1
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Abade Dos Santos FA, Dalton KP, Carvalho CL, Casero M, Álvarez ÁL, Parra F, Duarte MD. Co-infection by classic MYXV and ha-MYXV in Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) and European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1684-1690. [PMID: 35366052 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatosis is an emergent disease in the Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis). In this species, the disease is caused by a natural recombinant virus (ha-MYXV) identified for the first time in 2018 and has since been responsible for a large number of outbreaks in Spain and Portugal. The ha-MYXV, which harbours a 2.8 Kb insert disrupting gene M009L, can also infect and cause disease in wild and domestic rabbits, despite being less frequently identified in rabbits. During the laboratory investigations of wild leporids found dead in Portugal carried out within the scope of a Nacional Surveillance Plan (Dispatch 4757/17, MAFDR), co-infection events by classic (MYXV) and naturally recombinant (ha-MYXV) strains were detected in both, one Iberian hare and one European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus). These two cases were initially detected by a multiplex qPCR detection of MYXV and ha-MYXV, and subsequently confirmed by conventional PCR and sequencing of the M009L gene which contains a ha-MYXV specific insertion. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report of co-infection by classic MYXV and ha-MYXV strains either in Iberian hare as in European wild rabbit. It is also the first report of infection of an Iberian hare by a classic MYXV strain. These findings highlight the continuous evolution of the myxoma virus and the frequent host range changes that justify the nonstop monitoring of the wild Leporidae populations sanitary condition in the Iberian Peninsula. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio A Abade Dos Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, IP), Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-143, Portugal.,CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal.,Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Kevin P Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carina L Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, IP), Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-143, Portugal
| | - María Casero
- Wildlife Rehabilitation and Research Centre of Ria Formosa (RIAS), Ria Formosa Natural Park, Olhão, 8700-194, Portugal
| | - Ángel L Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - F Parra
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Margarida D Duarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, IP), Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-143, Portugal.,CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
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2
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Abrantes J, Lopes AM. A Review on the Methods Used for the Detection and Diagnosis of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). Microorganisms 2021; 9:972. [PMID: 33946292 PMCID: PMC8146303 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been threatened by the rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). The disease is caused by a lagovirus of the family Caliciviridae, the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The need for detection, identification and further characterization of RHDV led to the development of several diagnostic tests. Owing to the lack of an appropriate cell culture system for in vitro propagation of the virus, much of the methods involved in these tests contributed to our current knowledge on RHD and RHDV and to the development of vaccines to contain the disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the RHDV diagnostic tests used since the first RHD outbreak and that include molecular, histological and serological techniques, ranging from simpler tests initially used, such as the hemagglutination test, to the more recent and sophisticated high-throughput sequencing, along with an overview of their potential and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Lopes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)/Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica (UMIB), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Abade dos Santos FA, Magro C, Carvalho CL, Ruivo P, Duarte MD, Peleteiro MC. A Potential Atypical Case of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease in a Dwarf Rabbit. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010040. [PMID: 33379183 PMCID: PMC7823764 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We report an unusual clinical case in a pet rabbit vaccinated against rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV, GI.1), that developed a prolonged hepatic disease, and was diagnosed RHDV2 (GI.2) positive post-mortem. This finding is a warning to all veterinarians that rabbit haemorrhagic disease should also be considered for differential diagnosis despite the history of RHDV vaccination and the need to update vaccination programs against the current RHDV2 circulating strains. Abstract Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a highly contagious infectious disease of European wild and domestic rabbits. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV, GI.1) emerged in 1986 in Europe, rapidly spreading all over the world. Several genotypes of RHDV have been recognised over time, but in 2010, a new virus (RHDV2/RHDVb, GI.2) emerged and progressively replaced the previous RHDV strains, due to the lack of cross-immunity conferred between RHDV and RHDV2. RHDV2 has a high mutation rate, similarly to the other calivirus and recombines with strains of RHDV and non-pathogenic calicivirus (GI.4), ensuring the continuous emergence of new field strains. Although this poses a threat to the already endangered European rabbit species, the available vaccines against RHDV2 and the compliance of biosafety measures seem to be controlling the infection in the rabbit industry Pet rabbits, especially when kept indoor, are considered at lower risk of infections, although RHDV2 and myxoma virus (MYXV) constitute a permanent threat due to transmission via insects. Vaccination against these viruses is therefore recommended every 6 months (myxomatosis) or annually (rabbit haemorrhagic disease). The combined immunization for myxomatosis and RHDV through a commercially available bivalent vaccine with RHDV antigen has been extensively used (Nobivac® Myxo-RHD, MSD, Kenilworth, NJ, USA). This vaccine however does not confer proper protection against the RHDV2, thus the need for a rabbit clinical vaccination protocol update. Here we report a clinical case of hepatitis and alteration of coagulation in a pet rabbit that had been vaccinated with the commercially available bivalent vaccine against RHDV and tested positive to RHDV2 after death. The animal developed a prolonged and atypical disease, compatible with RHD. The virus was identified to be an RHDV2 recombinant strain, with the structural backbone of RHDV2 (GI.2) and the non-structural genes of non-pathogenic-A1 strains (RCV-A1, GI.4). Although confirmation of the etiological agent was only made after death, the clinical signs and analytic data were very suggestive of RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio A. Abade dos Santos
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.D.D.); (M.C.P.)
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Carolina Magro
- VetOeiras, Hospital Médico-Veterinário, Estrada de Oeiras n18-20, 2780-114 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Carina L. Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Ruivo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (IMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Margarida D. Duarte
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.D.D.); (M.C.P.)
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Maria C. Peleteiro
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.D.D.); (M.C.P.)
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4
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Abade Dos Santos FA, Carvalho CL, Monteiro M, Carvalho P, Mendonça P, Peleteiro MDC, Duarte MD. Recombinant myxoma virus infection associated with high mortality in rabbit farming (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2616-2621. [PMID: 33119958 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatosis is an emergent disease in the Iberian hare, having been considered a rabbit disease for decades. Genome sequencing of the strains obtained from Iberian hares with myxomatosis showed these to be distinct from the classical ones that circulated in rabbits since the virus introduction in Europe, in 1952. The main genomic difference in this natural recombinant hare myxoma virus (ha-MYXV) is the presence of an additional 2.8 kb region disrupting the M009L gene and adding a set of genes homologous to the myxoma virus (MYXV) genes M060R, M061R, M064R, M065R and M066R originated in Poxviruses. After the emergence of this recombinant virus (ha-MYXV) in hares, in the summer of 2019, the ha-MYXV was not detected in rabbit surveys, suggesting an apparent species segregation with the MYXV classic strains persistently circulating in rabbits. Recently, a group of six unvaccinated European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus) from a backyard rabbitry in South Portugal developed signs of myxomatosis (anorexia, dyspnoea, oedema of eyelids, head, ears, external genitals and anus, and skin myxomas in the base of the ears). Five of them died within 24-48 hr of symptom onset. Molecular analysis revealed that only the recombinant MYXV was present. This is the first documented report of a recombinant hare myxoma virus in farm rabbits associated with high mortality, which increases the concern for the future of both the Iberian hare and wild rabbits and questions the safety of the rabbit industry. This highlights the urgent need to evaluate the efficacy of available vaccines against this new MYXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio A Abade Dos Santos
- INIAV, I.P. National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Oeiras, Portugal.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, CIISA, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carina L Carvalho
- INIAV, I.P. National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Madalena Monteiro
- INIAV, I.P. National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paulo Carvalho
- INIAV, I.P. National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Mendonça
- INIAV, I.P. National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Margarida D Duarte
- INIAV, I.P. National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Oeiras, Portugal.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, CIISA, Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Carvalho CL, Abade dos Santos FA, Monteiro M, Carvalho P, Mendonça P, Duarte MD. First cases of myxomatosis in Iberian hares (
Lepus granatensis
) in Portugal. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Luísa Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e VeterináriaVirology LaboratoryAv. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edifício sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Fábio Alexandre Abade dos Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e VeterináriaVirology LaboratoryAv. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edifício sede)OeirasPortugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA)Faculdade de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidadede LisboaAvenida da Universidade TécnicaLisboaPortugal
| | - Madelena Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV)Pathology LaboratoryAv. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edifício sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Paulo Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV)Pathology LaboratoryAv. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edifício sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Paula Mendonça
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV)Pathology LaboratoryAv. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edifício sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Margarida Dias Duarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e VeterináriaVirology LaboratoryAv. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edifício sede)OeirasPortugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA)Faculdade de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidadede LisboaAvenida da Universidade TécnicaLisboaPortugal
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6
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Carvalho CL, Abade dos Santos FA, Fagulha T, Carvalho P, Mendonça P, Monteiro M, Dias Duarte M. Myxoma virus and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 coinfection in a European wild rabbit (
Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus
), Portugal. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Luisa Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Fábio Alexandre Abade dos Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
- CIISAFaculdade de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade de LisboaAvenida da Universidade TécnicaLisboaPortugal
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Paulo Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Paula Mendonça
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Madalena Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
| | - Margarida Dias Duarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e veterinária (INIAV)Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês (edíficio sede)OeirasPortugal
- CIISAFaculdade de Medicina VeterináriaUniversidade de LisboaAvenida da Universidade TécnicaLisboaPortugal
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7
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Kwit E, Rzeżutka A. Molecular methods in detection and epidemiologic studies of rabbit and hare viruses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:497-508. [PMID: 31131728 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719852374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various PCR-based assays for rabbit viruses have gradually replaced traditional virologic assays, such as virus isolation, because they offer high-throughput analysis, better test sensitivity and specificity, and allow vaccine and wild-type virus strains to be fully typed and differentiated. In addition, PCR is irreplaceable in the detection of uncultivable or fastidious rabbit pathogens or those occurring in low quantity in a tested sample. We provide herein an overview of the current state of the art in the molecular detection of lagomorph viral pathogens along with details of their targeted gene or nucleic acid sequence and recommendations for their application. Apart from the nucleic acids-based methods used for identification and comprehensive typing of rabbit viruses, novel methods such as microarray, next-generation sequencing, and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) could also be employed given that they offer greater throughput in sample screening for viral pathogens. Molecular methods should be provided with an appropriate set of controls, including an internal amplification control, to confirm the validity of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kwit
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Artur Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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8
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Abade Dos Santos FA, Carvalho C, Nuno O, Correia JJ, Henriques M, Peleteiro MC, Fevereiro M, Duarte MD. Detection of rabbit Haemorrhagic disease virus 2 during the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) eradication from the Berlengas archipelago, Portugal. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:336. [PMID: 29141631 PMCID: PMC5688637 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the regular wildlife monitoring action carried out in the summer of the past few years at the Berlenga Island, wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been repeatedly found dead. However, the origin of those deaths was never investigated. Our aim was to investigate the cause of death of 11 rabbits collected between April and May 2016. RESULTS While screening samples from rabbit carcasses for the major viral rabbit pathogens, five tested positive to RHDV2 but all were negative for RHDV and myxoma virus (MYXV). For six RHDV2-negative specimens, emaciation and parasitism were considered the most probable cause of death. Lesions identified in the RHDV2-positive rabbits included non-suppurative diffuse hepatic necrosis and pulmonary lesions varying from congestion and oedema of the lungs to interstitial pneumonia. Sequencing analysis of the vp60 gene obtained from two specimens showed identical vp60 sequences. Comparison with other known RHDV2 strains from public databases through BLAST analysis revealed a closer similarity with strains from Alentejo collected during 2013. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that the 2016 strains from the archipelago have a higher resemblance with a group of strains mostly collected in the South of Portugal between 2013 and 2014. CONCLUSION The results suggest that RHDV2 may have been introduced on the Berlenga Island a few years ago, having evolved separately from mainland strains due to insularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Abade Dos Santos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa. Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Rua Quinta do Pinto N°5 3°D, 2660-067, Loures, Frielas, Portugal.
| | - C Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM); Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora. Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Oliveira Nuno
- Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves (SPEA), Av. Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, 87, 3º Andar, 1070-062, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J J Correia
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa. Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Henriques
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia. Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M C Peleteiro
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa. Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Fevereiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia. Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M D Duarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Laboratório de Virologia. Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Carvalho CL, Silva S, Gouveia P, Costa M, Duarte EL, Henriques AM, Barros SS, Luís T, Ramos F, Fagulha T, Fevereiro M, Duarte MD. Emergence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the archipelago of Madeira, Portugal (2016-2017). Virus Genes 2017. [PMID: 28639220 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) in the Madeira archipelago, Portugal. Viral circulation was confirmed by RT-qPCR and vp60 sequencing. Epidemiological data revealed the outbreak initiated in October 2016 in Porto Santo affecting wild and domestic rabbits. It was then detected three months later on the island of Madeira. Five haplotypes were identified and a genetic overall similarity of 99.54 to 99.89% was observed between the two viral populations. Unique single nucleotide polymorphisms were recognised in the Madeira archipelago strains, two of which resulting in amino acid substitutions at positions 480 and 570 in the VP60 protein. Phylogenetic investigation by Maximum Likelihood showed all the vp60 sequences from the Madeira archipelago group together with high bootstraps. The analysis also showed that the Madeira archipelago strains are closely related to the strains detected in the south of mainland Portugal in 2016, suggesting a possible introduction from the mainland. The epidemiological data and high genetic similarity indicate a common source for the Porto Santo and Madeira RHDV2 outbreaks. Human activity related to hunting was most probably at the origin of the Madeira outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Luísa Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Sara Silva
- Direção Regional para a Administração Pública do Porto Santo (DRAPS), Avenida Vieira de Castro, nº1, 9400-179, Porto Santo, Portugal
| | - Paz Gouveia
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária e Segurança Alimentar, Direção Regional de Agricultura (DRA) da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo, nº 79, S. Martinho, 9000-233, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Margarida Costa
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária e Segurança Alimentar, Direção Regional de Agricultura (DRA) da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo, nº 79, S. Martinho, 9000-233, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Elsa Leclerc Duarte
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Barros
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago Luís
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Ramos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Fevereiro
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Dias Duarte
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Carvalho C, Duarte E, Monteiro J, Afonso C, Pacheco J, Carvalho P, Mendonça P, Botelho A, Albuquerque T, Themudo P, Fevereiro M, Henriques A, Santos Barros S, Dias Duarte M. Progression of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 upon vaccination in an industrial rabbitry: a laboratorial approach. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2017.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
<p>Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) emerged recently in several European countries, leading to extensive economic losses in the industry. In response to this new infection, specific inactivated vaccines were developed in Europe and full and rapid setup of protective immunity induced by vaccination was reported. However, data on the efficacy of these vaccines in an ongoing-infection scenario is unavailable. In this study we investigated an infected RHDV2 indoor industrial meat rabbitry, where fatalities continued to occur after the implementation of the RHDV2 vaccination, introduced to control the disease. The aim of this study was to understand if these mortalities were RHDV2-related, to discover if the dead animals showed any common features such as age or time distance from vaccination, and to identify the source of the outbreak. Anatomo-pathological analysis of vaccinated animals with the virus showed lesions compatible with systemic haemorrhagic disease and RHDV2-RNA was detected in 85.7% of the animals tested. Sequencing of the <em>vp60</em> gene amplified from liver samples led to the recognition of RHDV2 field strains demonstrating that after the implementation of vaccination, RHDV2 continued to circulate in the premises and to cause sporadic deaths. A nearby, semi-intensive, RHDV2 infected farm belonging to the same owner was identified as the most probable source of the virus. The main risk factors for virus introduction in these two industries were identified. Despite the virus being able to infect a few of the vaccinated rabbits, the significant decrease in mortality rate observed in vaccinated adult rabbits clearly reflects the efficacy of the vaccination. Nonetheless, the time taken to control the infection also highlights the importance of RHDV2 vaccination prior to the first contact with the virus, highly recommendable in endemic areas, to mitigate the infection’s impact on the industry.</p>
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Challenges in the rabbit haemorrhagic disease 2 (RHDV2) molecular diagnosis of vaccinated rabbits. Vet Microbiol 2017; 198:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Duarte M, Carvalho C, Bernardo S, Barros SV, Benevides S, Flor L, Monteiro M, Marques I, Henriques M, Barros SC, Fagulha T, Ramos F, Luís T, Fevereiro M. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) outbreak in Azores: Disclosure of common genetic markers and phylogenetic segregation within the European strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 35:163-71. [PMID: 26247721 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is widespread in several countries of Western Europe, but it has not been introduced to other continents. However, between late 2014 and early 2015, the presence of RHDV2 was confirmed outside of the European continent, in the Azores, initially in the islands of Graciosa, Flores, S. Jorge and Terceira. In this study we report the subsequent detection of RHDV2 in wild rabbits from the islands of Faial, St. Maria and S. Miguel, and display the necropsy and microscopic examination data obtained, which showed lesions similar to those induced by classical strains of RHDV, with severe affection of lungs and liver. We also disclose the result of a genetic investigation carried out with RHDV2 positive samples from wild rabbits found dead in the seven islands. Partial vp60 sequences were amplified from 27 tissue samples. Nucleotide analysis showed that the Azorean strains are closely related to each other, sharing a high genetic identity (>99.15%). None of the obtained sequences were identical to any RHDV2 sequence publically known, hampering a clue for the source of the outbreaks. However, Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses disclosed that Azorean strains are more closely related to a few strains from Southern Portugal than with any others presently known. In the analysed region comprising the terminal 942 nucleotides of the vp60 gene, four new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified. Based on the present data, these four SNPs, which are unique in the strains from Azores, may constitute putative molecular geographic markers for Azorean RHDV2 strains, if they persist in the future. One of these variations is a non-synonymous substitution that involves the replacement of one amino acid in a hypervariable region of the capsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Duarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Virology Laboratory, Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Carina Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas - ICAAM, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Susana Bernardo
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária dos Açores, Vinha Brava 9700-236, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Vanessa Barros
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária dos Açores, Vinha Brava 9700-236, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Sandra Benevides
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária dos Açores, Vinha Brava 9700-236, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Lídia Flor
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária dos Açores, Vinha Brava 9700-236, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Madalena Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Pathology Laboratory, Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Marques
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2781-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Henriques
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Virology Laboratory, Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sílvia C Barros
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Virology Laboratory, Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Virology Laboratory, Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Virology Laboratory, Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Luís
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Virology Laboratory, Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Fevereiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Virology Laboratory, Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311 Lisbon, Portugal
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A real time Taqman RT-PCR for the detection of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2). J Virol Methods 2015; 219:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Duarte MD, Henriques AM, Barros S, Luís T, Fagulha T, Ramos F, Fevereiro M. New insight into the epidemiology of rabbit hemorrhagic disease viruses in Portugal: Retrospective study reveals the circulation of genogroup 5 (G5) in Azores and discloses the circulation of G1 and G6 strains in mainland until 2008. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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