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Erhardt P, Bachmann K, Birkett D, Boberg M, Bodor N, Gibson G, Hawkins D, Hawksworth G, Hinson J, Koehler D, Kress B, Luniwal A, Masumoto H, Novak R, Portoghese P, Sarver J, Serafini MT, Trabbic C, Vermeulen N, Wrighton S. Glossary and tutorial of xenobiotic metabolism terms used during small molecule drug discovery and development (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This project originated more than 15 years ago with the intent to produce a glossary of drug metabolism terms having definitions especially applicable for use by practicing medicinal chemists. A first-draft version underwent extensive beta-testing that, fortuitously, engaged international audiences in a wide range of disciplines involved in drug discovery and development. It became clear that the inclusion of information to enhance discussions among this mix of participants would be even more valuable. The present version retains a chemical structure theme while expanding tutorial comments that aim to bridge the various perspectives that may arise during interdisciplinary communications about a given term. This glossary is intended to be educational for early stage researchers, as well as useful for investigators at various levels who participate on today’s highly multidisciplinary, collaborative small molecule drug discovery teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Erhardt
- Center for Drug Design and Development , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA
| | | | - Donald Birkett
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia (now Emeritus), (TGM)
| | - Michael Boberg
- Metabolism and Isotope Chemistry , Bayer , AG , Germany (now undetermined), (TGM)
| | - Nicholas Bodor
- Center for Drug Discovery , University of Florida , Belle Glade , FL , USA (now Emeritus Grad Res Prof/CEO Bodor Labs), (TGM)
| | - Gordon Gibson
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey , Surrey , UK (now deceased), (TGM)
| | - David Hawkins
- Huntingdon Life Sciences , Huntingdon , UK (now retired), (TGM)
| | - Gabrielle Hawksworth
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics , University Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK (now deceased), (TGM)
| | - Jack Hinson
- Division of Toxicology , University Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA (now Emeritus Dist Prof), (TGM)
| | - Daniel Koehler
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA, (ST)
| | - Brian Kress
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA, (ST)
| | | | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Drug Metabolism , Daiichi Pharm. Corp., Ltd. , Chuo , Tokyo , Japan (now retired), (TGM)
| | - Raymond Novak
- Institute of Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan , USA (now undetermined), (TGM)
| | - Phillip Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA (now same), (TGM)
| | - Jeffrey Sarver
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA, (ST)
| | - M. Teresa Serafini
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism , Laboratories Dr. Esteve, S.A. , Barcelona , Spain (now Head Early ADME), (TGM)
| | | | - Nico Vermeulen
- Department of Pharmacochemistry , Vrije University , Amsterdam , Netherlands (now Emeritus Section Molecular Toxicology), (TGM)
| | - Steven Wrighton
- Eli Lilly, Inc. , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA (now retired), (TGM)
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Hiruma S, Shigiyama F, Hisatake S, Mizumura S, Shiraga N, Hori M, Ikeda T, Hirose T, Kumashiro N. A prospective randomized study comparing effects of empagliflozin to sitagliptin on cardiac fat accumulation, cardiac function, and cardiac metabolism in patients with early-stage type 2 diabetes: the ASSET study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:32. [PMID: 33530982 PMCID: PMC7852076 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the cardioprotective benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been established in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), their advantages over other anti-diabetic drugs at earlier stages remain unclear. We compared the cardioprotective effects of empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, with those of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, focusing on cardiac fat accumulation, cardiac function, and cardiac metabolism in patients with early-stage type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without CVD complications. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, parallel-group trial that enrolled 44 Japanese patients with T2DM. The patients were randomized for 12-week administration of empagliflozin or sitagliptin. Pericardial fat accumulation and myocardial triglyceride content were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Echocardiography, 123I-β-methyl-iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid myocardial scintigraphy, and laboratory tests were performed at baseline and after the 12-week treatment period. Results The patients were middle-aged (50.3 ± 10.7 years, mean ± standard deviation) and overweight (body mass index 29.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2). They had a short diabetes duration (3.5 ± 3.2 years), HbA1c levels of 7.1 ± 0.8%, and preserved cardiac function (ejection fraction 73.8 ± 5.0%) with no vascular complications, except for one baseline case each of diabetic nephropathy and peripheral arterial disease. After the 12-week treatment, no differences from baseline were observed between the two groups regarding changes in pericardial, epicardial, and paracardial fat content; myocardial triglyceride content; cardiac function and mass; and cardiac fatty acid metabolism. However, considering cardiometabolic biomarkers, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ketone bodies, including β-hydroxybutyric acid, were significantly increased, whereas uric acid, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were significantly lower in the empagliflozin group than in the sitagliptin group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Although the effects on cardiac fat and function were not statistically different between the two groups, empagliflozin exhibited superior effects on cardiometabolic biomarkers, such as uric acid, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ketone bodies, and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, when considering the primary preventive strategies for CVD, early supplementation with SGLT2 inhibitors may be more beneficial than DPP-4 inhibitors, even in patients with early-stage T2DM without current CVD complications. Clinical Trial Registration: UMIN000026340; registered on February 28, 2017. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/icdr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000030257
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Hiruma
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumika Shigiyama
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Hisatake
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sunao Mizumura
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shiraga
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hori
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Ikeda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hirose
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kumashiro
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sakao S, Daimon M, Voelkel NF, Miyauchi H, Jujo T, Sugiura T, Ishida K, Tanabe N, Kobayashi Y, Tatsumi K. Right ventricular sugars and fats in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2016; 219:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bai J, Hashimoto J, Ogawa K, Nakahara T, Suzuki T, Kubo A. Scatter correction based on an artificial neural network for 99mTc and 123I dual-isotope SPECT in myocardial and brain imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2007; 21:25-32. [PMID: 17373333 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical usefulness of scatter correction with an artificial neural network (ANN) in 99mTc and 123I dual-isotope SPECT. METHODS Two algorithms for ANN scatter correction were tested: ANN-10 and ANN-3 employing 10 and 3 energy windows for data acquisition, respectively. Three patients underwent myocardial or brain SPECT with one of the following combinations of radiopharmaceuticals administered: 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) and 123I-beta-methyl-paraiodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP), or 99mTc-ethyl-cistainate dimmer (ECD) and 123I-iomazenil. The patients were also referred for single-isotope imaging incorporating conventional triple-energy window (TEW) scatter correction. Crosstalk- and scatter-corrected 99mTc- and 123I-SPECT images in dual-isotope acquisition with ANN were compared with those in single-isotope acquisition. RESULTS The ANN method well separated 123I and 99mTc primary photons. Although ANN-10 yielded images of poor quality, ANN-3 offered comparable image quality with the single-isotope scan without significant increase of acquisition time. CONCLUSION The proposed method is clinically useful because it provides various combinations of information without anatomical misregistration with one acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Bai
- 21st Century Center of Excellence Program, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Seki H, Toyama T, Higuchi K, Kasama S, Ueda T, Seki R, Hatori T, Endo K, Kurabayashi M. Prediction of functional improvement of ischemic myocardium with (123I-BMIPP SPECT and 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT imaging: a study of patients with large acute myocardial infarction and receiving revascularization therapy. Circ J 2005; 69:311-9. [PMID: 15731537 DOI: 10.1253/circj.69.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) is assumed to be the most useful method of evaluating the viability of the myocardium, but its use is limited by the need for a cyclotron. In the present study, the ability of a combination of (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin (TF) and (123)I-beta-methyliodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), a combination of (18)F-FDG PET and (123)I-BMIPP SPECT, and a combination of (18)F-FDG PET and (99m)Tc-TF SPECT were compared to predict functional improvement of ischemic myocardium after a large acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS Ten patients with large AMI were studied by (99m)Tc-TF SPECT, (123)I-BMIPP SPECT and (18)F-FDG PET within 3 weeks. Six months later, (99m)Tc-TF imaging was performed. All patients underwent successful revascularization, and had no restenosis. Regional tracer uptake was scored using a 4-point scale in 20 segments of the SPECT and PET images. When the defect score of (123)I-BMIPP SPECT exceeded the defect score of (99m)Tc-TF SPECT or (18)F-FDG PET by 1 point or more, and when the defect score of (99m)Tc-TF SPECT exceeded the defect score of (18)F-FDG PET by 1 point or more, the segment was considered to show mismatching. When the defect score was the same in 2 tracers, the segment was considered to show matching. (99m)Tc-TF imaging at 3 weeks and 6 months used quantitative gated SPECT (QGS) to score wall motion using a 6-point scale (-1= dyskinesis, 0= akinesis, 1= severe hypokinesis, 2= moderate hypokinesis, 3= mild hypokinesis, and 4= normokinesis). The sensitivity of the combination of (123)I-BMIPP and (99m)Tc-TF imaging in predicting functional improvement was 61%, that of (18)F-FDG PET and (123)I-BMIPP SPECT was 94%, and that of (18)F-FDG PET and (99m)Tc-TF SPECT was 76%. The specificity of the combination of (123)I-BMIPP and (99m)Tc-TF imaging in predicting functional improvement was 83%, that of (18)F-FDG PET and (123)I-BMIPP SPECT was 40%, and that of (18)F-FDG PET and (99m)Tc-TF SPECT was 49%. The accuracy of the combination of (123)I-BMIPP and (99m)Tc-TF imaging in predicting functional improvement was 70%, that of (18)F-FDG PET and (123)I-BMIPP SPECT was 71%, and that of (18)F-FDG PET and (99m)Tc-TF SPECT was 63%. CONCLUSION The combination of (123)I-BMIPP and (99m)Tc-TF imaging is a practical modality for predicting the functional improvement of ischemic myocardium after a large AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Seki
- Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
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