P53-MDM2 interaction, was shown to have an antitumor effect in several human cancer cells retaining the wt-p53 gene. In the present study, we evaluated and compared the antitumor effect of nutlin-3 in 5 different feline lymphoma cell lines, of which 3 harbored wt-p53, and 2, mutated p53 (mt-p53). Treatment with nutlin-3 resulted in increased amounts of P53 protein in conjunction with augmented expression of P53-target genes in 3 feline lymphoma cell lines with the wt-p53 gene, but not in 2 feline lymphoma cell lines with the mt-p53 gene. Nutlin-3 treatment also induced G1-S and/or G2-M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines with wt-p53. Nutlin-3 treatment induced cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis in the cell lines with mt-p53. From these results, we concluded that nutlin-3 has an antitumor effect on feline lymphoma cell lines harboring the wt-p53 gene through accumulation and activation of P53 leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The present study suggests that inhibition of P53-MDM2 interaction using nutlin-3 may be a new therapeutic strategy for treating feline lymphoma retaining the wt-p53 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mochizuki
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Sequence variants and haplotype analysis of cat ERBB2 gene: a survey on spontaneous cat mammary neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2783-2800. [PMID: 22489125 PMCID: PMC3317687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ERBB2 proto-oncogene is widely considered a key gene involved in human breast cancer onset and progression. Among spontaneous tumors, mammary tumors are the most frequent cause of cancer death in cats and second most frequent in humans. In fact, naturally occurring tumors in domestic animals, more particularly cat mammary tumors, have been proposed as a good model for human breast cancer, but critical genetic and molecular information is still scarce. The aims of this study include the analysis of the cat ERBB2 gene partial sequences (between exon 17 and 20) in order to characterize a normal and a mammary lesion heterogeneous populations. Cat genomic DNA was extracted from normal frozen samples (n = 16) and from frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mammary lesion samples (n = 41). We amplified and sequenced two cat ERBB2 DNA fragments comprising exons 17 to 20. It was possible to identify five sequence variants and six haplotypes in the total population. Two sequence variants and two haplotypes show to be specific for cat mammary tumor samples. Bioinformatics analysis predicts that four of the sequence variants can produce alternative transcripts or activate cryptic splicing sites. Also, a possible association was identified between clinicopathological traits and the variant haplotypes. As far as we know, this is the first attempt to examine ERBB2 genetic variations in cat mammary genome and its possible association with the onset and progression of cat mammary tumors. The demonstration of a possible association between primary tumor size (one of the two most important prognostic factors) and the number of masses with the cat ERBB2 variant haplotypes reveal the importance of the analysis of this gene in veterinary medicine.
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Helm J, Morris J. Musculoskeletal neoplasia: an important differential for lumps or lameness in the cat. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:43-54. [PMID: 22247324 PMCID: PMC11148916 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x11432826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Musculoskeletal neoplasia is an uncommon but Important differential diagnosis for cats presenting with lameness, pain or swellings associated with bones and/or soft tissues. The most common tumours of soft tissue origin are the sarcomas (in particular feline injection site sarcomas [FISSs]); the most common bone tumour of the cat is osteosarcoma (OSA). CLINICAL CHALLENGES FISSs present a clinical challenge in terms of their local invasiveness, difficulty in obtaining complete surgical excision and high risk of local recurrence. Axial and extraskeletal OSAs pose similar challenges, whereas appendicular OSA is usually easy to remove via limb amputation and can, therefore, carry a good prognosis in many cases. PATIENT GROUP Cats of any age, gender or breed may be affected, although bone tumours predominantly affect middle- to old-aged cats. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Vaccination of cats is of global importance in preventing feline diseases; hence, any possible significant consequences of vaccination such as neoplasia, even of a low incidence, are of huge concern to cat owners and veterinarians alike. EVIDENCE BASE This review is based on current literature relating to pathogenesis, pathology, presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis. It aims to summarise feline musculoskeletal neoplasia for clinicians in general practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Helm
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Tannehill-Gregg SH, Levine AL, Rosol TJ. Feline head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a natural model for the human disease and development of a mouse model. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 4:84-97. [PMID: 19754818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2006.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (H/N SCC) is a devastating disease in humans and cats, and shares similar features between the two species. The large population of pet cats in the United States, along with the high incidence of oral SCC in the cat, makes the cat an attractive candidate as a natural model for the human disease. There are similarities in pathology, progression, outcome, resistance to treatment, possible aetiologies and p53 expression, and we discuss the benefits of the cat as a natural model. We describe the development of a nude mouse xenograft model of feline oral SCC using the SCCF1 cell line transfected with a luciferase expression construct. In vivo tumour growth and metastasis were measured using serial bioluminescent imaging, and tumours grew best in the subcutis. The cat and nude mouse models will be useful to investigate the pathogenesis and the molecular basis of H/N SCC, and for preclinical drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Tannehill-Gregg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Evansville, IN, USA
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11
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Santos S, Sá D, Bastos E, Guedes-Pinto H, Gut I, Gärtner F, Chaves R. An efficient protocol for genomic DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:421-6. [PMID: 18926550 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPET) represent the largest source of archival biological material available for genomic studies. In this work we present an advanced protocol for extraction of high quality DNA from FFPET that can be applied in several molecular studies. Although cat mammary tumours (CMT) are the third most frequent tumour in cats the recovery of significant number of samples for molecular studies are in some way restricted to FFPET samples. We were able to obtain high quality DNA from FFPET of thirty six CMT that were subjected to pre-fixation and fixation processes routinely used in the veterinary hospitals. The quality of DNA obtained was tested by PCR amplification using six sets of primers that amplify single-copy fragments. The DNA fragments obtained were further sequenced. This protocol was able to provide FFPET gDNA that can be amplified and sequenced for larger fragments up to 1182bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CGB-UTAD/IBB), Quinta de Prados, Apdo 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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12
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Kirpensteijn J. Feline injection site-associated sarcoma: Is it a reason to critically evaluate our vaccination policies? Vet Microbiol 2006; 117:59-65. [PMID: 16769184 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline injection site-associated sarcoma (FISAS) or vaccination-associated sarcoma is a serious problem in cats because of the ethical and therapeutic consequences associated with the disease. The exact aetiology of FISAS is unclear; therefore, instituting preventative measures such as delaying or discontinuing vaccination schedules is questionable. This paper will give insights into the disease process, will attempt to answer the question, "what causes FISAS?", and will discuss preventative measures to decrease the chance of occurrence. Tumours are in general uncommon in the cat, however, malignant tumours, such as sarcomas, occur relatively frequently. FISAS have stimulated interest because of their reported linkage to certain types of vaccine. FISASs are reported to have an incidence of 1-10 per 10,000 cats and often appear in conjunction with a traumatic incident (such as a vaccination). The tumour displays an extreme malignant biological behaviour, both being locally aggressive and metastasising in 25-70% of the cases. Although the pathology still remains unclear, an exaggerated inflammatory/granulomatous response seems to be the predisposing factor in the transformation to FISAS. A multi-step carcinogenesis model, including genetic, iatrogenic and local factors seems to be the most plausible explanation for the occurrence of the tumour. Multi-modal therapy, based on aggressive surgical removal of the tumour in combination with radiation and/or chemotherapy, is usually recommended but randomised clinical studies have not yet been performed to prove the efficacy of any of the modalities. The question of whether FISAS can be prevented by not injecting irritant products remains unanswered. No specific brands of vaccine, manufacturers or factors associated with vaccine administration have been significantly associated with FISAS in a multi-institutional and epidemiological study. Control and evaluation measures as recommended by the US-based taskforce include determination of risk groups, extending re-vaccination intervals, the use of single component products and the use of consistent, predetermined sites for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolle Kirpensteijn
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.154, 3500 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Although aural neoplasia is a relatively uncommon entity in companion animals, it remains a group of heterogeneous conditions that can have a significant negative impact on quality and duration of life of dogs and cats. Chronic ear disease that responds poorly or partially to empiric therapy should raise the suspicion that an underlying condition, such as neoplasia, may be the perpetrator of inflammation. Early diagnosis followed by appropriate therapy improves the likelihood of disease control and prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Illinois, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Feline injection-site sarcomas have mostly been associated with the administration of vaccines. Although the pathogenesis remains largely unknown, it is believed that the inflammatory reaction caused from the injection of the compound leads to uncontrolled proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that in a subset of cats undergo malignant transformation. Pretreatment evaluation and proper planning of the therapy are essential. Because of the aggressive nature of these tumors, a multimodality treatment approach is being recommended. A combination of surgery and radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy appears to be providing the best prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Séguin
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, 2112 Tupper Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Abstract
Feline injection site sarcomas have mostly been associated with the administration of vaccines. Although the pathogenesis remains largely unknown, it is believed the inflammatory reaction caused by the injection of the compound leads to uncontrolled proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that may undergo malignant transformation in a subset of cats. Pretreatment evaluation and proper planning of therapy are essential. Currently, because of the aggressive nature of these tumors, a multimodality treatment approach is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Séguin
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, 2112 Tupper Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Nasir L, Krasner H, Argyle DJ, Williams A. Immunocytochemical analysis of the tumour suppressor protein (p53) in feline neoplasia. Cancer Lett 2000; 155:1-7. [PMID: 10814873 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Detectable p53 immunostaining in neoplasia generally correlates with the presence of a mutation in the coding region of the p53 gene and may provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying tumourigenesis. p53 immunoreactivity was examined in 77 feline tumours, selected as a representative sample of 486 specimens submitted for diagnosis and analyzed to estimate the relative frequencies of feline neoplasias. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated nuclear immunopositivity in 46% of the squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 50% of the osteosarcomas, 33% of the mammary carcinomas, 16% of the adenocarcinomas and 14% of the haemangiosarcomas. In contrast, none of the malignant lymphomas or fibrosarcomas examined showed p53 immunoreactivity. These data support a role for p53 aberrations in the pathogenesis of certain feline tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nasir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK.
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Mayr B, Blauensteiner J, Edlinger A, Reifinger M, Alton K, Schaffner G, Brem G. Presence of p53 mutations in feline neoplasms. Res Vet Sci 2000; 68:63-70. [PMID: 10684760 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.1999.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A region from exon 4 to 8 of the tumour suppressor gene p53 was analysed in 60 feline tumours (30 fibrosarcomas, seven malignant histiocytomas, three lymphosarcomas, five basal cell tumours, five squamous cell carcinomas, two adenocarcinomas of tubular skin glands, one undifferentiated carcinoma of the skin, seven mammary carcinomas). Missense mutations were detected in two fibrosarcomas, one malignant fibrous histiocytoma, the undifferentiated carcinoma of the skin and one mammary carcinoma. One nonsense mutation was detected in one fibrosarcoma and one deletion/frameshift-mutation was observed in one squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mayr
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
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