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Garcia-Aponte OF, Herwig C, Kozma B. Lymphocyte expansion in bioreactors: upgrading adoptive cell therapy. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:13. [PMID: 33849630 PMCID: PMC8042697 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors are essential tools for the development of efficient and high-quality cell therapy products. However, their application is far from full potential, holding several challenges when reconciling the complex biology of the cells to be expanded with the need for a manufacturing process that is able to control cell growth and functionality towards therapy affordability and opportunity. In this review, we discuss and compare current bioreactor technologies by performing a systematic analysis of the published data on automated lymphocyte expansion for adoptive cell therapy. We propose a set of requirements for bioreactor design and identify trends on the applicability of these technologies, highlighting the specific challenges and major advancements for each one of the current approaches of expansion along with the opportunities that lie in process intensification. We conclude on the necessity to develop targeted solutions specially tailored for the specific stimulation, supplementation and micro-environmental needs of lymphocytes’ cultures, and the benefit of applying knowledge-based tools for process control and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Fabian Garcia-Aponte
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bence Kozma
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Islami M, Soleimanifar F. A Review of Evaluating Hematopoietic Stem Cells Derived from Umbilical Cord Blood's Expansion and Homing. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:250-262. [PMID: 31976846 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200124115444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been taken into account as a therapeutic approach in patients with hematologic malignancies. Unfortunately, there are limitations concerning HSC transplantation (HSCT), including (a) low contents of UCB-HSCs in a single unit of UCB and (b) defects in UCB-HSC homing to their niche. Therefore, delays are observed in hematopoietic and immunologic recovery and homing. Among numerous strategies proposed, ex vivo expansion of UCB-HSCs to enhance UCB-HSC dose without any differentiation into mature cells is known as an efficient procedure that is able to alter clinical treatments through adjusting transplantation-related results and making them available. Accordingly, culture type, cytokine combinations, O2 level, co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), as well as gene manipulation of UCB-HSCs can have effects on their expansion and growth. Besides, defects in homing can be resolved by exposing UCB-HSCs to compounds aimed at improving homing. Fucosylation of HSCs before expansion, CXCR4-SDF-1 axis partnership and homing gene involvement are among strategies that all depend on efficiency, reasonable costs, and confirmation of clinical trials. In general, the present study reviewed factors improving the expansion and homing of UCB-HSCs aimed at advancing hematopoietic recovery and expansion in clinical applications and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Islami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soleimanifar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
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3
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Gutiérrez-García AK, Flores-Kelly JM, Ortiz-Rodríguez T, Kalixto-Sánchez MA, De León-Rodríguez A. Phthalates affect the in vitro expansion of human hematopoietic stem cell. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:553-561. [PMID: 30715687 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
cell/mL, whereas the cultures exposed to DBP, BBP and DEHP showed a reduction from 23 to 81%, 17 to 69% and 15 to 93.5%, respectively. DEP did not affect the total cell expansion. The most significant decrease on total cell expansion was observed at 0.1 μg/mL DBP, 100 μg/mL BBP and 10 μg/mL DEHP (p < 0.05). Additionally, the effect of these compounds on the expansion of hematopoietic progenitors was analyzed by clonogenic assays as colony forming units (CFU). The CFU decreased considerably compared with respect to the control cultures. The reduction was 74.6 and 99.1% at 10 and 100 μg/mL DBP respectively, whereas 100 μg/mL BBP and 100 μg/mL DEHP reduced the CFU expansion in 97.1% and 81%, respectively. Cultures exposed to DEP did not show significant differences. The results demonstrate the toxicity of DBP, BBP and DEHP on the human hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Gutiérrez-García
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - José M Flores-Kelly
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Tomás Ortiz-Rodríguez
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Kalixto-Sánchez
- Hospital General del ISSSTE, Carlos Diez Gutiérrez 915, Col. Julian Carrillo, CP 78340, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Antonio De León-Rodríguez
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, CP 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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Weber C, Freimark D, Pörtner R, Pino-Grace P, Pohl S, Wallrapp C, Geigle P, Czermak P. Expansion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Fixed-Bed Bioreactor System Based on Non-Porous Glass Carrier – Part B: Modeling and Scale-up of the System. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003301103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a promising cell source for the manufacturing of cell therapy or tissue-engineered implants. In part A of this publication a fixed-bed bioreactor system based on non-porous borosilicate glass spheres and procedures for the automated expansion of hMSC with high yield and vitality was introduced. Part B of this study deals with the modeling of the process in order to transfer the bioreactor system from the laboratory to the production scale. Relevant model parameters were obtained by fitting them to the experimental data of hMSC-TERT cultivations in scales up to 300 cm3. Scale-up calculations were carried out exemplarily for a target cell number of twenty billion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | - Denise Freimark
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, University of Technology, Hamburg - Germany
| | - Pablo Pino-Grace
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | - Sebastian Pohl
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS - USA
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Synergistic Integration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hydrostatic Pressure in the Expansion and Maintenance of Human Hematopoietic/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4527929. [PMID: 29681947 PMCID: PMC5848107 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4527929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) has been investigated to improve the clinical outcome of HSPC transplantation. However, ex vivo expansion of HSPCs still faces a major obstacle in that HPSCs tend to differentiate when proliferating. Here, we cocultured HSPCs with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and divided the HSPCs into two fractions according to whether they came into adherent to MSCs or not. Additionally, we used hydrostatic pressure (HP) to mimic the physical conditions in vivo. Even nonadherent cells expanded to yield a significantly larger number of total nucleated cells (TNCs), adherent cells maintained the HSPC phenotype (CD34+, CD34+CD38−, and CD133+CD38−) to a greater extent than nonadherent cells and had superior clonogenic potential. Moreover, applying HP significantly increased the number of TNCs, the frequency of the immature HSPC phenotype, and the clonogenic potential. Furthermore, the genetic markers for the HSPC niche were significantly increased under HP. Our data suggest that the nonadherent fraction is the predominant site of HSPC expansion, whereas the adherent fraction seems to mimic the HSPC niche for immature cells. Moreover, HP has a synergistic effect on expansion and functional maintenance. This first study utilizing HP has a potential of designing clinically applicable expansion systems.
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Khong D, Li M, Singleton A, Chin LY, Parekkadan B. Stromalized microreactor supports murine hematopoietic progenitor enrichment. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:13. [PMID: 29353324 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an emerging need to process, expand, and even genetically engineer hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) prior to administration for blood reconstitution therapy. A closed-system and automated solution for ex vivo HSC processing can improve adoption and standardize processing techniques. Here, we report a recirculating flow bioreactor where HSCs are stabilized and enriched for short-term processing by indirect fibroblast feeder coculture. Mouse 3 T3 fibroblasts were seeded on the extraluminal membrane surface of a hollow fiber micro-bioreactor and were found to support HSPC cell number compared to unsupported BMCs. CFSE analysis indicates that 3 T3-support was essential for the enhanced intrinsic cell cycling of HSPCs. This enhanced support was specific to the HSPC population with little to no effect seen with the Lineagepositive and Lineagenegative cells. Together, these data suggest that stromal-seeded hollow fiber micro-reactors represent a platform to screening various conditions that support the expansion and bioprocessing of HSPCs ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika Khong
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation, & Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Matthew Li
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation, & Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amy Singleton
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation, & Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ling-Yee Chin
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation, & Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation, & Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University and the Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Hosseinizand H, Ebrahimi M, Abdekhodaie MJ. Agitation increases expansion of cord blood hematopoietic cells and promotes their differentiation into myeloid lineage. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:969-78. [PMID: 26264594 PMCID: PMC4960146 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress caused by agitation is one of the factors that can affect hematopoietic stem cell expansion in suspension bioreactors. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of agitation on umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cell (UCB-HSC) growth and differentiation. A comparison was made between various agitation rates (20, 40 and 60 rpm) in spinner-flask and cells cultured in glass petri dish as a static culture. Moreover, the fluid dynamic at various agitation rates of spinner-flask was analyzed to determine shear stress. The spinner-flask contained a rotational moving mixer with glass ball and was kept in tissue culture incubator. To reduce consumption of cytokines, UCB-serum was used which widely decreased the costs. Our results determined that, agitation rate at 40 rpm promoted UCB-HSCs expansion and their colony forming potential. Myeloid progenitors were the main type of cells at 40 rpm agitation rate. The results of glucose consumption and lactic acid production were in complete agreement with colony assay and expansion data and indicated the superiority of culture in spinner-flask when agitated at 40 rpm over to other agitation speeds and also static culture. Cell viability and colony count was affected by changing the agitation speed. We assume that changes in cell growth resulted from the effect of shear stress directly on cell viability, and indirectly on signaling pathways that influence the cells to differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Hosseinizand
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9465, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9465, Iran.
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Xue C, Kwek KYC, Chan JKY, Chen Q, Lim M. The hollow fiber bioreactor as a stroma-supported, serum-free ex vivo expansion platform for human umbilical cord blood cells. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:980-9. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rousseau GF, Giarratana MC, Douay L. Large-scale production of red blood cells from stem cells: what are the technical challenges ahead? Biotechnol J 2013; 9:28-38. [PMID: 24408610 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood-transfusion centers regularly face the challenge of donor blood shortages, especially for rare blood groups. The possibility of producing universal red blood cells from stem cells industrially has become a possible alternative since the successful injection of blood generated in vitro into a human being in 2011. Although there remains many biological and regulatory issues concerning the efficacy and safety of this new product, the major challenge today for future clinical applications is switching from the current limited 2-dimensional production techniques to large-scale 3-dimensional bioreactors. In addition to requiring technological breakthroughs, the whole process also has to become at least five-fold more cost-efficient to match the current prices of high-quality blood products. The current review sums up the main biological advances of the past decade, outlines the key biotechnological challenges for the large-scale cost-effective production of red blood cells, proposes solutions based on strategies used in the bioindustry and presents the state-of-the-art of large-scale blood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume F Rousseau
- UPMC University Paris 6, UMR_S938, Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S938, Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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10
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Andrade PZ, dos Santos F, Cabral JMS, da Silva CL. Stem cell bioengineering strategies to widen the therapeutic applications of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from umbilical cord blood. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:988-1003. [PMID: 23564692 DOI: 10.1002/term.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation has observed a significant increase in recent years, due to the unique features of UCB haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs) for the treatment of blood-related disorders. However, the low cell numbers available per UCB unit significantly impairs the widespread use of this source for transplantation of adult patients, resulting in graft failure, delayed engraftment and delayed immune reconstitution. In order to overcome this issue, distinct approaches are now being considered in clinical trials, such as double-UCB transplantation, intrabone injection or ex vivo expansion. In this article the authors review the current state of the art, future trends and challenges on the ex vivo expansion of UCB HSCs, focusing on culture parameters affecting the yield and quality of the expanded HSC grafts: novel HSC selection schemes prior to cell culture, cytokine/growth factor cocktails, the impact of biochemical factors (e.g. O2 ) or the addition of supportive cells, e.g. mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-based feeder layers) were addressed. Importantly, a critical challenge in cellular therapy is still the scalability, reproducibility and control of the expansion process, in order to meet the clinical requirements for therapeutic applications. Efficient design of bioreactor systems and operation modes are now the focus of many bioengineers, integrating the increasing 'know-how' on HSC biology and physiology, while complying with the GMP standards for the production of cellular products, i.e. through the use of commercially available, highly controlled, disposable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Z Andrade
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal.,Cell2b, Advanced Therapeutics, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Francisco dos Santos
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal.,Cell2b, Advanced Therapeutics, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L da Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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Meneses-Acosta A, Gómez A, Ramírez OT. Control of redox potential in hybridoma cultures: effects on MAb production, metabolism, and apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1189-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Culture redox potential (CRP) has proven to be a valuable monitoring tool in several areas of biotechnology; however, it has been scarcely used in animal cell culture. In this work, a proportional feedback control was employed, for the first time, to maintain the CRP at different constant values in hybridoma batch cultures for production of a monoclonal antibody (MAb). Reducing and oxidant conditions, in the range of −130 and +70 mV, were maintained in 1-l bioreactors through automatic control of the inlet gas composition. Cultures at constant DOT, in the range of 3 and 300 %, were used for comparison. The effect of constant CRP on cell concentration, MAb production, metabolism of glucose, glutamine, thiols, oxygen consumption, and programmed cell death, was evaluated. Reducing conditions resulted in the highest viable cell and MAb concentrations and thiols production, whereas specific glucose and glutamine consumption rates remained at the lowest values. In such conditions, programmed cell death, particularly apoptosis, occurred only after nutrient exhaustion. The optimum specific MAb production rate occurred at intermediate CRP levels. Oxidant conditions resulted in a detrimental effect in all culture parameters, increasing the specific glucose, glutamine, and oxygen consumption rates and inducing the apoptotic process, which was detected as early as 24 h even when glutamine and glucose were present at non-limiting concentrations. In most cases, such results were similar to those obtained in control cultures at constant DOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Meneses-Acosta
- grid.9486.3 0000000121590001 Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Apdo. Postal. 510-3 62250 Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico
- grid.412873.b 0000000404841712 Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Av. Universidad 1010, Col. Chamilpa 62100 Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico
| | - Alfonso Gómez
- grid.9486.3 0000000121590001 Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Apdo. Postal. 510-3 62250 Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico
| | - Octavio T Ramírez
- grid.9486.3 0000000121590001 Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Apdo. Postal. 510-3 62250 Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico
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Doran MR, Aird IA, Marturana F, Timmins N, Atkinson K, Nielsen LK. Bioreactor for Blood Product Production. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1235-44. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x627363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of ex vivo blood production is limited by both biological and engineering challenges. From an engineering perspective, these challenges include the significant volumes required to generate even a single unit of a blood product, as well as the correspondingly high protein consumption required for such large volume cultures. Membrane bioreactors, such as hollow fiber bioreactors (HFBRs), enable cell densities approximately 100-fold greater than traditional culture systems and therefore may enable a significant reduction in culture working volumes. As cultured cells, and larger molecules, are retained within a fraction of the system volume, via a semipermeable membrane it may be possible to reduce protein consumption by limiting supplementation to only this fraction. Typically, HFBRs are complex perfusion systems having total volumes incompatible with bench scale screening and optimization of stem cell-based cultures. In this article we describe the use of a simplified HFBR system to assess the feasibility of this technology to produce blood products from umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). Unlike conventional HFBR systems used for protein manufacture, where cells are cultured in the extracapillary space, we have cultured cells in the intracapillary space, which is likely more compatible with the large-scale production of blood cell suspension cultures. Using this platform we direct HSPCs down the myeloid lineage, while targeting a 100-fold increase in cell density and the use of protein-free bulk medium. Our results demonstrate the potential of this system to deliver high cell densities, even in the absence of protein supplementation of the bulk medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Doran
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian Alexander Aird
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Flavia Marturana
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas Timmins
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerry Atkinson
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars K. Nielsen
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Baradez MO, Marshall D. The use of multidimensional image-based analysis to accurately monitor cell growth in 3D bioreactor culture. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26104. [PMID: 22028809 PMCID: PMC3197601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from traditional culture methods towards bioreactor based bioprocessing to produce cells in commercially viable quantities for cell therapy applications requires the development of robust methods to ensure the quality of the cells produced. Standard methods for measuring cell quality parameters such as viability provide only limited information making process monitoring and optimisation difficult. Here we describe a 3D image-based approach to develop cell distribution maps which can be used to simultaneously measure the number, confluency and morphology of cells attached to microcarriers in a stirred tank bioreactor. The accuracy of the cell distribution measurements is validated using in silico modelling of synthetic image datasets and is shown to have an accuracy >90%. Using the cell distribution mapping process and principal component analysis we show how cell growth can be quantitatively monitored over a 13 day bioreactor culture period and how changes to manufacture processes such as initial cell seeding density can significantly influence cell morphology and the rate at which cells are produced. Taken together, these results demonstrate how image-based analysis can be incorporated in cell quality control processes facilitating the transition towards bioreactor based manufacture for clinical grade cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Marshall
- Science and Technology Division, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Panuganti S, Papoutsakis ET, Miller WM. Bone marrow niche-inspired, multiphase expansion of megakaryocytic progenitors with high polyploidization potential. Cytotherapy 2011; 12:767-82. [PMID: 20482285 DOI: 10.3109/14653241003786148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Megakaryopoiesis encompasses hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) commitment to the megakaryocytic cell (Mk) lineage, expansion of Mk progenitors and mature Mks, polyploidization and platelet release. pH and pO2 increase from the endosteum to sinuses, and different cytokines are important for various stages of differentiation. We hypothesized that mimicking the changing conditions during Mk differentiation in the bone marrow would facilitate expansion of progenitors that could generate many high-ploidy Mks. METHODS CD34+ HSPCs were cultured at pH 7.2 and 5% O2 with stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (Tpo) and all combinations of Interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, IL-11 and Flt-3 ligand to promote Mk progenitor expansion. Cells cultured with selected cytokines were shifted to pH 7.4 and 20% O2 to generate mature Mks, and treated with nicotinamide (NIC) to enhance polyploidization. RESULTS Using Tpo + SCF + IL-3 + IL-11, we obtained 3.5 CD34+ CD41+ Mk progenitors per input HSPC, while increasing purity from 1% to 17%. Cytokine cocktails with IL-3 yielded more progenitors and mature Mks, although the purities were lower. Mk production was much greater at higher pH and pO2. Although fewer progenitors were present, shifting to 20% O2 /pH 7.4 at day 5 (versus days 7 or 9) yielded the greatest mature Mk production, 14 per input HSPC. NIC more than doubled the percentage of high-ploidy Mks to 40%. CONCLUSIONS We obtained extensive Mk progenitor expansion, while ensuring that the progenitors could produce high-ploidy Mks. We anticipate that subsequent optimization of cytokines for mature Mk production and delayed NIC addition will greatly increase high-ploidy Mk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Panuganti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Andrade-Zaldívar H, Kalixto-Sánchez MA, de la Rosa APB, De León-Rodríguez A. Expansion of Human Hematopoietic Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood Using Roller Bottles in CO2and CO2-Free Atmosphere. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:593-8. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hera Andrade-Zaldívar
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Ana P. Barba de la Rosa
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Antonio De León-Rodríguez
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, México
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16
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Weber C, Freimark D, Pörtner R, Pino-Grace P, Pohl S, Wallrapp C, Geigle P, Czermak P. Expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in a fixed-bed bioreactor system based on non-porous glass carrier--part A: inoculation, cultivation, and cell harvest procedures. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 33:512-25. [PMID: 20872346 DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a promising cell source for several applications of regenerative medicine. The cells employed are either autologous or allogenic; by using stem cell lines in particular, allogenic cells enable the production of therapeutic cell implants or tissue engineered implants in stock. For these purposes, the generally small initial cell number has to be increased; this requires the use of bioreactors, which offer controlled expansion of the hMSC under GMP-conform conditions. In this study, divided into part A and B, a fixed bed bioreactor system based on non-porous borosilicate glass spheres for the expansion of hMSC, demonstrated with the model cell line hMSC-TERT, is introduced. The system offers convenient automation of the inoculation, cultivation, and harvesting procedures. Furthermore, the bioreactor has a simple design which favors its manufacturing as a disposable unit. Part A is focused on the inoculation, cultivation, and harvesting procedures. Cultivations were performed in lab scales up to a bed volume of 300 cm³. The study showed that the fixed bed system, based on 2-mm borosilicate glass spheres, as well as the inoculation, cultivation, and harvesting procedures are suitable for the expansion of hMSC with high yield and vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen, Germany
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17
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Doran MR, Markway BD, Clark A, Athanasas-Platsis S, Brooke G, Atkinson K, Nielsen LK, Cooper-White JJ. Membrane bioreactors enhance microenvironmental conditioning and tissue development. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:407-15. [PMID: 19622005 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In membrane bioreactors the cells are isolated from the bulk medium through a semipermeable membrane. This concept, which is analogous to how the circulatory system supplies solid tissues with nutrients, allows the maintenance of cells at much higher densities than is possible in traditional cultures. The membrane-based microbioreactor described herein is easy to operate, requiring only a pipette to load and harvest cells. A 10 microL culture volume was isolated from 1 mL of bulk medium through a semipermeable membrane having a molecular weight cutoff of 10 kDa. Here we describe the benefits regarding the retention of both cells and their secretions within this small culture volume using the following two model systems: hematopoietic stem cell expansion and mesenchymal stem cell-derived cartilage matrix accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Doran
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia .
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18
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Luni C, Feldman HC, Pozzobon M, De Coppi P, Meinhart CD, Elvassore N. Microliter-bioreactor array with buoyancy-driven stirring for human hematopoietic stem cell culture. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:034105. [PMID: 20824067 PMCID: PMC2933248 DOI: 10.1063/1.3380627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the development of an array of bioreactors where finely controlled stirring is provided at the microliter scale (100-300 mul). The microliter-bioreactor array is useful for performing protocol optimization in up to 96 parallel experiments of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cultures. Exploring a wide range of experimental conditions at the microliter scale minimizes cost and labor. Once the cell culture protocol is optimized, it can be applied to large-scale bioreactors for stem cell production at the clinical level. The controlled stirring inside the wells of a standard 96-well plate is provided by buoyancy-driven thermoconvection. The temperature and velocity fields within the culture volume are determined with numerical simulations. The numerical results are verified with experimental velocity measurements using microparticle image velocimetry (muPIV) and are used to define feasible experimental conditions for stem cell cultures. To test the bioreactor array's functionality, human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34(+) cells were cultured for 7 days at five different stirring conditions (0.24-0.58 mums) in six repeated experiments. Cells were characterized in terms of proliferation, and flow cytometry measurements of viability and CD34 expression. The microliter-bioreactor array demonstrates its ability to support HSC cultures under stirred conditions without adversely affecting the cell behavior. Because of the highly controlled operative conditions, it can be used to explore culture conditions where the mass transport of endogenous and exogenous growth factors is selectively enhanced, and cell suspension provided. While the bioreactor array was developed for culturing HSCs, its application can be extended to other cell types.
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19
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Kresnowati MTAP, Forde GM, Chen XD. Model-based analysis and optimization of bioreactor for hematopoietic stem cell cultivation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2010; 34:81-93. [PMID: 20652600 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-010-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the problems to be solved in attaining the full potentials of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) applications is the limited availability of the cells. Growing HSCs in a bioreactor offers an alternative solution to this problem. Besides, it also offers the advantages of eliminating labour intensive process as well as the possible contamination involved in the periodic nutrient replenishments in the traditional T-flask stem cell cultivation. In spite of this, the optimization of HSC cultivation in a bioreactor has been barely explored. This manuscript discusses the development of a mathematical model to describe the dynamics in nutrient distribution and cell concentration of an ex vivo HSC cultivation in a microchannel perfusion bioreactor. The model was further used to optimize the cultivation by proposing three alternative feeding strategies in order to prevent the occurrence of nutrient limitation in the bioreactor. The evaluation of these strategies, the periodic step change increase in the inlet oxygen concentration, the periodic step change increase in the media inflow, and the feedback control of media inflow, shows that these strategies can successfully improve the cell yield of the bioreactor. In general, the developed model is useful for the design and optimization of bioreactor operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T A P Kresnowati
- Bioprocess and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
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20
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Weber C, Pohl S, Poertner R, Pino-Grace P, Freimark D, Wallrapp C, Geigle P, Czermak P. Production process for stem cell based therapeutic implants: expansion of the production cell line and cultivation of encapsulated cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 123:143-62. [PMID: 20091287 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell based therapy promises the treatment of many diseases like diabetes mellitus, Parkinson disease or stroke. Microencapsulation of the cells protects them against host-vs-graft reactions and thus enables the usage of allogenic cell lines for the manufacturing of cell therapeutic implants. The production process of such implants consists mainly of the three steps expansion of the cells, encapsulation of the cells, and cultivation of the encapsulated cells in order to increase their vitality and thus quality. This chapter deals with the development of fixed-bed bioreactor-based cultivation procedures used in the first and third step of production. The bioreactor system for the expansion of the stem cell line (hMSC-TERT) is based on non-porous glass spheres, which support cell growth and harvesting with high yield and vitality. The cultivation process for the spherical cell based implants leads to an increase of vitality and additionally enables the application of a medium-based differentiation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weber
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen, Germany
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21
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Cantini M, Fiore GB, Redaelli A, Soncini M. Numerical Fluid-Dynamic Optimization of Microchannel-Provided Porous Scaffolds for the Co-Culture of Adherent and Non-Adherent Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:615-23. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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22
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Timmins NE, Palfreyman E, Marturana F, Dietmair S, Luikenga S, Lopez G, Fung YL, Minchinton R, Nielsen LK. Clinical scale ex vivo manufacture of neutrophils from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:832-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation: trends and perspectives. Cytotechnology 2008; 56:151-60. [PMID: 19002853 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-008-9144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood transplantation is clinically limited by its low progenitor cell content. Ex vivo expansion has become an alternative to increase the cell dose available for transplants. Expansion has been evaluated in several ways such as static cultures combining growth factors or mimicking the natural microenvironment using co-culture systems. However, static cultures have a small volume capacity and therefore large-scale expansion has been addressed using bioreactors. These and other biotechnological approaches for the expansion of hematopoietic progenitors and their utility to study several aspects of hematopoietic stem cell biology are discussed here.
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24
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Cabrita GJM, Ferreira BS, da Silva CL, Gonçalves R, Almeida-Porada G, Cabral JMS. Hematopoietic stem cells: from the bone to the bioreactor. Trends Biotechnol 2003; 21:233-40. [PMID: 12727385 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(03)00076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells is a rapidly developing area with a broad range of biomedical applications. The mechanisms of renewal, differentiation and plasticity of stem cells are currently under intense investigation. However, the complexity of hematopoiesis, the heterogeneity of the culture population and the complex interplay between the culture parameters that significantly influence the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells have impaired the translation of small scale results to the highly demanded large-scale applications. The better understanding of these mechanisms is providing the basis for more rational approaches to the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. Efforts are now being made to establish a rational design of bioreactor systems, allowing the modeling and control of large-scale production of stem cells and the study of their proliferation and differentiation, under conditions as similar as possible to those in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo J M Cabrita
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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Noll T, Jelinek N, Schmid S, Biselli M, Wandrey C. Cultivation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells: biochemical engineering aspects. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 74:111-28. [PMID: 11991176 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45736-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells is one of the most challenging fields in cell culture. This is a rapidly growing area of tissue engineering with many potential applications in bone marrow transplantation, transfusion medicine or gene therapy. Over the last few years much progress has been made in understanding hematopoietic differentiation, discovery of cytokines, isolation and identification of cellular subtypes and in the development of a variety of bioreactor concepts. All this has led to a number of (preliminary) clinical trials that gave a hint of the benefits that can be obtained from the use of expanded hematopoietic cells in therapy. Moreover, as we understand the complexity and the regulation of hematopoiesis, it becomes obvious that highly sophisticated cultivation techniques and bioreactor concepts are needed: a new challenge for bioprocess engineering in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Noll
- Institut für Biotechnologie 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany.
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