1
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Koide R, Yoshikawa R, Okamoto M, Sakaguchi S, Suzuki J, Isa T, Nakagawa S, Sakawaki H, Miura T, Miyazawa T. Experimental infection of Japanese macaques with simian retrovirus 5. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:266-277. [PMID: 30608228 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a large number of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) died of an unknown hemorrhagic syndrome at Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (KUPRI) and an external breeding facility for National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS). We previously reported that the hemorrhagic syndrome of Japanese macaques at KUPRI was caused by infection with simian retrovirus 4 (SRV-4); however, the cause of similar diseases that occurred at the external breeding facility for NIPS was still unknown. In this study, we isolated SRV-5 from Japanese macaques exhibiting thrombocytopenia and then constructed an infectious molecular clone of the SRV-5 isolate. When the SRV-5 isolate was inoculated into two Japanese macaques, severe thrombocytopenia was induced in one of two macaques within 22 days after inoculation. Similarly, the clone-derived virus was inoculated into the other two Japanese macaques, and one of two macaques developed severe thrombocytopenia within 22 days. On the other hand, the remaining two of four macaques survived as asymptomatic carriers even after administering an immunosuppressive agent, dexamethasone. As determined by real-time PCR, SRV-5 infected a variety of tissues in Japanese macaques, especially in digestive and lymph organs. We also identified the SRV-5 receptor as ASCT2, a neutral amino acid transporter in Japanese macaques. Taken together, we conclude that the causative agent of hemorrhagic syndrome occurred at the external breeding facility for NIPS was SRV-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Koide
- 1Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- 2National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,3Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- 4Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sakaguchi
- 5Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Juri Suzuki
- 4Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- 6Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,7Section of NBR Promotion, and Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - So Nakagawa
- 8Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakawaki
- 9Non-human Primate Experimental Facility, Research Center for Infectious Diseases Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- 10Laboratory of Primate Model, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- 1Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Hwa CZR, Tsai SP, Yee JL, Van Rompay KK, Roberts JA. Evidence of simian retrovirus type D by polymerase chain reaction. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:79-86. [PMID: 28370081 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past few years, there have been reports of finding Simian retrovirus type D (SRV) in macaque colonies where some animals were characterized as antibody positive but virus negative raising questions about how SRV was transmitted or whether there is a variant strain detected by antibody but not polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in current use. METHODS We developed a three-round nested PCR assay using degenerate primers targeting the pol gene to detect for SRV serotypes 1-5 and applied this newly validated PCR assay to test macaque DNA samples collected in China from 2010 to 2015. RESULTS Using the nested PCR assay validated in this study, we found 0.15% of the samples archived on FTA® cards were positive. CONCLUSIONS The source of SRV infection identified within domestic colonies might have originated from imported macaques. The multiplex nested PCR assay developed here may supplement the current assays for SRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Z R Hwa
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sheung Pun Tsai
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - JoAnn L Yee
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Koen K Van Rompay
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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3
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Okamoto M, Miyazawa T, Morikawa S, Ono F, Nakamura S, Sato E, Yoshida T, Yoshikawa R, Sakai K, Mizutani T, Nagata N, Takano JI, Okabayashi S, Hamano M, Fujimoto K, Nakaya T, Iida T, Horii T, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Watanabe A, Kaneko A, Saito A, Matsui A, Hayakawa T, Suzuki J, Akari H, Matsuzawa T, Hirai H. Emergence of infectious malignant thrombocytopenia in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) by SRV-4 after transmission to a novel host. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8850. [PMID: 25743183 PMCID: PMC4351523 DOI: 10.1038/srep08850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We discovered a lethal hemorrhagic syndrome arising from severe thrombocytopenia in Japanese macaques kept at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. Extensive investigation identified that simian retrovirus type 4 (SRV-4) was the causative agent of the disease. SRV-4 had previously been isolated only from cynomolgus macaques in which it is usually asymptomatic. We consider that the SRV-4 crossed the so-called species barrier between cynomolgus and Japanese macaques, leading to extremely severe acute symptoms in the latter. Infectious agents that cross the species barrier occasionally amplify in virulence, which is not observed in the original hosts. In such cases, the new hosts are usually distantly related to the original hosts. However, Japanese macaques are closely related to cynomolgus macaques, and can even hybridize when given the opportunity. This lethal outbreak of a novel pathogen in Japanese macaques highlights the need to modify our expectations about virulence with regards crossing species barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ono
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Sato
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouji Sakai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Takano
- 1] The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan [2] Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Sachi Okabayashi
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Masataka Hamano
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Koji Fujimoto
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- 1] Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi-hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- 1] Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akino Watanabe
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsui
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hayakawa
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Juri Suzuki
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsuzawa
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Hirai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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4
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Comprehensive in vitro analysis of simian retrovirus type 4 susceptibility to antiretroviral agents. J Virol 2013; 87:4322-9. [PMID: 23365453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03208-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian retrovirus type 4 (SRV-4), a simian type D retrovirus, naturally infects cynomolgus monkeys, usually without apparent symptoms. However, some infected monkeys presented with an immunosuppressive syndrome resembling that induced by simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Antiretrovirals with inhibitory activity against SRV-4 are considered to be promising agents to combat SRV-4 infection. However, although some antiretrovirals have been reported to have inhibitory activity against SRV-1 and SRV-2, inhibitors with anti-SRV-4 activity have not yet been studied. In this study, we identified antiretroviral agents with anti-SRV-4 activity from a panel of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs using a robust in vitro luciferase reporter assay. Among these, two HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), potently inhibited SRV-4 infection within a submicromolar to nanomolar range, which was similar to or higher than the activities against HIV-1, Moloney murine leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus. In contrast, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors did not exhibit any activities against SRV-4. Although both AZT and TDF effectively inhibited cell-free SRV-4 transmission, they exhibited only partial inhibitory activities against cell-to-cell transmission. Importantly, one HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor, raltegravir (RAL), potently inhibited single-round infection as well as cell-free and cell-to-cell SRV-4 transmission. These findings indicate that viral expansion routes impact the inhibitory activity of antiretrovirals against SRV-4, while only RAL is effective in suppressing both the initial SRV-4 infection and subsequent SRV-4 replication.
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5
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Takano JI, Leon A, Kato M, Abe Y, Fujimoto K. Isolation and DNA characterization of a simian retrovirus 5 from a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). J Gen Virol 2013; 94:955-959. [PMID: 23324469 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An SRV-like virus was isolated from a colony-born Japanese monkey. To identify this SRV-like virus, we designed universal primers at regions that were conserved among the reported SRV sequences in the 5'-LTR and the short ORF and we obtained plasmid clones containing the complete gag, prt, pol and env genes. The full-length sequences of the isolate were determined from the plasmids and by direct sequencing. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicated that this SRV-like virus had a sequence identical to the reported 626 bp of SRV-5. In this study, we isolated SRV5/JPN/2005/V1 from a Japanese monkey and characterized the full-length SRV-5 sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Takano
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan.,Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Arlene Leon
- BioReliance Corporation, 9630 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Miyoko Kato
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- Amami Wild Animal Research Center Inc., Tatsugo, Amami, Kagoshima 894-0105, Japan
| | - Koji Fujimoto
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
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6
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Abstract
This review is an updated summary of nearly 30 years of SRV history and provides new and critical findings of original research accomplished in the last 5 years including, but not limited to, the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the origin of hematopoietic abnormalities observed in infected hosts and proposed new SRV serotypes. Despite major advances in the understanding and control of SRV disease, much more remains to be learned and SRV continues to be an exciting and attractive primate model for comparative studies of the mechanisms of retroviral immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Montiel
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8542, USA.
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7
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Zao CL, Armstrong K, Tomanek L, Cooke A, Berger R, Estep JS, Marx PA, Trask JS, Smith DG, Yee JL, Lerche NW. The complete genome and genetic characteristics of SRV-4 isolated from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Virology 2010; 405:390-6. [PMID: 20615522 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
At least 5 serotypes of exogenous simian retrovirus type D (SRV/D) have been found in nonhuman primates, but only SRV-1, 2 and 3 have been completely sequenced. SRV-4 was recovered once from cynomolgus macaques in California in 1984, but its genome sequences are unknown. Here we report the second identification of SRV-4 and its complete genome from infected cynomolgus macaques with Indochinese and Indonesian/Indochinese mixed ancestry. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that SRV-4 was distantly related to SRV-1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. SRV/D-T, a new SRV/D recovered in 2005 from cynomolgus monkeys at Tsukuba Primate Center in Japan, clustered with the SRV-4 isolates from California and Texas and was shown to be another occurrence of SRV-4 infection. The repeated occurrence of SRV-4 in cynomolgus monkeys in different areas of the world and across 25years suggests that this species is the natural host of SRV-4.
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8
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White JA, Todd PA, Rosenthal AN, Yee JL, Grant R, Lerche NW. Development of a generic real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of proviral DNA of simian Betaretrovirus serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and secondary uniplex assays for specific serotype identification. J Virol Methods 2009; 162:148-54. [PMID: 19664660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simian betaretroviruses (formerly Type D retroviruses; SRV) are a group of closely related retroviruses for which the natural host species are Asian monkeys of the genus Macaca. Five serotypes have been identified by classical neutralization assays and three additional untyped variants have been reported (SRV(Tsukuba), SRV-6, SRV-7). These viruses may be significant pathogens in macaque colonies, causing a broad spectrum of clinical disease secondary to viral-induced immune suppression. Undetected SRV infections in research macaques also represent a potential confounding variable in research protocols and a concern for human caretakers. Intensive testing efforts have been implemented to identify infected animals in established colonies. A real-time quantitative generic multiplex PCR assay was developed that is capable of simultaneous detection of proviral DNA of SRV serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. This assay incorporates amplification of the oncostatin M (OSM) gene for confirmation of amplifiable DNA and allows quantitation of the number of proviral copies per cell analyzed in each multiplex reaction. Detection of multiple serotypes by PCR increases the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of SRV screening programs. A panel of SRV serotype-specific uniplex real-time PCR assays for discrimination among the five recognized serotypes is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A White
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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9
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Chung HK, Unangst T, Treece J, Weiss D, Markham P. Development of real-time PCR assays for quantitation of simian betaretrovirus serotype-1, -2, -3, and -5 viral DNA in Asian monkeys. J Virol Methods 2008; 152:91-7. [PMID: 18597861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Simian betaretroviruses (SRV), formerly known as simian type D retroviruses, are endemic in many populations of Asian monkeys of the genus Macaca. Asian monkeys have been used extensively as animal models for preclinical HIV vaccine development, therapeutics, and other biomedical studies. SRV infection can sometimes lead to immune deficiency disease, which complicates such studies; thus, it is important to screen for SRV infection and remove infected animals from test populations. Real-time PCR assays were developed to specifically quantify SRV-1/3, SRV-2, and SRV-5 proviral DNA. The SRV provirus copy numbers were standardized relative to real-time PCR measurements of the rhesus macaque albumin gene. The primers and TaqMan probe sequences for the rhesus macaque (Indian origin) albumin gene also detect cynomolgus macaque and rhesus macaque (Chinese origin) albumin genes. The SRV primers and probes were designed to amplify gag gene sequences of SRV-1/3 (GeneBank accession number M11841), SRV-2 (GeneBank accession number M16605), and SRV-5 (GeneBank accession number AF252389). The optimized reactions for detection of each SRV serotype and the macaque albumin gene had amplification efficiencies of greater than 90% with a linear range spanning 1 x 10(1) to 2.5 x 10(6) copies per reaction. The R(2) values of all standard curves were greater than 0.995. Of 40 animals housed in quarantine, four animals were positive for SRV-1/3 with 28, 5450, 9780, and 14,500 copies of provirus per 10(6) PBMCs, and one animal was positive for SRV-2 with provirus copy number of 7790 per 10(6) PBMCs. All of 40 animals appeared to be seronegative and had normal CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell counts. These quantitative real-time PCR assays enhance the detection and quantitation of SRV infection and will facilitate the elimination of this virus from macaque colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-kyung Chung
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc, 5510 Nicholson Lane, Kensington, MD 20895, USA.
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10
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Morton WR, Agy MB, Capuano SV, Grant RF. Specific Pathogen-Free Macaques: Definition, History, and Current Production. ILAR J 2008; 49:137-44. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar.49.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Hara M, Kikuchi T, Sata T, Nakajima N, Ami Y, Sato Y, Tanaka K, Narita T, Ono F, Akari H, Terao K, Mukai R. Detection of SRV/D shedding in body fluids of cynomolgus macaques and comparison of partial gp70 sequences in SRV/D-T isolates. Virus Genes 2007; 35:281-8. [PMID: 17253124 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the isolation of a novel subtype of SRV/D-Tsukuba (SRV/D-T) from two cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca facicularis) in the breeding colony of Tsukuba Primate Research Center (TPRC). We surveyed for SRV/D infection in the TPRC cynomolgus colony using SRV/D-specific PCR primer sets designed based on the entire gag region sequence. The only SRV/D subtype detected in the colony was SRV/D-T with a positive infection rate of 22.4% (n = 49). It has been reported that the mode of transmission of SRV/D is via contact with virus shed in the body fluids. In this report, to investigate the infection route of SRV/D-T in monkeys at TPRC, we performed virus isolation and PCR for detection of the SRV/D genome from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma, saliva, urine, and feces. Virus isolation and PCR detection were positive in plasma, saliva, urine, and fecal samples from all monkeys on which virus was isolated from PBMCs. This suggests that the spread of SRV/D-T infection in TPRC is via contact with virus shed in saliva, urine, and/or feces. Also, comparison of sequences of gp70 on multiple SRV/D-T isolates revealed that there was little intra- and inter-monkey variation, suggesting that SRV/D-T is fairly stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hara
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1 Hachimanndai, Tsukuba 305-0843, Japan
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12
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Nandi JS, Van Dooren S, Chhangani AK, Mohnot SM. New Simian β Retroviruses from Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) and Langurs (Semnopithecus Entellus) from Rajasthan, India. Virus Genes 2006; 33:107-16. [PMID: 16791425 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural infection of feral Indian rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by a new simian beta retrovirus, provisionally called simian retrovirus-7 (SRV-7) is described. The virus is capable of in vitro replication in primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and B and T cell lines. We have earlier reported a novel SRV, SRV-6 from Indian langurs (Semnopithecus entellus). Additional sequence analyses from gp20 transmembrane (TM) env genes of SRV-6 and SRV-7 place them in a separate cluster, related to but distinct from known exogenous SRVs and also close to the simian endogenous beta retrovirus, (SERV) from African baboon. Phylogenetic analyses of pol gene of SRV-7 place it closer to SERV when the stop codons of the SERV genes are removed. On the other hand, additional sequence data from gp70, surface glycoprotein (SU) region of the env gene of SRV-6 suggest it is more closely related to known exogenous SRVs, (SRV-1 to 3). It is also related to the endogenous langur virus, Po-1-Lu. We hypothesize that SRV-6 and SRV-7 probably originated from a progenitor exogenous SRV which recombined with an endogenous SERV in the TM env and pol genes during evolution, based on the phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree S Nandi
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive, SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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13
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Hara M, Sata T, Kikuchi T, Nakajima N, Uda A, Fujimoto K, Baba T, Mukai R. Isolation and characterization of a new simian retrovirus type D subtype from monkeys at the Tsukuba Primate Center, Japan. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:126-31. [PMID: 15716073 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous type D simian retroviruses (SRV/D) are prevalent in captive and feral populations of various macaque monkeys. Thus far, five subtypes of SRV/Ds have been reported, three of which (SRV-1, -2 and -3) have been molecularly characterized. Two SRV/D strains (N27 and T150) were isolated from seropositive cynomolgus macaques at the Tsukuba Primate Center (TPC) in Japan, showing clinical signs of SRV/D infection, including anemia and persistent unresponsive diarrhea. Electron microscopy demonstrated that both SRV/D isolates have a virion morphology typical of type D retrovirus. The SRV/D N27 and T150 isolates were essentially the same based on sequence analysis. From homology analysis of the entire gag sequence, the N27 isolate is closely related to the other known SRV/Ds but is distinct from the three molecularly characterized SRV/Ds. Thus, we have tentatively designated the N27 and T150 viruses isolated from TPC cynomolgus macaques as SRV/D-Tsukuba (SRV/D-T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hara
- Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, National Institute Infectious Diseases, 1 Hachimanndai, Tsukuba 305-0843, Japan
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Nandi JS, Tikute SA, Chhangani AK, Potdar VA, Tiwari-Mishra M, Ashtekar RA, Kumari J, Walimbe A, Mohnot SM. Natural infection by simian retrovirus-6 (SRV-6) in Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) from two different geographical regions of India. Virology 2003; 311:192-201. [PMID: 12832216 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported natural infection of Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) from Lucknow, India by a novel simian retrovirus, SRV-6, a beta-retrovirus (type D retrovirus). Here we describe infection by a closely related SRV-6 in an isolated feral population of Hanuman langurs from Jodhpur in the Northwestern desert region of India. Serological analyses, using in-house ELISA and WB, genomic amplification, and sequencing of env region (gp70 and gp20) of the viral genome were carried out. SRV-6-infected langurs from the two regions were serologically cross-reactive. The env gene was used for phylogenetic analyses, being the most variable part of a retroviral genome. The surface glycoproteins (gp70) were almost identical between the two SRV-6 isolates and related to but distinct from equivalent regions from other exogenous SRVs. We could sequence the transmembrane glycoprotein gp20 from SRV-6 infecting the Jodhpur langurs, which was again shown to be related to but unique compared to the other known SRVs. The study suggests that natural infection by related strains of SRV-6 occurs in wild langurs from different parts of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree S Nandi
- Department of Retrovirology, National Institute of Virology, Pune-411001, India
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