1
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Kakish JE, Mehrani Y, Kodeeswaran A, Geronimo K, Clark ME, van Vloten JP, Karimi K, Mallard BA, Meng B, Bridle BW, Knapp JP. Investigating the effect of reduced temperatures on the efficacy of rhabdovirus-based viral vector platforms. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:002010. [PMID: 39172037 PMCID: PMC11340643 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviral vectors can induce lysis of cancer cells. While studied almost exclusively at 37 °C, viruses are subject to a range of temperatures in vivo, including temperatures ≤31 °C. Despite potential implications, the effect of temperatures <37 °C on the performance of rhabdoviral vectors is unknown. We investigated the effect of low anatomical temperatures on two rhabdoviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Maraba virus (MG1). Using a metabolic resazurin assay, VSV- and MG1-mediated oncolysis was characterized in a panel of cell lines at 28, 31, 34 and 37 °C. The oncolytic ability of both viruses was hindered at 31 and 28 °C. Cold adaptation of both viruses was attempted as a mitigation strategy. Viruses were serially passaged at decreasing temperatures in an attempt to induce mutations. Unfortunately, the cold-adaptation strategies failed to potentiate the oncolytic activity of the viruses at temperatures <37 °C. Interestingly, we discovered that viral replication was unaffected at low temperatures despite the abrogation of oncolytic activity. In contrast, the proliferation of cancer cells was reduced at low temperatures. Equivalent oncolytic effects could be achieved if cells at low temperatures were treated with viruses for longer times. This suggests that rhabdovirus-mediated oncolysis could be compromised at low temperatures in vivo where therapeutic windows are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Kakish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Arthane Kodeeswaran
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Katrina Geronimo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mary Ellen Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Baozhong Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jason P. Knapp
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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2
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Coplan L, Zhang Z, Ragone N, Reeves J, Rodriguez A, Shevade A, Bak H, Tustian AD. High-yield recombinant adeno-associated viral vector production by multivariate optimization of bioprocess and transfection conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3445. [PMID: 38450973 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs) are one of the most used vehicles for gene therapy, with five rAAV therapeutics commercially approved by the FDA. To improve product yield, we optimized the suspension production process of rAAV8 vectors carrying a proprietary transgene using a commercially available transfection reagent, FectoVIR-AAV. Using a miniaturized automated 250 mL scale bioreactor system, we generated models of vector genome (vg) titer, capsid (cp) titer, and Vg:Cp percentage from two multivariate design of experiment studies, one centered around bioreactor operating parameters, and another based on the transfection conditions. Using the optimized process returned from these models, the vector genome titer from the bioreactor was improved to beyond 1 × 1012 vg/mL. Five critical parameters were identified that had large effects on the pre-purification vector quantity-the transfection pH, production pH, complexation time, viable cell density at transfection, and transfection reagent to DNA ratio. The optimized process was further assessed for its performance extending to six AAV serotypes, namely AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, AAV8, and AAV9 carrying a transgene encoding for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Five of the six serotypes returned higher vector genome titers than the control condition. These data suggest that the choice of transfection reagent is a major factor in improving vector yield. The multivariate design of experiment approach is a powerful way to optimize production processes, and the optimized process from one AAV vector can to some extent be generalized to other serotypes and transgenes to accelerate development timelines of new programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Coplan
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Ragone
- Research Operations, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - John Reeves
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Audrey Rodriguez
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Aishwarya Shevade
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Hanne Bak
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Andrew D Tustian
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
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3
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Syddall KL, Fernandez-Martell A, Cartwright JF, Alexandru-Crivac CN, Hodgson A, Racher AJ, Young RJ, James DC. Directed evolution of biomass intensive CHO cells by adaptation to sub-physiological temperature. Metab Eng 2024; 81:53-69. [PMID: 38007176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and effective means to increase the biosynthetic capacity of host CHO cells. Lonza proprietary CHOK1SV® cells were evolved by serial sub-culture for over 150 generations at 32 °C. During this period the specific proliferation rate of hypothermic cells gradually recovered to become comparable to that of cells routinely maintained at 37 °C. Cold-adapted cell populations exhibited (1) a significantly increased volume and biomass content (exemplified by total RNA and protein), (2) increased mitochondrial function, (3) an increased antioxidant capacity, (4) altered central metabolism, (5) increased transient and stable productivity of a model IgG4 monoclonal antibody and Fc-fusion protein, and (6) unaffected recombinant protein N-glycan processing. This phenotypic transformation was associated with significant genome-scale changes in both karyotype and the relative abundance of thousands of cellular mRNAs across numerous functional groups. Taken together, these observations provide evidence of coordinated cellular adaptations to sub-physiological temperature. These data reveal the extreme genomic/functional plasticity of CHO cells, and that directed evolution is a viable genome-scale cell engineering strategy that can be exploited to create host cells with an increased cellular capacity for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Syddall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Alejandro Fernandez-Martell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Joseph F Cartwright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Cristina N Alexandru-Crivac
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Adam Hodgson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | | | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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4
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Mentlak DA, Raven J, Moses T, Massie F, Barber N, Hoare R, Burton G, Young A, Pybus LP, Rosser S, White RJ, Ungar D, Bryant NJ. Dissecting cell death pathways in fed-batch bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300257. [PMID: 38038229 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for production of biologics including therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Cell death in CHO cells is a significant factor in biopharmaceutical production, impacting both product yield and quality. Apoptosis has previously been described as the major form of cell death occurring in CHO cells in bioreactors. However, these studies were undertaken when less was known about non-apoptotic cell death pathways. Here, we report the occurrence of non-apoptotic cell death in an industrial antibody-producing CHO cell line during fed-batch culture. Under standard conditions, crucial markers of apoptosis were not observed despite a decrease in viability towards the end of the culture; only by increasing stress within the system did we observe caspase activation indicative of apoptosis. In contrast, markers of parthanatos and ferroptosis were observed during standard fed-batch culture, indicating that these non-apoptotic cell death pathways contribute to viability loss under these conditions. These findings pave the way for targeting non-conventional cell death pathways to improve viability and biologic production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Mentlak
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - John Raven
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Tessa Moses
- EdinOmics, RR*ID:SCR_021838, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fraser Massie
- EdinOmics, RR*ID:SCR_021838, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas Barber
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Robyn Hoare
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Graeme Burton
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Alison Young
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Leon P Pybus
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Susan Rosser
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert J White
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Nia J Bryant
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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5
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Marschall L, Gottimukkala CB, Kayal B, Veeraraghavan VM, Mandal SK, Bandyopadhyay S, Herwig C. Temperature Upshifts in Mammalian Cell Culture: A Suitable Strategy for Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies? Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1149. [PMID: 37892879 PMCID: PMC10603922 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature downshifts are the gold standard when setting up control strategies for mammalian cell culture processes. These shifts are performed to prolong production phases and attain heightened levels of productivity. For the development of biosimilars, however, the bottleneck is in achieving a prespecified product quality. In a late-stage development project, we investigated the impact of temperature shifts and other process parameters with the aim of optimizing the glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb). We applied a design of experiments approach on a 3 L scale. The optimal glycosylation profile was achieved when performing a temperature upshift from 35.8 °C to 37 °C. Total afucosylated glycan (TAF) decreased by 1.2%, and galactosylated glycan species (GAL) increased by up to 4.5%. The optimized control strategy was then successfully taken to the manufacturing scale (1000 L). By testing two sets of set points at the manufacturing scale, we demonstrated that the statistical models predicting TAF and GAL trained with small-scale data are representative of the manufacturing scale. We hope this study encourages researchers to widen the screening ranges in process development and investigate whether temperature upshifts are also beneficial for other mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Marschall
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Research Unit Biochemical Engineering, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Körber Pharma Austria GmbH, Mariahilfer Straße 88A/1/9, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chitti Babu Gottimukkala
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Biologics, Survey No. 47, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500090, India; (C.B.G.); (B.K.); (V.M.V.); (S.K.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Biswajit Kayal
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Biologics, Survey No. 47, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500090, India; (C.B.G.); (B.K.); (V.M.V.); (S.K.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Veerabhadra Madurai Veeraraghavan
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Biologics, Survey No. 47, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500090, India; (C.B.G.); (B.K.); (V.M.V.); (S.K.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Samir Kumar Mandal
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Biologics, Survey No. 47, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500090, India; (C.B.G.); (B.K.); (V.M.V.); (S.K.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Suman Bandyopadhyay
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Biologics, Survey No. 47, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500090, India; (C.B.G.); (B.K.); (V.M.V.); (S.K.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Christoph Herwig
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Research Unit Biochemical Engineering, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Körber Pharma Austria GmbH, Mariahilfer Straße 88A/1/9, 1070 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Xu WJ, Lin Y, Mi CL, Pang JY, Wang TY. Progress in fed-batch culture for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1063-1075. [PMID: 36648523 PMCID: PMC9843118 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 80% of the approved human therapeutic antibodies are produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. To achieve better cell growth and high-yield recombinant protein, fed-batch culture is typically used for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. According to the demand of nutrients consumption, feed medium containing multiple components in cell culture can affect the characteristics of cell growth and improve the yield and quality of recombinant protein. Fed-batch optimization should have a connection with comprehensive factors such as culture environmental parameters, feed composition, and feeding strategy. At present, process intensification (PI) is explored to maintain production flexible and meet forthcoming demands of biotherapeutics process. Here, CHO cell culture, feed composition in fed-batch culture, fed-batch culture environmental parameters, feeding strategies, metabolic byproducts in fed-batch culture, chemostat cultivation, and the intensified fed-batch are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Fed-batch culture in CHO cells is reviewed. • Fed-batch has become a common technology for recombinant protein production. • Fed batch culture promotes recombinant protein production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Xu
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Yan Lin
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Jing-Ying Pang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of the First Clinical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000 Henan China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.495434.b0000 0004 1797 4346School of medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
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7
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Wang Z, Wang C, Chen G. Kinetic modeling: A tool for temperature shift and feeding optimization in cell culture process development. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 198:106130. [PMID: 35691496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have dominated the biopharmaceutical industry for biotherapeutic protein production and tremendous efforts have been devoted to enhancing productivity during the cell culture process development. However, determining the optimal process conditions is still a huge challenge. Constrained by the limited resources and timeline, usually it is impossible to fully explore the optimal range of all process parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, basal and feeding medium, additives, etc.). Kinetic modeling, which finds out the global optimum by systematically screening all potential conditions for cell culture process, provides a solution to this dilemma. However, studies on optimizing temperature shift and feeding strategies simultaneously using this approach have not been reported. In this study, we built up a kinetic model of fed-batch culture process for simultaneous optimization of temperature shift and feeding strategies. The fitting results showed high accuracy and demonstrated that the kinetic model can be used to describe the mammalian cell culture performance. In addition, five more fed-batch experiments were conducted to test this model's predicting power on different temperature shift and feeding strategies. It turned out that the predicted data matched well with experimental ones on viable cell density (VCD), metabolites, and titer for the entire culture duration and allowed selecting the same best condition with the experimental results. Therefore, adopting this approach can potentially reduce the number of experiments required for culture process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Wang
- Technology and Process Development (TPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Technology and Process Development (TPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Technology and Process Development (TPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
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8
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Zhou H, Fang M, Zheng X, Zhou W. Improving an intensified and integrated continuous bioprocess platform for biologics manufacturing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3618-3623. [PMID: 33788278 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The WuXi Biologics' Ultra-high Productivity platform (WuXiUP) technology is an innovative and integrated platform of continuous biomanufacturing. Through process intensification, the platform enables continuous manufacturing of almost any type of biologics and delivers processes with ultra-high productivity. In this paper, a new case study producing a monoclonal antibody (mAb) via the WuXiUP process was further optimized. Key process parameters like culture temperature, basal media, and perfusion rate were evaluated to ensure an enhanced and robust process. To improve process efficiency for downstream processing, a continuous dual-pore size hollow fiber cell separation and product harvest system were also designed to complement the increased harvest volume from upstream production. In this case study, a significant protein concentration increase and harvest volume reduction were achieved by the application of the new WuXiUP platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyue Fang
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Biologics Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
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9
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Greene E, Cazacu D, Tamot N, Castellano S, Datar A, Kronkaitis A, Gebhard D, Reed J, Mawson P, Florin L, Rossi N, Lauer A, Juckem L, Nixon A, Wenger T, Sen S. Optimization of a transient antibody expression platform towards high titer and efficiency. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000251. [PMID: 33226178 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) using mammalian cells is an extensively used technology for the production of antibodies and recombinant proteins and has been widely adopted by both academic and industrial labs. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells have become one of the major workhorses for TGE of recombinant antibodies due to their attractive features: post-translational modifications, adaptation to high cell densities, and use of serum-free media. In this study, we describe the optimization of parameters for TGE for antibodies from CHO cells. Through a matrix evaluation of multiple factors including inoculum, transfection conditions, amount and type of DNA used, and post-transfection culture conditions, we arrived at an uniquely optimized process with higher titer and reduced costs and time, thus increasing the overall efficiency of early antibody material supply. We further investigated the amount of coding DNA used in TGE and the influence of kinetics and size of the transfection complex on the in vitro efficiency of the transfection. We present here the first report of an optimized TGE platform using Filler DNA in an early drug discovery setting for the screening and production of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Greene
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniela Cazacu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ninkka Tamot
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Akshita Datar
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Douglas Gebhard
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jon Reed
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul Mawson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lore Florin
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Nixon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Till Wenger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Saurabh Sen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Chen P, Chen M, Menon A, Hussain AI, Carey E, Lee C, Horwitz J, O'Connell S, Cooper JW, Schwartz R, Gowetski DB. Development of a High Yielding Bioprocess for a Pre-fusion RSV Subunit Vaccine. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:261-270. [PMID: 33068697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus causing severe infection in infants and the elderly. Various approaches are being used to develop an effective RSV vaccine. The RSV fusion (F) subunit, particularly the cleaved trimeric pre-fusion F, is one of the most promising vaccine candidates under development. The pre-fusion conformation elicits the majority of neutralizing antibodies during natural infection. However, this pre-fusion conformation is metastable and prone to conversion to a post-fusion conformation, thus hindering the potential of this construct as a vaccine antigen. The Vaccine Research Center (VRC) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) designed a structurally stabilized pre-fusion F glycoprotein, DS-Cav1, that showed high immunogenicity and induced a neutralizing response in animal studies. To advance this candidate to clinical manufacturing, a production process that maintained product quality (i.e. a cleaved trimer with pre-fusion conformation) and delivered high protein expression levels was required. This report describes the development of the vaccine candidate including vector design and cell culture process development to meet these challenges. Co-transfection of individual plasmids to express DS-Cav1 and furin (for DS-Cav1 cleavage and activation) demonstrated a superior protein product expression and pre-fusion conformation compared to co-expression with a double gene vector. A top clone was selected based on these measurements. Protein expression levels were further increased by seeding density optimization and a biphasic hypothermia temperature downshift. The combined efforts led to a high-yield fed-batch production of approximately 1,500 mg/L (or up to 15,000 doses per liter) at harvest. The process was scaled up and demonstrated to be reproducible at 50 L-scale for toxicity and Phase I clinical trial use. Preliminary phase I data indicate the pre-fusion antigen has a promising efficacy (Crank et al., 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Mingzhong Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Amritha Menon
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Althaf I Hussain
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth Carey
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Christopher Lee
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Joe Horwitz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Johnathan W Cooper
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Richard Schwartz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Daniel B Gowetski
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
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11
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Kangro K, Roose E, Schelpe A, Tellier E, Kaplanski G, Voorberg J, De Meyer SF, Männik A, Vanhoorelbeke K. Generation and validation of small ADAMTS13 fragments for epitope mapping of anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies in immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:918-930. [PMID: 32685903 PMCID: PMC7354404 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP), patients develop an immune response against the multidomain enzyme ADAMTS13. ADAMTS13 consists of a metalloprotease (M) and disintegrin-like (D) domain, 8 thrombospondin type 1 repeats (T1-T8), a cysteine-rich (C), a spacer (S), and 2 CUB domains (CUB1-2). Previous epitope mapping studies have used relatively large overlapping ADAMTS13 fragments. OBJECTIVES We aimed at developing small nonoverlapping ADAMTS13 fragments to fine map anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies in iTTP patients. METHODS A library of 16 ADAMTS13 fragments, comprising several small (M, DT, C, S, T2-T5, T6-T8, CUB1, CUB2), and some larger fragments with overlapping domains (MDT, MDTC, DTC, CS, T2-T8, CUB1-2, MDTCS, T2-C2), were generated. All fragments, and ADAMTS13, were expressed as a fusion protein with albumin domain 1, and purified. The folding of the fragments was tested using 17 anti-ADAMTS13 monoclonal antibodies with known epitopes. An epitope mapping assay using small ADAMTS13 fragments was set up, and validated by analyzing 18 iTTP patient samples. RESULTS Validation with the monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that single S and CUB1 were not correctly folded, and therefore CS and CUB1-2 fragments were selected instead of single C, S, CUB1, and CUB2 fragments. Epitope mapping of antibodies of patients with iTTP confirmed that 6 nonoverlapping ADAMTS13 fragments M, DT, CS, T2-T5, T6-T8, and CUB1-2 were sufficient to accurately determine the antibody-binding sites. CONCLUSION We have developed a tool to profile patients with iTTP according to their anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies for a better insight in their immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Kangro
- Laboratory for Thrombosis ResearchIRF Life SciencesKU Leuven Campus Kulak KortrijkKortrijkBelgium
| | - Elien Roose
- Laboratory for Thrombosis ResearchIRF Life SciencesKU Leuven Campus Kulak KortrijkKortrijkBelgium
| | - An‐Sofie Schelpe
- Laboratory for Thrombosis ResearchIRF Life SciencesKU Leuven Campus Kulak KortrijkKortrijkBelgium
| | - Edwige Tellier
- INSERM, INRAEAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- French Reference Center for Thrombotic MicroangiopathiesFrance
| | - Gilles Kaplanski
- INSERM, INRAEAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- French Reference Center for Thrombotic MicroangiopathiesFrance
- INSERM, INRAE, Hôpital de la ConceptionAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin‐Academic Medical Center Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simon F. De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis ResearchIRF Life SciencesKU Leuven Campus Kulak KortrijkKortrijkBelgium
| | | | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis ResearchIRF Life SciencesKU Leuven Campus Kulak KortrijkKortrijkBelgium
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12
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Szabelak A, Bownik A, Knaga S, Kasperek K. Early morphological and apoptotic responses of bird erythrocytes to thermal stress. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:171-178. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1776897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szabelak
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Dobrzańskiego, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Dobrzańskiego, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Knaga
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kornel Kasperek
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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13
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Torres M, Akhtar S, McKenzie EA, Dickson AJ. Temperature Down-Shift Modifies Expression of UPR-/ERAD-Related Genes and Enhances Production of a Chimeric Fusion Protein in CHO Cells. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000081. [PMID: 32271992 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Low culture temperature enhances the cell-specific productivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing varied recombinant (r-) proteins, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Regulation of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway genes, such as transcriptional regulatory factors and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins, appear to be involved in the improvements of r-protein production under low temperature conditions. The transcriptional regulation of UPR-specific targets is studied in response to decreased culture temperature in relation to production of a difficult-to-express protein. A clonally-derived CHO cell line expressing a chimeric fusion protein (human erythropoietin [hEPO] linked to a murine Fc region, hEPO-Fc) is evaluated in terms of growth, metabolism, r-protein production and UPR-/ER associated degradation (ERAD)-specific gene expression at standard (37 °C) and low (32 °C) temperature in batch and fed-batch systems. Low temperature decreased peak cell density, improved viability, generated cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and enhanced hEPO-Fc expression in both batch and fed-batch cultures. A low culture temperature significantly upregulated genes encoding UPR-specific transcriptional activators (xbp1s, ddit3, and atf5) and ER-resident proteins (grp78, grp94, trib3, and ero1α), that are associated with folding and processing of proteins within the ER. Further, low culture temperature decreased expression of genes involved in ERAD (edem3, sels, herpud1, and syvn1) indicating a decreased potential for protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Samia Akhtar
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Edward A McKenzie
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Protein Expression Facility, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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14
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Tirza G, Solodeev I, Sela M, Greenberg I, Pasmanik-Chor M, Gur E, Shani N. Reduced culture temperature attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory response facilitating expansion and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:35. [PMID: 31973743 PMCID: PMC6979291 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) expansion under atmospheric oxygen levels (21%) was previously shown to cause increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and genetic instability compared to cells cultured under physiological oxygen levels (2–8%). However, since culture under physiological oxygen levels is costly and complicated, a simpler method to reduce ROS accumulation is desirable. The current study aimed to determine whether lower culture temperature can reduce ROS production in ASCs without impairing their culture expansion. Methods Proliferation, differentiation, ROS accumulation, and gene expression were compared between ASC cultures at 35 °C and 37 °C. ASCs isolated either from rat fat depots or from human lipoaspirates were examined in the study. Results Rat visceral ASCs (vASCs) cultured at 35 °C demonstrated reduced ROS production and apoptosis and enhanced expansion and adipogenic differentiation compared to vASCs cultured at 37 °C. Similarly, the culture of human ASCs (hASCs) at 35 °C led to reduced ROS accumulation and apoptosis, with no effect on the proliferation rate, compared to hASCs cultured at 37 °C. Comparison of gene expression profiles of 35 °C versus 37 °C vASCs uncovered the development of a pro-inflammatory phenotype in 37 °C vASCs in correlation with culture temperature and ROS overproduction. This correlation was reaffirmed in both hASCs and subcutaneous rat ASCs. Conclusions This is the first evidence of the effect of culture temperature on ASC growth and differentiation properties. Reduced temperatures may result in superior ASC cultures with enhanced expansion capacities in vitro and effectiveness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Tirza
- The Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Solodeev
- The Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meirav Sela
- The Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilanit Greenberg
- The Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- The Bioinformatics Unit George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Gur
- The Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Shani
- The Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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15
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Siddiquee K, Zhao C, Stemler MA, Zeck B, Fishpaugh JR, Allen SP. Cell-culture growth conditions resulting in the oxidation of a recombinant antigen-binding fragment. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Use of Quality-by-Design (QbD) tools is becoming an important part of the bioprocessing industry when developing a process for manufacturing operations to ensure the robustness and reproducibility of the biologic product. In the present study, a QbD tool, Design of Experiments (DOE), was utilized to optimize a bioprocess for the production of a CHO recombinant antigen-binding fragment (rFab) in small-scale bioreactors. DOE studies evaluated percent dissolved oxygen, temperature, and feeding strategy specific to this Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) clone. It was determined that these factors influenced cell viability, yield of the recombinant protein, and metabolic byproduct formation. To ensure the quality of the target molecule in the cell-culture process, small-scale purifications and analytical evaluation of the target molecule were completed prior to cell-culture scale-up to ensure that oxidation of the rFab, presence of free light chain, and truncation of thiol group were not observed. Analysis of the purified rFab by mass spectrometry indicated that rFab oxidation occurred under poor cell-culture conditions. PCR profile array results also revealed increased transcription of the oxidative genes Superoxide Dismutase 3, Myeloperoxidase, Dual Oxidase Like 2, Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 7, NADPH Oxidase Organizer 1, Mitochondria Uncouple Protein 3, Eosinophil Peroxidase, Lactoperoxidase Like, Serum Albumin Like, and Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1 in this CHO strain. The present study suggests a mechanism and pathway for the oxidation of an rFab molecule during cell-culture bioprocess optimization. The present study also demonstrated the importance of utilizing the QbD tool of DOE to optimize the cell-culture bioprocess prior to scaling up into the large-scale production bioreactor.
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16
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Pappenreiter M, Sissolak B, Sommeregger W, Striedner G. Oxygen Uptake Rate Soft-Sensing via Dynamic k L a Computation: Cell Volume and Metabolic Transition Prediction in Mammalian Bioprocesses. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:195. [PMID: 31497597 PMCID: PMC6712683 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In aerobic cell cultivation processes, dissolved oxygen is a key process parameter, and an optimal oxygen supply has to be ensured for proper process performance. To achieve optimal growth and/or product formation, the rate of oxygen transfer has to be in right balance with the consumption by cells. In this study, a 15 L mammalian cell culture bioreactor was characterized with respect to kLa under varying process conditions. The resulting dynamic kLa description combined with functions for the calculation of oxygen concentrations under prevailing process conditions led to an easy-to-apply model, that allows real-time calculation of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) throughout the bioprocess without off-gas analyzers. Subsequently, the established OUR soft-sensor was applied in a series of 13 CHO fed-batch cultivations. The OUR was found to be directly associated with the amount of viable biomass in the system, and deploying of cell volumes instead of cell counts led to higher correlations. A two-segment linear model predicted the viable biomass in the system sufficiently. The segmented model was necessary due to a metabolic transition in which the specific consumption of oxygen changed. The aspartate to glutamate ratio was identified as an indicator of this metabolic shift. The detection of such transitions is enabled by a combination of the presented dynamic OUR method with another state-of-the-art viable biomass soft-sensor. In conclusion, this hyphenated technique is a robust and powerful tool for advanced bioprocess monitoring and control based exclusively on bioreactor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gerald Striedner
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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17
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Rubio N, Datar I, Stachura D, Kaplan D, Krueger K. Cell-Based Fish: A Novel Approach to Seafood Production and an Opportunity for Cellular Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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18
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Parhiz H, Ketcham SA, Zou G, Ghosh B, Fratz-Berilla EJ, Ashraf M, Ju T, Madhavarao CN. Differential effects of bioreactor process variables and purification on the human recombinant lysosomal enzyme β-glucuronidase produced from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6081-6095. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Impact of mammalian cell culture conditions on monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneity: an accessory monitoring tool for process development. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1167-1178. [PMID: 31175523 PMCID: PMC6697719 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are predominantly produced in mammalian cell culture bioprocesses. Post-translational modifications affect the micro-heterogeneity of the product and thereby influence important quality attributes, such as stability, solubility, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The analysis of the surface charge distribution of monoclonal antibodies provides aggregated information about these modifications. In this work, we established a direct injection pH gradient cation exchange chromatography method, which determines charge heterogeneity from cell culture supernatant without any purification steps. This tool was further applied to monitor processes that were performed under certain process conditions. Concretely, we were able to provide insights into charge variant formation during a fed-batch process of a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture, in turn producing a monoclonal antibody under varying temperatures and glucose feed strategies. Glucose concentration impacted the total emergence of acidic variants, whereas the variation of basic species was mainly dependent on process temperature. The formation rates of acidic species were described with a second-order reaction, where a temperature increase favored the conversion. This platform method will aid as a sophisticated optimization tool for mammalian cell culture processes. It provides a quality fingerprint for the produced mAb, which can be tested, compared to the desired target and confirmed early in the process chain.
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20
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Assessment of fed-batch cultivation strategies for an inducible CHO cell line. J Biotechnol 2019; 298:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Mfengwana PH, Mashele SS, Manduna IT. Cytotoxicity and cell cycle analysis of Asparagus laricinus Burch. and Senecio asperulus DC. on breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01666. [PMID: 31193085 PMCID: PMC6517332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Medicinal plants play an important role in our African communities for treatment and prevention of various diseases including cancer. This study was aimed on evaluating the cytotoxicity activities of Asparagus laricinus Burch. and Senecio asperulus DC. Main methods In vitro cytotoxicity screening was carried out using fluorescent cellular stains on human prostate cancer (PC3), human breast cancer (MCF-7) and the non-cancerous African green monkey kidney (Vero) cell lines. The cells were imaged with the ImageXpress Micro XLS Widefield fluorescent Microscope, and the acquired images were analysed using the MetaXpress software and the Multi-Wavelength cell scoring application module. Melphalan was used as a positive control in all experiments. Key findings Asparagus laricinus methanol and Senecio asperulus DC. dichloromethane extracts exhibited cytotoxicity activity against breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 97.6 μg/mL and 69.15 μg/mL, respectively. Cell cycle analysis suggested that Asparagus laricinus methanol extract induced cell death selectively through apoptosis observed from Annexin V-FITC and PI stain. Cell cycle analysis also showed that Senecio asperulus DC. dichloromethane extracts induced breast cancer cells death through cell arrest at the synthesis phase and G2 phase. Senecio asperulus DC. dichloromethane extracts further showed cytotoxicity activity against prostate cancer cells with IC50 values of 69.25 μg/mL due to cell arrest at the G2 and early mitotic (G2/M) phase. Significance We, therefore, propose that the methanol extract of Asparagus laricinus is a suitable aspirant for future breast cancer chemotherapeutic drug, due to its selective cytotoxicity on cancer cells and not on non-cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Mfengwana
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
| | - S S Mashele
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
| | - I T Manduna
- Centre for Applied Food Security and Biotechnology, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
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22
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Kshirsagar R, Ryll T. Innovation in Cell Banking, Expansion, and Production Culture. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:51-74. [PMID: 29637222 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based production processes enable the development and commercial supply of recombinant protein products. Such processes consist of the following elements: thaw and initiation of culture, seed expansion, and production culture. A robust cell source storage system in the form of a cell bank is developed and cells are thawed to initiate the cell culture process. Seed culture expansion generates sufficient cell mass to initiate the production culture. The production culture provides an environment where the cells can synthesize the product and is optimized to deliver the highest possible product concentration with acceptable product quality. This chapter describes the significant innovations made in these process elements and the resulting improvements in the overall efficiency, robustness, and safety of the processes and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Technical Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Technical Operations, ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
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23
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Grilo AL, Mantalaris A. Apoptosis: A mammalian cell bioprocessing perspective. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:459-475. [PMID: 30797096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed and controlled cell death that accounts for the majority of cellular death in bioprocesses. Cell death affects culture longevity and product quality; it is instigated by several stresses experienced by the cells within a bioreactor. Understanding the factors that cause apoptosis as well as developing strategies that can protect cells is crucial for robust bioprocess development. This review aims to a) address apoptosis from a bioprocess perspective; b) describe the significant apoptotic mechanisms linking them to the most relevant stresses encountered in bioreactors; c) discuss the design of operating conditions in order to avoid cell death; d) focus on industrially relevant cell lines; and e) present anti-apoptosis strategies including cell engineering and model-based optimization of bioprocesses. In addition, the importance of apoptosis in quality-by-design bioprocess development from clone screening to production scale are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Grilo
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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24
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Wang J, Wang C, Fan L, Zhao L, Tan WS. Simultaneous detection of nicotinamide adenine nucleotides and adenylate pool to quantify redox and energy states in mAb-producing CHO cells by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2971-2979. [PMID: 30923861 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are predominant in the production of therapeutic proteins to treat various diseases. Characterization and investigation of CHO cell metabolism in a quick and simple way could boost process and cell line development. Therefore, a method to simultaneously detect seven redox- and energy-related metabolites in CHO cells by capillary electrophoresis has been developed. An on-line focusing technique was applied to improve the peak shape and resolution by using a 50 μm × 44 cm uncoated fused silica capillary. Key parameters and their interactions were investigated by design of experiments (DoE) and optimized conditions were determined by desirability function as follows: 24 °C, 95 mM, and pH 9.4 of BGE. The method was validated to ensure sensitivity, linearity, and reproducibility. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.050 to 0.688 mg/L for seven metabolites, and correlation coefficients of linearity were all greater than 0.996. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of migration time and peak area were smaller than 0.872% and 5.5%, respectively, except for NADPH, and the recoveries were between 97.5 and 101.2%. The method was successfully applied to analyze the extracts from CHO cells under two different culture conditions. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Li Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai BioEngine Sci-Tech Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Becker M, Junghans L, Teleki A, Bechmann J, Takors R. Perfusion cultures require optimum respiratory ATP supply to maximize cell-specific and volumetric productivities. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:951-960. [PMID: 30659583 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfusion processes are an emerging alternative to common fed-batch processes in the growing biopharmaceutical industry. However, the challenge of maintaining high cell-specific productivities remains. In this study, glucose limitation was applied to two perfusion steady states and compared with a third steady state without any detectable limitation. The metabolic phenotype was enhanced under glucose limitation with a decrease of 30% in glucose uptake and 75% in lactate formation. Cell-specific productivities were substantially improved by 50%. Remarkably, the productivities showed a strong correlation to respiratory adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply. As less reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) remained in the cytosol, the ATP generation from oxidative phosphorylation was increased by almost 30%. Consequently, the efficiency of carbon metabolism and the resulting respiratory ATP supply was crucial for maintaining the highly productive cellular state. This study highlights that glucose limitation can be used for process intensification in perfusion cultures as ATP generation via respiration is significantly increased, leading to elevated productivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Becker
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lisa Junghans
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Attila Teleki
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Bechmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Ghorbani Aghdam A, Moradhaseli S, Jafari F, Motahari P, Samavat S, Mahboudi R, Maleknia S. Therapeutic Fc fusion protein misfolding: A three-phasic cultivation experimental design. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210712. [PMID: 30650123 PMCID: PMC6334962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture process optimization is a critical solution to most of the challenges faced by the pharmaceutical manufacturing. One of the major problems encountered in large-scale production of therapeutic proteins is misfolded protein production. The accumulation of misfolded therapeutic proteins is an immunogenic signal and a risk factor for immunogenicity of the final product. The aim of this study was the statistical optimization of three-phasic temperature shift and timing for enhanced production of correctly folded Fc-fusion protein. The effect of culture temperatures were investigated using the biphasic culture system. Box-Behnken design was then used to compute temperature and time of shifting optimum. Response surface methodology revealed that maximum production with low level of misfolded protein was achieved at two-step temperature shift from 37°C to 30°C during the late logarithmic phase and 30°C to 28°C in the mid-stationary phase. The optimized condition gave the best results of 1860 mg L-1 protein titer with 24.5% misfolding level. The validation experiments were carried out under optimal conditions with three replicates and the protein misfolding level was decreased by two times while productivity increased by ~ 1.3-fold. Large-scale production in 250 L bioreactor under the optimum conditions was also verified the effectiveness and the accuracy of the model. The results showed that by utilizing two-step temperature shift, productivity and the quality of target protein have been improved simultaneously. This model could be successfully applied to other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ghorbani Aghdam
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Moradhaseli
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farnoush Jafari
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Paria Motahari
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sepideh Samavat
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mahboudi
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shayan Maleknia
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
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Hennicke J, Reinhart D, Altmann F, Kunert R. Impact of temperature and pH on recombinant human IgM quality attributes and productivity. N Biotechnol 2019; 50:20-26. [PMID: 30630093 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IgM antibodies are arousing considerable interest as biopharmaceuticals. Despite their immunotherapeutic potential, little is known about the impact of environmental conditions on product quantity and quality of these complex molecules. Process conditions influence the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of therapeutic proteins and thus are important parameters for biological safety and efficacy. Here, the results of a systematic study are presented that characterized the influence of temperature and pH on cell-specific productivity and IgM quality attributes. Biphasic temperature and pH shift experiments were performed as batch cultures in DASGIP® bioreactors under controlled conditions and defined by a specific design of experiment (DOE) approach. An internally-developed recombinant IgM producing CHO cell line was used. With respect to product quality, after an initial purification step efforts were focused on pentamer content, nucleic acid (NA) impurities and the glycosylation profile after an initial purification step. All quality attributes were evaluated by densitometric and chromatographic methods. The reduction of cultivation temperature severely reduced IgM titers, while pH variation had no impact. In contrast, IgM quality was not significantly influenced by bioprocessing parameters. Data revealed that an additional purification step is required to reduce the presence of NAs for in vivo applications. In conclusion, the results showed that for the chosen IgM model, IgM012_GL, variation in quality attributes is not caused by the environmental conditions of temperature and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hennicke
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reinhart
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Li C, Sun J, Wang Q, Zhang W, Gu N. Wireless Thermometry for Real-Time Temperature Recording on Thousand-Cell Level. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:23-29. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2836949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yamano N, Omasa T. EGCG improves recombinant protein productivity in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures via cell proliferation control. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1697-1706. [PMID: 30069612 PMCID: PMC6269352 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cell lines are good manufacturing practice-certified host cells and are widely used in the field of biotechnology to produce therapeutic antibodies. Recombinant protein productivity in cells is strongly associated with cell growth. To control cell proliferation, many approaches have previously been tested including: genetic engineering, chemical additives such as cell cycle inhibitors, and temperature shift of the culture. To be widely adopted in the biopharmaceutical industry, the culture methods should be simple, uniform and safe. To this end, we examined the use a natural compound to improve the production capacity. In this study, we focused on the antioxidants, catechin polyphenols, which are found in green tea, for cell proliferation control strategies. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin that induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, was investigated for its effect on recombinant protein production. Adding EGCG to the cell culture media resulted in slower cellular growth and longer cell longevity, which improved the specific productivity and total yield of recombinant IgG1 in batch cultures by almost 50% for an extra 2 or 3 days of culture. A lower L-glutamine consumption rate was observed in cells cultured in EGCG-containing media, which may be suggesting that there was less stress in the culture environment. Additionally, EGCG did not affect the N-glycan quality of IgG1. Our results indicated that adding EGCG only on the first day of the culture enhanced the specific productivity and total amount of recombinant protein production in batch cultures. This approach may prove to be useful for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yamano
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, 7-1-49, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Tossolini I, López-Díaz FJ, Kratje R, Prieto CC. Characterization of cellular states of CHO-K1 suspension cell culture through cell cycle and RNA-sequencing profiling. J Biotechnol 2018; 286:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chen X, Liu J, Liu X, Fan L, Zhao L, Tan WS. Characterization and minimization of sialic acid degradation in an Fc-fusion protein-producing CHO cell bioprocess. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Vergara M, Torres M, Müller A, Avello V, Acevedo C, Berrios J, Reyes JG, Valdez-Cruz NA, Altamirano C. High glucose and low specific cell growth but not mild hypothermia improve specific r-protein productivity in chemostat culture of CHO cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202098. [PMID: 30114204 PMCID: PMC6095543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the biopharmaceutical sector, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have become the host of choice to produce recombinant proteins (r-proteins) due to their capacity for correct protein folding, assembly, and posttranslational modification. However, the production of therapeutic r-proteins in CHO cells is expensive and presents insufficient production yields for certain proteins. Effective culture strategies to increase productivity (qp) include a high glucose concentration in the medium and mild hypothermia (28–34 °C), but these changes lead to a reduced specific growth rate. To study the individual and combined impacts of glucose concentration, specific growth rate and mild hypothermia on culture performance and cell metabolism, we analyzed chemostat cultures of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (rh-tPA)-producing CHO cell lines fed with three glucose concentrations in feeding media (20, 30 and 40 mM), at two dilution rates (0.01 and 0.018 1/h) and two temperatures (33 and 37 °C). The results indicated significant changes in cell growth, cell cycle distribution, metabolism, and rh-tPA productivity in response to the varying environmental culture conditions. High glucose feed led to constrained cell growth, increased specific rh-tPA productivity and a higher number of cells in the G2/M phase. Low specific growth rate and temperature (33 °C) reduced glucose consumption and lactate production rates. Our findings indicated that a reduced specific growth rate coupled with high feed glucose significantly improves r-protein productivity in CHO cells. We also observed that low temperature significantly reduced qp, but not cell growth when dilution rate was manipulated, regardless of the glucose concentration or dilution rate. In contrast, we determined that feed glucose concentration and consumption rate were the dominant aspects of the growth and productivity in CHO cells by using multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Vergara
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Mauro Torres
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrea Müller
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Verónica Avello
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cristian Acevedo
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Institute of Physics, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julio Berrios
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan G. Reyes
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Norma A. Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Regional Center for Healthy Food Studies (CREAS) R17A10001, CONICYT REGIONAL, GORE Valparaiso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Perfusion mammalian cell culture for recombinant protein manufacturing – A critical review. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1328-1340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Torres M, Zúñiga R, Gutierrez M, Vergara M, Collazo N, Reyes J, Berrios J, Aguillon JC, Molina MC, Altamirano C. Mild hypothermia upregulates myc and xbp1s expression and improves anti-TNFα production in CHO cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194510. [PMID: 29566086 PMCID: PMC5864046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most frequently used host for commercial production of therapeutic proteins. However, their low protein productivity in culture is the main hurdle to overcome. Mild hypothermia has been established as an effective strategy to enhance protein specific productivity, although the causes of such improvement still remain unclear. The self-regulation of global transcriptional regulatory factors, such as Myc and XBP1s, seems to be involved in increased the recombinant protein production at low temperature. This study evaluated the impact of low temperature in CHO cell cultures on myc and xbp1s expression and their effects on culture performance and cell metabolism. Two anti-TNFα producing CHO cell lines were selected considering two distinct phenotypes: i.e. maximum cell growth, (CN1) and maximum specific anti-TNFα production (CN2), and cultured at 37, 33 and 31°C in a batch system. Low temperature led to an increase in the cell viability, the expression of the recombinant anti-TNFα and the production of anti-TNFα both in CN1 and CN2. The higher production of anti-TNFα in CN2 was mainly associated with the large expression of anti-TNFα. Under mild hypothermia myc and xbp1s expression levels were directly correlated to the maximal viable cell density and the specific anti-TNFα productivity, respectively. Moreover, cells showed a simultaneous metabolic shift from production to consumption of lactate and from consumption to production of glutamine, which were exacerbated by reducing culture temperature and coincided with the increased anti-TNFα production. Our current results provide new insights of the regulation of myc and xbp1s in CHO cells at low temperature, and suggest that the presence and magnitude of the metabolic shift might be a relevant metabolic marker of productive cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Roberto Zúñiga
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Doctorado en Química, Universidad República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matias Gutierrez
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Vergara
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Doctorado en Química, Universidad República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Norberto Collazo
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Reyes
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Julio Berrios
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillon
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Carmen Molina
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- CREAS CONICYT Regional GORE, Valparaiso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Wang SB, Lee-Goldman A, Ravikrishnan J, Zheng L, Lin H. Manipulation of the sodium-potassium ratio as a lever for controlling cell growth and improving cell specific productivity in perfusion CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:921-931. [PMID: 29278412 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfusion processes typically require removal of a continuous or semi-continuous volume of cell culture in order to maintain a desired target cell density. For fast growing cell lines, the product loss from this stream can be upwards of 35%, significantly reducing the overall process yield. As volume removed is directly proportional to cell growth, the ability to modulate growth during perfusion cell culture production thus becomes crucial. Leveraging existing media components to achieve such control without introducing additional supplements is most desirable because it decreases process complexity and eliminates safety and clearance concerns. Here, the impact of extracellular concentrations of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) on cell growth and productivity is explored. High throughput small-scale models of perfusion revealed Na:K ratios below 1 can significantly suppress cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G0/1 phase. A concomitant increase in cell specific productivity was also observed, reaching as high as 115 pg/cell/day for one cell line studied. Multiple recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines demonstrated similar responses to lower Na:K media, indicating the universal applicability of such an approach. Product quality attributes were also assessed and revealed that effects were cell line specific, and can be acceptable or manageable depending on the phase of the drug development. Drastically altering Na and K levels in perfusion media as a lever to impact cell growth and productivity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lili Zheng
- Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fremont, California
| | - Henry Lin
- Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fremont, California
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36
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Staying alive! Sensors used for monitoring cell health in bioreactors. Talanta 2018; 176:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Chen C, Le H, Follstad B, Goudar CT. A Comparative Transcriptomics Workflow for Analyzing Microarray Data From CHO Cell Cultures. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700228. [PMID: 29215210 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microarray-based comparative transcriptomics analysis is a powerful tool to understand therapeutic protein producing mammalian cell lines at the gene expression level. However, an integrated analysis workflow specifically designed for end-to-end analysis of microarray data for CHO cells, the most prevalent host for commercial recombinant protein production, is lacking. To address this gap, an automated data analysis workflow in R that leverages public domain analysis modules is developed to analyze microarray based gene expression data. In addition to testing the global transcriptome differences of CHO cells at different conditions, the workflow identifies differentially expressed genes and pathways with intuitive visualizations as the outputs. The utility of this automated workflow is demonstrated by comparing the transcriptomic profiles of recombinant protein expressing CHO cells with and without a temperature shift. Statistically significant differential expression at the gene, pathway, and global transcriptome levels are identified and visualized. An automated workflow like the one developed in this study will enable rapid translation of CHO culture microarray data into biologically relevant information for mechanism-driven cell line optimization and bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Huong Le
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Brian Follstad
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Chetan T Goudar
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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38
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Aghamohseni H, Spearman M, Ohadi K, Braasch K, Moo-Young M, Butler M, Budman HM. A semi-empirical glycosylation model of a camelid monoclonal antibody under hypothermia cell culture conditions. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1005-1020. [PMID: 28285402 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The impact of cell culture environment on the glycan distribution of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been investigated through a combination of experiments and modeling. A newly developed CHO DUXB cell line was cultivated at two levels of initial Glutamine (Gln) concentrations (0, 4 mM) and incubation temperatures of (33 and 37 °C) in batch operation mode. Hypothermia was applied either through the entire culture duration or only during the post-exponential phase. Beyond reducing cell growth and increasing productivity, hypothermia significantly altered the galactosylation index profiles as compared to control conditions. A novel semi-empirical dynamic model was proposed for elucidating the connections between the extracellular cell culture conditions to galactosylation index. The developed model is based on a simplified balance of nucleotides sugars and on the correlation between sugars' levels to the galactosylation index (GI). The model predictions were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental data. The proposed empirical model is expected to be useful for controlling the glycoprofiles by manipulating culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Aghamohseni
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, E6 Building, Room 3012, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kaveh Ohadi
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, E6 Building, Room 3012, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Katrin Braasch
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Murray Moo-Young
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, E6 Building, Room 3012, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hector M Budman
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, E6 Building, Room 3012, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Darja O, Stanislav M, Saša S, Andrej F, Lea B, Branka J. Responses of CHO cell lines to increased pCO2 at normal (37 °C) and reduced (33 °C) culture temperatures. J Biotechnol 2015; 219:98-109. [PMID: 26707809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between dissolved carbon dioxide (pCO2) and cell growth, cell metabolism, productivity and product quality has often been reported. However, since pCO2 values in bioprocesses always vary concurrently with other bioprocess variables, it is very difficult to distinguish only the effect of pCO2. The aim of our work was to investigate further the specific effect of pCO2 and cell response on a proteome level. Proteome responses of three different CHO-Der3 cell lines in the exponential growth phase at normal (37 °C) and reduced (33 °C) culture temperatures, with normal (10%) and increased (20%) pCO2, were studied by comparative proteomic analysis (2D-DIGE). Cell viability and cell density, and the concentration of glucose, glutamine and lactate monitored over 72-h cultures showed that elevated pCO2 did not affect cell viability or productivity at either culture temperature, while metabolic activity was reduced. The specific metabolic profile also indicated altered glucose metabolism toward a less efficient anaerobic metabolism. Two-way ANOVA of proteomic data discriminated many more pCO2-specific changes in protein abundance (p<0.01) at 33 °C than at 37 °C and PCA analysis was able to distinguish clusters distinguishing cell lines and culture conditions at low temperature and elevated pCO2, indicating substantial proteome changes under these culture conditions. Cell sensitivity to increased pCO2 at the lower temperature was further confirmed by a significantly increased abundance of twelve proteins involved in anti- oxidative mechanisms and increased abundance of six proteins involved in glycolysis, including L-lactate dehydrogenase. Proteomic results support the metabolic data and the proposed pCO2 invoked metabolic switch toward anaerobic pathways. Anti- oxidative mechanisms, together with the anaerobic metabolism, allow the cells to detoxify while maintaining sufficient energy levels to preserve their vitality and functionality. This study provides further insight into the proteome responses of CHO cell lines to increased pCO2 at the two culture temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandelc Stanislav
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | - Bojić Lea
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Javornik Branka
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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40
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Emmerling VV, Fischer S, Stiefel F, Holzmann K, Handrick R, Hesse F, Hörer M, Kochanek S, Otte K. Temperature-sensitive miR-483 is a conserved regulator of recombinant protein and viral vector production in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:830-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena V. Emmerling
- Department of Gene Therapy; Ulm University; Ulm Germany
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH; Erwin-Rentschler-Str. 21; Laupheim Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35 88400 Biberach Germany
| | - Fabian Stiefel
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35 88400 Biberach Germany
| | | | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35 88400 Biberach Germany
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35 88400 Biberach Germany
| | - Markus Hörer
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH; Erwin-Rentschler-Str. 21; Laupheim Germany
- VBBio Consultant; Auf dem Berg 17; Laupheim Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Str. 35 88400 Biberach Germany
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41
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Yoon HH, Han MJ, Park JK, Lee JH, Seo YK. Effect of low temperature on Schwann-like cell differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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42
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Martínez VS, Buchsteiner M, Gray P, Nielsen LK, Quek LE. Dynamic metabolic flux analysis using B-splines to study the effects of temperature shift on CHO cell metabolism. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 2:46-57. [PMID: 34150508 PMCID: PMC8193249 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is widely used to estimate intracellular fluxes. Conventional MFA, however, is limited to continuous cultures and the mid-exponential growth phase of batch cultures. Dynamic MFA (DMFA) has emerged to characterize time-resolved metabolic fluxes for the entire culture period. Here, the linear DMFA approach was extended using B-spline fitting (B-DMFA) to estimate mass balanced fluxes. Smoother fits were achieved using reduced number of knots and parameters. Additionally, computation time was greatly reduced using a new heuristic algorithm for knot placement. B-DMFA revealed that Chinese hamster ovary cells shifted from 37 °C to 32 °C maintained a constant IgG volume-specific productivity, whereas the productivity for the controls peaked during mid-exponential growth phase and declined afterward. The observed 42% increase in product titer at 32 °C was explained by a prolonged cell growth with high cell viability, a larger cell volume and a more stable volume-specific productivity. New dynamic MFA framework using B-spline (B-DMFA) generates smooth fit. B-DMFA performs better than linear DMFA when fitting fast dynamic changes. Heuristic algorithm for knot placement dramatically reduced computation time. Temperature shifted cultures maintain a constant IgG volume specific productivity. CHO cells shifted to 32 °C have a 42% higher IgG titer due to larger cell volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica S Martínez
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maria Buchsteiner
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Gray
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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43
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Blasi B, Tafer H, Tesei D, Sterflinger K. From Glacier to Sauna: RNA-Seq of the Human Pathogen Black Fungus Exophiala dermatitidis under Varying Temperature Conditions Exhibits Common and Novel Fungal Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127103. [PMID: 26061625 PMCID: PMC4463862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exophiala dermatitidis (Wangiella dermatitidis) belongs to the group of the so-called black yeasts. Thanks in part to its thick and strongly melanized cell walls, E. dermatitidis is extremely tolerant to various kinds of stress, including extreme pH, temperature and desiccation. E. dermatitidis is also the agent responsible for various severe illnesses in humans, such as pneumonia and keratitis, and might lead to fatal brain infections. Due to its association with the human environment, its poly-extremophilic lifestyle and its pathogenicity in humans, E. dermatitidis has become an important model organism. In this study we present the functional analysis of the transcriptional response of the fungus at 1°C and 45°C, in comparison with that at 37°C, for two different exposition times, i.e. 1 hour and 1 week. At 1°C, E. dermatitidis uses a large repertoire of tools to acclimatize, such as lipid membrane fluidization, trehalose production or cytoskeleton rearrangement, which allows the fungus to remain metabolically active. At 45°C, the fungus drifts into a replicative state and increases the activity of the Golgi apparatus. As a novel finding, our study provides evidence that, apart from the protein coding genes, non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs as well as fusion-transcripts are differentially regulated and that the function of the fusion-transcripts can be related to the corresponding temperature condition. This work establishes that E. dermatitidis adapts to its environment by modulating coding and non-coding gene transcription levels and through the regulation of chimeric and circular RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Blasi
- VIBT-Extremophile Center, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hakim Tafer
- VIBT-Extremophile Center, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Donatella Tesei
- VIBT-Extremophile Center, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- VIBT-Extremophile Center, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Ito A, Nagai M, Tajino J, Yamaguchi S, Iijima H, Zhang X, Aoyama T, Kuroki H. Culture temperature affects human chondrocyte messenger RNA expression in monolayer and pellet culture systems. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128082. [PMID: 26010859 PMCID: PMC4444092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy has been explored for articular cartilage regeneration. Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a promising cell-based technique for repairing articular cartilage defects. However, there are several issues such as chondrocyte de-differentiation. While numerous studies have been designed to overcome some of these issues, only a few have focused on the thermal environment that can affect chondrocyte metabolism and phenotype. In this study, the effects of different culture temperatures on human chondrocyte metabolism- and phenotype-related gene expression were investigated in 2D and 3D environments. Human chondrocytes were cultured in a monolayer or in a pellet culture system at three different culture temperatures (32°C, 37°C, and 41°C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total RNA level, normalized to the threshold cycle value of internal reference genes, was higher at lower temperatures in both culture systems. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and citrate synthase (CS), which are involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, respectively, were expressed at similar levels at 32°C and 37°C in pellet cultures, but the levels were significantly lower at 41°C. Expression of the chondrogenic markers, collagen type IIA1 (COL2A1) and aggrecan (ACAN), was higher at 37°C than at 32°C and 41°C in both culture systems. However, this phenomenon did not coincide with SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), which is a fundamental transcription factor for chondrogenesis, indicating that a SOX9-independent pathway might be involved in this phenomenon. In conclusion, the expression of chondrocyte metabolism-related genes at 32°C was maintained or enhanced compared to that at 37°C. However, chondrogenesis-related genes were further induced at 37°C in both culture systems. Therefore, manipulating the culture temperature may be an advantageous approach for regulating human chondrocyte metabolic activity and chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoko Nagai
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Tajino
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoki Yamaguchi
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iijima
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xiangkai Zhang
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Department of Development and Rehabilitation of Motor Function, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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García Münzer D, Ivarsson M, Usaku C, Habicher T, Soos M, Morbidelli M, Pistikopoulos E, Mantalaris A. An unstructured model of metabolic and temperature dependent cell cycle arrest in hybridoma batch and fed-batch cultures. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Efficient production of sTNFRII-gAD fusion protein in large quantity by use of the modified CHO-S cell expression system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111229. [PMID: 25340707 PMCID: PMC4207793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα is one of the initial and important mediators to activate downstream signaling pathways by binding to trimerized TNFα receptors (TNFR), and thus is an ideal drug target for cancer therapy. Taking advantage of intrinsic homotimerization of the globular domain of adiponectin (gAD), we have developed a novel TNFα antagonist, the trimerized fusion protein named sTNFRII-gAD. However, our previously-used CHO expression system yielded less than 10 mg/L of sTNFRII-gAD. To produce large quantities of sTNFRII-gAD efficiently, we used a modified CHO-S cell expression system, which is based on a pMH3 vector with non-coding GC-rich DNA fragments for high-level gene expression. We obtained stable clones that produced 75 mg/L of sTNFRII-gAD in the 96-well plate, adapted the clones to 40 ml suspension serum-free batch culture, then optimized the culturing conditions to scale up the fed-batch culture in a 3 L shake-flask and finally in a 5 L AP30 bioreactor. We achieved a final yield of 52 mg/L of sTNFRII-gAD. The trimerized sTNFRII-gAD exhibited the higher affinity to TNFα with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 5.63 nM than the dimerized sTNFRII-Fc with a Kd of 13.4 nM, and further displayed the higher TNFα-neutralizing activity than sTNFRII-Fc (p<0.05) in a L929 cytotoxicity assay. Therefore, the strategy employed in this study may provide an efficient avenue for large-scale production of other recombinant proteins by use of the modified CHO-S cell expression system.
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47
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Steinhoff RF, Ivarsson M, Habicher T, Villiger TK, Boertz J, Krismer J, Fagerer SR, Soos M, Morbidelli M, Pabst M, Zenobi R. High-throughput nucleoside phosphate monitoring in mammalian cell fed-batch cultivation using quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:190-8. [PMID: 25139677 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for monitoring multiple intracellular metabolite levels in parallel are limited in sample throughput capabilities and analyte selectivity. This article presents a novel high-throughput method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for monitoring intracellular metabolite levels in fed-batch processes. The MALDI-TOF-MS method presented here is based on a new microarray sample target and allows the detection of nucleoside phosphates and various other metabolites using stable isotope labeled internal standards. With short sample preparation steps and thus high sample throughput capabilities, the method is suitable for monitoring mammalian cell cultures, such as antibody producing hybridoma cell lines in industrial environments. The method is capable of reducing the runtime of standard LC-UV methods to approximately 1 min per sample (including 10 technical replicates). Its performance is exemplarily demonstrated in an 8-day monitoring experiment of independently controlled fed-batches, containing an antibody producing mouse hybridoma cell culture. The monitoring profiles clearly confirmed differences between cultivation conditions. Hypothermia and hyperosmolarity were studied in four bioreactors, where hypothermia was found to have a positive effect on the longevity of the cell culture, whereas hyperosmolarity lead to an arrest of cell proliferation. The results are in good agreement with HPLC-UV cross validation experiments. Subsequent principal component analysis (PCA) clearly separates the different bioreactor conditions based on the measured mass spectral profiles. This method is not limited to any cell line and can be applied as a process analytical tool in biotechnological processes.
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48
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Du Z, Treiber D, McCarter JD, Fomina-Yadlin D, Saleem RA, McCoy RE, Zhang Y, Tharmalingam T, Leith M, Follstad BD, Dell B, Grisim B, Zupke C, Heath C, Morris AE, Reddy P. Use of a small molecule cell cycle inhibitor to control cell growth and improve specific productivity and product quality of recombinant proteins in CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:141-55. [PMID: 25042542 PMCID: PMC4282109 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The continued need to improve therapeutic recombinant protein productivity has led to ongoing assessment of appropriate strategies in the biopharmaceutical industry to establish robust processes with optimized critical variables, that is, viable cell density (VCD) and specific productivity (product per cell, qP). Even though high VCD is a positive factor for titer, uncontrolled proliferation beyond a certain cell mass is also undesirable. To enable efficient process development to achieve consistent and predictable growth arrest while maintaining VCD, as well as improving qP, without negative impacts on product quality from clone to clone, we identified an approach that directly targets the cell cycle G1-checkpoint by selectively inhibiting the function of cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 with a small molecule compound. Results from studies on multiple recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines demonstrate that the selective inhibitor can mediate a complete and sustained G0/G1 arrest without impacting G2/M phase. Cell proliferation is consistently and rapidly controlled in all recombinant cell lines at one concentration of this inhibitor throughout the production processes with specific productivities increased up to 110 pg/cell/day. Additionally, the product quality attributes of the mAb, with regard to high molecular weight (HMW) and glycan profile, are not negatively impacted. In fact, high mannose is decreased after treatment, which is in contrast to other established growth control methods such as reducing culture temperature. Microarray analysis showed major differences in expression of regulatory genes of the glycosylation and cell cycle signaling pathways between these different growth control methods. Overall, our observations showed that cell cycle arrest by directly targeting CDK4/6 using selective inhibitor compound can be utilized consistently and rapidly to optimize process parameters, such as cell growth, qP, and glycosylation profile in recombinant antibody production cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Du
- Cell Sciences and Technology, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington.
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49
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Barradas OP, Jandt U, Becker M, Bahnemann J, Pörtner R, Zeng AP. Synchronized mammalian cell culture: Part I-A physical strategy for synchronized cultivation under physiological conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:165-74. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Platas Barradas
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21071; Hamburg Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21071; Hamburg Germany
| | - Max Becker
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21071; Hamburg Germany
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21071; Hamburg Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21071; Hamburg Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21071; Hamburg Germany
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50
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Jandt U, Platas Barradas O, Pörtner R, Zeng AP. Mammalian cell culture synchronization under physiological conditions and population dynamic simulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4311-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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