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Moreels P, Bigot S, Defalque C, Correa F, Martinez JP, Lutts S, Quinet M. Intra- and inter-specific reproductive barriers in the tomato clade. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1326689. [PMID: 38143584 PMCID: PMC10739309 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1326689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) domestication and later introduction into Europe resulted in a genetic bottleneck that reduced genetic variation. Crosses with other wild tomato species from the Lycopersicon clade can be used to increase genetic diversity and improve important agronomic traits such as stress tolerance. However, many species in the Lycopersicon clade have intraspecific and interspecific incompatibility, such as gametophytic self-incompatibility and unilateral incompatibility. In this review, we provide an overview of the known incompatibility barriers in Lycopersicon. We begin by addressing the general mechanisms self-incompatibility, as well as more specific mechanisms in the Rosaceae, Papaveraceae, and Solanaceae. Incompatibility in the Lycopersicon clade is discussed, including loss of self-incompatibility, species exhibiting only self-incompatibility and species presenting both self-compatibility and self-incompatibility. We summarize unilateral incompatibility in general and specifically in Lycopersicon, with details on the 'self-compatible x self-incompatible' rule, implications of self-incompatibility in unilateral incompatibility and self-incompatibility-independent pathways of unilateral incompatibility. Finally, we discuss advances in the understanding of compatibility barriers and their implications for tomato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Moreels
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Servane Bigot
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Corentin Defalque
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Francisco Correa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA-Rayentué), Rengo, Chile
| | | | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Ohata M, Takada Y, Sato Y, Okamoto T, Murase K, Takayama S, Suzuki G, Watanabe M. MLPK function is not required for self-incompatibility in the S 29 haplotype of Brassica rapa L. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2023:10.1007/s00497-023-00463-w. [PMID: 37099188 PMCID: PMC10363064 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
S29 haplotype does not require the MLPK function for self-incompatibility in Brassica rapa. Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassicaceae is regulated by the self-recognition mechanism, which is based on the S-haplotype-specific direct interaction of the pollen-derived ligand, SP11/SCR, and the stigma-side receptor, SRK. M locus protein kinase (MLPK) is known to be one of the positive effectors of the SI response. MLPK directly interacts with SRK, and is phosphorylated by SRK in Brassica rapa. In Brassicaceae, MLPK was demonstrated to be essential for SI in B. rapa and Brassica napus, whereas it is not essential for SI in Arabidopsis thaliana (with introduced SRK and SP11/SCR from related SI species). Little is known about what determines the need for MLPK in SI of Brassicaceae. In this study, we investigated the relationship between S-haplotype diversity and MLPK function by analyzing the SI phenotypes of different S haplotypes in a mlpk/mlpk mutant background. The results have clarified that in B. rapa, all the S haplotypes except the S29 we tested need the MLPK function, but the S29 haplotype does not require MLPK for the SI. Comparative analysis of MLPK-dependent and MLPK-independent S haplotype might provide new insight into the evolution of S-haplotype diversity and the molecular mechanism of SI in Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Ohata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Yui Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takumi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kohji Murase
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Seiji Takayama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Masao Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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3
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Yamamoto M, Ishii T, Ogura M, Akanuma T, Zhu XY, Kitashiba H. S haplotype collection in Brassicaceae crops-an updated list of S haplotypes. BREEDING SCIENCE 2023; 73:132-145. [PMID: 37404351 PMCID: PMC10316313 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility is the system that inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube growth by self-pollen. This trait is important for the breeding of Brassica and Raphanus species. In these species, self-incompatibility is governed by the S locus, which contains three linked genes (a set called the S haplotype), i.e., S-locus receptor kinase, S-locus cysteine-rich protein/S-locus protein 11, and S-locus glycoprotein. A large number of S haplotypes have been identified in Brassica oleracea, B. rapa, and Raphanus sativus to date, and the nucleotide sequences of their many alleles have also been registered. In this state, it is important to avoid confusion between S haplotypes, i.e., an identical S haplotype with different names and a different S haplotype with an identical S haplotype number. To mitigate this issue, we herein constructed a list of S haplotypes that are easily accessible to the latest nucleotide sequences of S-haplotype genes, together with revisions to and an update of S haplotype information. Furthermore, the histories of the S-haplotype collection in the three species are reviewed, the importance of the collection of S haplotypes as a genetic resource is discussed, and the management of information on S haplotypes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishii
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Marina Ogura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takashi Akanuma
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Xing-Yu Zhu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kitashiba
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
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Sehgal N, Singh S. Progress on deciphering the molecular aspects of cell-to-cell communication in Brassica self-incompatibility response. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:347. [PMID: 30073132 PMCID: PMC6066494 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The sporophytic system of self-incompatibility is a widespread genetic phenomenon in plant species, promoting out-breeding and maintaining genetic diversity. This phenomenon is of commercial importance in hybrid breeding of Brassicaceae crops and is controlled by single S locus with multiple S haplotypes. The molecular genetic studies of Brassica 'S' locus has revealed the presence of three tightly linked loci viz. S-receptor kinase (SRK), S-locus cysteine-rich protein/S-locus protein 11 (SCR/SP11), and S-locus glycoprotein (SLG). On self-pollination, the allele-specific ligand-receptor interaction activates signal transduction in stigma papilla cells and leads to rejection of pollen tube on stigmatic surface. In addition, arm-repeat-containing protein 1 (ARC1), M-locus protein kinase (MLPK), kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP), exocyst complex subunit (Exo70A1) etc. has been identified in Brassica crops and plays a key role in self-incompatibility signaling pathway. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) influx in papilla cells also mediates self-incompatibility response in Brassicaceae, but how this cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx triggers signal transduction to inhibit pollen hydration is still obscure. There are many other signaling components which are not well characterized yet. Much progress has been made in elucidating the downstream multiple pathways of Brassica self-incompatibility response. Hence, in this review, we have made an effort to describe the recent advances made on understanding the molecular aspects of genetic mechanism of self-incompatibility in Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sehgal
- Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004 India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110 012 India
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Involvement of MLPK Pathway in Intraspecies Unilateral Incompatibility Regulated by a Single Locus With Stigma and Pollen Factors. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:719-726. [PMID: 23550141 PMCID: PMC3618358 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.005892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved many systems to prevent undesirable fertilization. Among these, incompatibility is a well-organized system in which pollen germination or pollen tube growth is inhibited in pistils. We previously found that a novel one-way pollen-stigma incompatibility response [unilateral incompatibility (UI)] occurred between two self-incompatible Brassica rapa plants, a Turkish line, and a Japanese cultivated hybrid variety, "Osome." Pollen from the Turkish line is rejected on the stigma of the Osome line, but the reverse cross is compatible; such a UI phenotype closely resembles self-incompatibility (SI). The pollen factor of this UI has been genetically explained by a single locus which is different from the S-locus. In this study, we performed further genetic analyses of this intraspecies UI and showed that the stigma factor was also controlled by a single locus, and we named the loci corresponding to the stigma and pollen factors of the intraspecies UI, stigmatic unilateral incompatibility (SUI), and pollen unilateral incompatibility (PUI) loci, respectively. Interestingly, segregation analyses of SUI and PUI indicated that they are closely linked to each other and behave as a single unit. To investigate the effect of an SI-related gene, MLPK in this UI, we produced segregation lines for SUI and mlpk A distorted segregation ratio of SUI phenotype in an mlpk background indicated involvement of MLPK in SUI, suggesting the existence of an MLPK-dependent novel pollen-stigma recognition mechanism.
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Wang G, Zhang Z, Angenent GC, Fiers M. New aspects of CLAVATA2, a versatile gene in the regulation of Arabidopsis development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:403-7. [PMID: 20961653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to unravel the functions of receptor-like proteins in Arabidopsis (AtRLPs), including the CLAVATA2 (CLV2) receptor, we employed a reverse genetics approach. In previous studies, we assembled a genome-wide collection of AtRLP gene T-DNA insertion mutants and reported on the biological roles of a few AtRLPs closely related to CLV2. In this study, we showed that over-expression of CLV2 in wild-type plants unexpectedly resulted in a multi-carpel phenotype, mimicking the clv2 mutant, which suggests a co-suppression effect on the endogenous CLV2. We also found evidence that the phenotypes of various clv2 alleles are significantly affected by the genetic background of Arabidopsis ecotypes, which, however, did not depend on the ER locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wang
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Vegetables. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 2010. [PMCID: PMC7121345 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The conscious promotion of health by an appropriate, balanced diet has become an important social request. Vegetable thereby possesses a special importance due to its high vitamin, mineral and dietary fibre content. Major progress has been made over the past few years in the transformation of vegetables. The expression of several genes has been inhibited by sense gene suppression, and new traits caused by new gene constructs are stably inherited. This chapter reviews advances in various traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality improvement, pharmaceutical and industrial application. Results are presented from most important vegetable families, like Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Liliaceae. Although many research trends in this report are positive, only a few transgenic vegetables have been released from confined into precommercial testing or into use.
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8
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Zhang H, Barnoski BL, Sol-Church K, Stabley DL, Martin-Deleon PA. Murine Spam1 mRNA: involvement of AU-rich elements in the 3'UTR and antisense RNA in its tight post-transcriptional regulation in spermatids. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:247-55. [PMID: 16250006 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sperm adhesion molecule1 (SPAM1), the best characterized hyaluronidase gene, is abundantly expressed in the testis. We attempted to overexpress mouse Spam1 via transgenesis using either the endogenous promoter in a BAC or a heterologous Protamine1 promoter for a Spam1 cDNA transgene. Although transgene-copy numbers ranged from 2 to 15 and transgenic transcripts were expressed, there was a general failure of overexpression of the RNA and protein in the testis of all seven founders. Also, three transgenic lines showed a modest downregulation or co-suppression of the RNA for Spam1 and Hyal5, present on the BAC. We provide evidence for the potential involvement of two co-ordinating post-transcriptional regulatory processes in the failure of overexpression: abundant endogenous antisense RNA and adenosine-uridine (AU)-rich element-mediated regulation of RNA turnover. We demonstrate that AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'UTR of mRNAs, well-known to interact with trans-acting proteins to target the RNA for (in)stability, are present in Spam1 RNA and specifically bind to six testicular cytoplasmic proteins. These AU-binding proteins (AUBPs) were virtually absent from the kidney where transcripts are rare, and were shown to interact with the cytoskeleton, which modulates mRNA turnover. In addition to a role in the RNAi pathway, antisense RNA can also modulate ARE-mediated regulation of mRNA by hybridizing to the AREs and specifically silencing their function. This potentially links the two processes in the regulation of Spam1 expression. We hypothesize that testicular Spam1 RNA is regulated post-transcriptionally by cis-acting ARE(s) in the 3'UTR which recognize AUBPs and which are modulated by antisense transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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9
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Sato Y, Sato K, Nishio T. Interspecific pairs of class II S haplotypes having different recognition specificities between Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 47:340-5. [PMID: 16381659 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There are several pairs of similar class I S haplotypes between Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. The similar S halotypes in these interspecific pairs have been reported to have the same recognition specificities. In the present study, three interspecific pairs showing a high sequence similarity were found in class II S haplotypes, i.e. between BoS-2b (B. oleracea S-2b) and BrS-44 (B. rapa S-44), between BoS-5 and BrS-40, and between BoS-15 and BrS-60. By pollination tests using interspecific hybrids between B. oleracea and B. rapa, BoS-5 and BoS-2b were revealed to have slightly and completely different recognition specificities from those of BrS-40 and BrS-44, respectively. The recognition reaction between SP11 and SRK of BoS-15 was suggested to be incomplete. The regions of class II SP11 and SRK important for self-recognition specificity and the diversification of class II S haplotypes are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Sato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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10
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Genetic analysis of novel intra-species unilateral incompatibility in Brassica rapa (syn. campestris) L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-004-0235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The Arabidopsis genome sequence has revealed that plants contain a much larger complement of receptor kinase genes than other organisms. Early analysis of these genes revealed involvement in a diverse array of developmental and defense functions that included gametophyte development, pollen-pistil interactions, shoot apical meristem equilibrium, hormone perception, and cell morphogenesis. Amino acid sequence motifs and binding studies indicate that the ectodomains are capable of binding, either directly or indirectly, various classes of molecules including proteins, carbohydrates, and steroids. Genetic and biochemical approaches have begun to identify other components of several signal transduction pathways. Some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) appear to function with coreceptors lacking kinase domains, and genome analysis suggests this might be true for many RLKs. The KAPP protein phosphatase functions as a negative regulator of at least two RLK systems, and in vitro studies suggest it could be a common component of more. Whether plant signaling systems display a modularity similar to animal systems remains to be determined. Future efforts will reveal unknown functions of other RLKs and elucidate the relationships among their signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Becraft
- Zoology and Genetics and Agronomy Departments, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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12
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Kemp BP, Doughty J. Just how complex is the Brassica S-receptor complex? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2003; 54:157-168. [PMID: 12456766 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erg033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Of the plant self-incompatibility (SI) systems investigated to date, that possessed by members of the Brassicaceae is currently the best understood. Whilst the recent demonstrations of interactions between the male determinant (S-locus cysteine rich protein, SCR) and the female determinant (S-locus receptor kinase, SRK) indicate the minimal requirement for SI in Brassica, no consensus exists as to the nature of these molecules in vivo and the potential involvement of accessory molecules in establishing the active S-receptor complex. Variation between S haplotypes appears to be present in the molecular composition of the receptor complex, the regulation of downstream signalling and the requirement for accessory molecules. This review discusses what constitutes an active receptor complex and highlights potential differences between haplotypes. The role of accessory molecules, in particular SLG (S-locus glycoprotein) and low molecular weight pollen coat proteins (PCPs), in pollination are discussed, as is the link between SI and unilateral incompatibility (UI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Kemp
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Kakizaki T, Takada Y, Ito A, Suzuki G, Shiba H, Takayama S, Isogai A, Watanabe M. Linear dominance relationship among four class-II S haplotypes in pollen is determined by the expression of SP11 in Brassica self-incompatibility. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 44:70-5. [PMID: 12552149 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) prevents self-fertilization by rejecting pollen from plants with the same S phenotype. The Brassica SI system is controlled sporophytically by multiple alleles at the single locus, S, and dominance relationships among S haplotypes are observed in both stigma and pollen. We have identified previously five different class-II S haplotypes in Brassica campestris. Here, we performed test-crosses between S heterozygotes and their respective parental S homozygotes for four of these class-II S haplotypes, and observed a linear dominance relationship on the pollen side. To determine how this relationship is controlled, we performed RNA gel blot analyses for six S heterozygotes and their respective parental S homozygotes using the corresponding SP11 clone as a probe. In all six S heterozygotes, SP11 derived from a dominant haplotype was predominantly expressed, and SP11 derived from a recessive haplotype was repressed. Thus, the linear dominance relationship of the SI phenotype on the pollen side is regulated by the expression of SP11.
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Abstract
Plant self-incompatibility is controlled by different genes for the recognition reactions of pollen and stigmas, yet correct association of the two genes have been maintained in two Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratory, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, UK
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15
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Watanabe M, Hatakeyama K, Takada Y, Hinata K. Molecular aspects of self-incompatibility in Brassica species. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:560-5. [PMID: 11427674 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Many flowering plants possess self-incompatibility (SI) systems to prevent inbreeding. SI in Brassica species is controlled by a single S locus with multiple alleles. In recent years, much progress has been made in determining the male and female S determinant in Brassica species. In the female, a gain-of-function experiment clearly demonstrated that SRK was the sole S determinant, and that SLG enhanced the SI recognition process. By contrast, the male S determinant (termed SP11/SCR) was identified in the course of genome analysis of S locus to be a small cysteine-rich protein, which was classified as a pollen coat protein. This SP11/SCR may function as a ligand for the S domain of SRK in the SI recognition reaction of Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan.
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16
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Hatakeyama K, Takasaki T, Suzuki G, Nishio T, Watanabe M, Isogai A, Hinata K. The S receptor kinase gene determines dominance relationships in stigma expression of self-incompatibility in Brassica. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 26:69-76. [PMID: 11359611 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassica is sporophytically controlled by the multi-allelic S locus. SI phenotypes of the stigma and pollen in an S heterozygote are determined by the two S haplotypes it carries; the two haplotypes may be co-dominant or exhibit a dominant/recessive relationship. Because the S receptor kinase (SRK) gene of the S locus was recently shown to determine the S haplotype specificity of the stigma, we wished to investigate whether SRK also plays a role in the dominance relationships between S haplotypes. We crossed plants carrying an SRK28 transgene with plants homozygous for one of five S haplotypes that are either co-dominant with, or recessive to, S28 haplotype in the stigma, and analyzed the SI phenotypes of the progeny. In all cases, the SI phenotype of the stigma of plants carrying the SRK28 transgene could be predicted by the known dominance relationships between the S haplotype(s) and the S28 haplotype. Moreover, in the S43 homozygote carrying the SRK28 transgene where the S43 phenotype in the stigma was masked by the presence of the SRK28, the transcript level of SRK28 was found to be much lower than that of SRK43. All these results suggest that the dominance relationships between S haplotypes in the stigma are determined by SRK, but not by virtue of its relative expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hatakeyama
- Research Institute of Seed Production Co. Ltd., 6-6-3 Minamiyoshinari, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 989-3204, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Many bisexual flowering plants possess a reproductive strategy called self-incompatibility (SI) that enables the female tissue (the pistil) to reject self but accept non-self pollen for fertilization. Three different SI mechanisms are discussed, each controlled by two separate, highly polymorphic genes at the S-locus. For the Solanaceae and Papaveraceae types, the genes controlling female function in SI, the S-RNase gene and the S-gene, respectively, have been identified. For the Brassicaceae type, the gene controlling male function, SCR/SP11, and the gene controlling female function, SRK, have been identified. The S-RNase based mechanism involves degradation of RNA of self-pollen tubes; the S-protein based mechanism involves a signal transduction cascade in pollen, including a transient rise in [Ca(2+)]i and subsequent protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation; and the SRK (a receptor kinase) based mechanism involves interaction of a pollen ligand, SCR/SP11, with SRK, followed by a signal transduction cascade in the stigmatic surface cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G McCubbin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 403 Althouse Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4500, USA.
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18
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Ansaldi R, Chaboud A, Dumas C. Multiple S gene family members including natural antisense transcripts are differentially expressed during development of maize flowers. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:24146-55. [PMID: 10821836 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003047200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the large Brassica S gene family, SLG (S locus glycoprotein) and SRK (S locus receptor kinase) participate to the control of pollen-stigma self-incompatibility. In the self-compatible species maize, S gene family members are predominantly expressed in vegetative organs but are also expressed to a lesser extent in the stigma (silk). To determine if the expression of any S gene family members correlates with female receptivity, we analyzed their expression in developing maize silks. We show that a large family of maize S transcripts is expressed in developing silks. Surprisingly, we isolated a cDNA complementary to a large portion of the antisense strand of the maize receptor kinase S domain. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-polymerase chain reaction, RNase protection, and Northern hybridization with single-stranded riboprobes confirmed that natural antisense S transcripts exist in leaves and seedling shoots and in all sexual tissues tested except mature pollen. These natural antisense S transcripts co-exist with several less abundant sense S transcripts. The accumulation of sense and antisense S transcripts is differentially regulated during pollen and silk development. Thus, these results support a role for S gene family members in sexual tissue development and/or compatible pollination and reveal a new level of complexity in the regulation and function of the S gene family in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ansaldi
- Reproduction et Developpement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS-INRA-ENSL-UCBLyon1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69634 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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19
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Watanabe M, Ito A, Takada Y, Ninomiya C, Kakizaki T, Takahata Y, Hatakeyama K, Hinata K, Suzuki G, Takasaki T, Satta Y, Shiba H, Takayama S, Isogai A. Highly divergent sequences of the pollen self-incompatibility (S) gene in class-I S haplotypes of Brassica campestris (syn. rapa) L. FEBS Lett 2000; 473:139-44. [PMID: 10812061 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) enables flowering plants to discriminate between self- and non-self-pollen. In Brassica, SI is controlled by the highly polymorphic S locus. The recently identified male determinant, termed SP11 or SCR, is thought to be the ligand of S receptor kinase, the female determinant. To examine functional and evolutionary properties of SP11, we cloned 14 alleles from class-I S haplotypes of Brassica campestris and carried out sequence analyses. The sequences of mature SP11 proteins are highly divergent, except for the presence of conserved cysteines. The phylogenetic trees suggest possible co-evolution of the genes encoding the male and female determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, Japan.
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20
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Cui Y, Bi YM, Brugière N, Arnoldo M, Rothstein SJ. The S locus glycoprotein and the S receptor kinase are sufficient for self-pollen rejection in Brassica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3713-7. [PMID: 10725364 PMCID: PMC16305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of several mechanisms that have evolved to prevent inbreeding in plants. SI in Brassica is controlled by the polymorphic S locus complex. Two S locus-encoded proteins are coordinately expressed in the stigma epidermis: the cell wall-localized S locus glycoprotein (SLG) and the plasma membrane-anchored S receptor kinase (SRK). These proteins are thought to recognize a pollen factor that leads to the rejection of self-pollen. Evidence has accumulated that indicates that both proteins are necessary for the ability of the stigma to inhibit self-pollen. However, it has not been possible to prove this necessity definitively or to demonstrate that these genes are sufficient for this phenotype, because previous attempts to transfer this phenotype via transformation have not been successful. In this study, two overlapping S locus genomic clones, which cover approximately 55 kilobases of DNA and contain the SLG, SRK, and an anther-expressed gene in the region common to the two, were introduced into a self-compatible Brassica napus line. The resulting transgenic plants were shown to carry the female part of the SI phenotype, rejecting pollen in a haplotype-specific manner. However, the pollen SI phenotype was not found in any of the transgenic plants. These data show that the SLG and SRK are sufficient for the female side but not the male side of the SI phenotype in Brassica and that there must be an independent pollen S factor encoded outside the cloned region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cui
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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21
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The S locus glycoprotein and the S receptor kinase are sufficient for self-pollen rejection in Brassica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000. [PMID: 10725364 PMCID: PMC16305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050480297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of several mechanisms that have evolved to prevent inbreeding in plants. SI in Brassica is controlled by the polymorphic S locus complex. Two S locus-encoded proteins are coordinately expressed in the stigma epidermis: the cell wall-localized S locus glycoprotein (SLG) and the plasma membrane-anchored S receptor kinase (SRK). These proteins are thought to recognize a pollen factor that leads to the rejection of self-pollen. Evidence has accumulated that indicates that both proteins are necessary for the ability of the stigma to inhibit self-pollen. However, it has not been possible to prove this necessity definitively or to demonstrate that these genes are sufficient for this phenotype, because previous attempts to transfer this phenotype via transformation have not been successful. In this study, two overlapping S locus genomic clones, which cover approximately 55 kilobases of DNA and contain the SLG, SRK, and an anther-expressed gene in the region common to the two, were introduced into a self-compatible Brassica napus line. The resulting transgenic plants were shown to carry the female part of the SI phenotype, rejecting pollen in a haplotype-specific manner. However, the pollen SI phenotype was not found in any of the transgenic plants. These data show that the SLG and SRK are sufficient for the female side but not the male side of the SI phenotype in Brassica and that there must be an independent pollen S factor encoded outside the cloned region.
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22
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Abstract
At last, clear evidence has been obtained, from transformation of the pollen incompatibility reaction of Brassica, showing that angiosperm self-incompatibility involves separate genes for the pollen and pistil incompatibility recognition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Charlesworth
- Ashworth Laboratory, Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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23
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Takasaki T, Hatakeyama K, Suzuki G, Watanabe M, Isogai A, Hinata K. The S receptor kinase determines self-incompatibility in Brassica stigma. Nature 2000; 403:913-6. [PMID: 10706292 DOI: 10.1038/35002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The self-incompatibility possessed by Brassica is an intraspecific reproductive barrier by which the stigma rejects self-pollen but accepts non-self-pollen for fertilization. The molecular/biochemical bases of recognition and rejection have been intensively studied. Self-incompatibility in Brassica is sporophytically controlled by the polymorphic S locus. Two tightly linked polymorphic genes at the S locus, S receptor kinase gene (SRK) and S locus glycoprotein gene (SLG), are specifically expressed in the papillar cells of the stigma, and analyses of self-compatible lines of Brassica have suggested that together they control stigma function in self-incompatibility interactions. Here we show, by transforming self-incompatible plants of Brassica rapa with an SRK28 and an SLG28 transgene separately, that expression of SRK28 alone, but not SLG28 alone, conferred the ability to reject self (S28)-pollen on the transgenic plants. We also show that the ability of SRK28 to reject S28 pollen was enhanced by SLG28. We conclude that SRK alone determines S haplotype specificity of the stigma, and that SLG acts to promote a full manifestation of the self-incompatibility response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takasaki
- Research Institute of Seed Production Co., Ltd., Sendai, Japan.
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Takayama S, Shiba H, Iwano M, Shimosato H, Che FS, Kai N, Watanabe M, Suzuki G, Hinata K, Isogai A. The pollen determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica campestris. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:1920-5. [PMID: 10677556 PMCID: PMC26537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040556397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/1999] [Accepted: 12/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many flowering plants possess self-incompatibility (SI) systems that prevent inbreeding. In Brassica, SI is controlled by a single polymorphic locus, the S locus. Two highly polymorphic S locus genes, SLG (S locus glycoprotein) and SRK (S receptor kinase), have been identified, both of which are expressed predominantly in the stigmatic papillar cell. We have shown recently that SRK is the determinant of the S haplotype specificity of the stigma. SRK is thought to serve as a receptor for a pollen ligand, which presumably is encoded by another polymorphic gene at the S locus. We previously have identified an S locus gene, SP11 (S locus protein 11), of the S(9) haplotype of Brassica campestris and proposed that it potentially encodes the pollen ligand. SP11 is a novel member of the PCP (pollen coat protein) family of proteins, some members of which have been shown to interact with SLG. In this work, we identified the SP11 gene from three additional S haplotypes and further characterized the gene. We found that (i) SP11 showed an S haplotype-specific sequence polymorphism; (ii) SP11 was located in the immediate flanking region of the SRK gene of the four S haplotypes examined; (iii) SP11 was expressed in the tapetum of the anther, a site consistent with sporophytic control of Brassica SI; and (iv) recombinant SP11 of the S(9) haplotype applied to papillar cells of S(9) stigmas, but not of S(8) stigmas, elicited SI response, resulting in inhibition of hydration of cross-pollen. All these results taken together strongly suggest that SP11 is the pollen S determinant in SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takayama
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan
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