1
|
Date DA, Burrows AC, Venere M, Jackson MW, Summers MK. Coordinated regulation of p31(Comet) and Mad2 expression is required for cellular proliferation. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3824-32. [PMID: 24131926 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
p31(Comet) is a well-known interacting partner of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) effector molecule Mad2. At the molecular level it is well established that p31(Comet) promotes efficient mitotic exit, specifically the metaphase-anaphase transition, by antagonizing Mad2 function. However, there is little knowledge of how p31(Comet) is regulated or the physiological importance of controlling p31(Comet). Here, we show that the Rb-E2F pathway regulates p31(Comet) expression. In multiple tumor types (including breast and lung) p31(Comet) expression is increased along with Mad2. Expression of this antagonist-target pair is coordinated in cells and correlated in cancer. Moreover, a narrow range of p31(Comet):Mad2 ratios is compatible with cellular viability. Our data suggest that coordinate regulation is important for the outgrowth of oncogenic cell populations. Our findings suggest that altered p31(Comet):Mad2 expression ratios may provide new insight into altered SAC function and the generation of chromosomal instability in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipali A Date
- Department of Cancer Biology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Amy C Burrows
- Department of Cancer Biology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Monica Venere
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Pathology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Matthew K Summers
- Department of Cancer Biology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland, OH USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao X, Lu L, Pokhriyal N, Ma H, Duan L, Lin S, Jafari N, Band H, Band V. Overexpression of RhoA induces preneoplastic transformation of primary mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:483-91. [PMID: 19147561 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rho family small GTPases serve as molecular switches in the regulation of diverse cellular functions, including actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell migration, gene transcription, and cell proliferation. Importantly, Rho overexpression is frequently seen in many carcinomas. However, published studies have almost invariably used immortal or tumorigenic cell lines to study Rho GTPase functions and there are no studies on the potential of Rho small GTPase to overcome senescence checkpoints and induce preneoplastic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells (hMEC). We show here that ectopic expression of wild-type (WT) RhoA as well as a constitutively active RhoA mutant (G14V) in two independent primary hMEC strains led to their immortalization and preneoplastic transformation. These cells have continued to grow over 300 population doublings (PD) with no signs of senescence, whereas cells expressing the vector or dominant-negative RhoA mutant (T19N) senesced after 20 PDs. Significantly, RhoA-T37A mutant, known to be incapable of interacting with many well-known Rho effectors including Rho kinase, PKN, mDia1, and mDia2, was also capable of immortalizing hMECs. Notably, similar to parental normal cells, Rho-immortalized cells have WT p53 and intact G(1) cell cycle arrest on Adriamycin treatment. Rho-immortalized cells were anchorage dependent and were unable to form tumors when implanted in nude mice. Lastly, microarray expression profiling of Rho-immortalized versus parental cells showed altered expression of several genes previously implicated in immortalization and breast cancer progression. Taken together, these results show that RhoA can induce the preneoplastic transformation of hMECs by altering multiple pathways linked to cellular transformation and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ince TA, Richardson AL, Bell GW, Saitoh M, Godar S, Karnoub AE, Iglehart JD, Weinberg RA. Transformation of different human breast epithelial cell types leads to distinct tumor phenotypes. Cancer Cell 2007; 12:160-70. [PMID: 17692807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of normal cell phenotype on the neoplastic phenotype by comparing tumors derived from two different normal human mammary epithelial cell populations, one of which was isolated using a new culture medium. Transformation of these two cell populations with the same set of genetic elements yielded cells that formed tumor xenografts exhibiting major differences in histopathology, tumorigenicity, and metastatic behavior. While one cell type (HMECs) yielded squamous cell carcinomas, the other cell type (BPECs) yielded tumors closely resembling human breast adenocarcinomas. Transformed BPECs gave rise to lung metastases and were up to 10(4)-fold more tumorigenic than transformed HMECs, which are nonmetastatic. Hence, the pre-existing differences between BPECs and HMECs strongly influence the phenotypes of their transformed derivatives.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/etiology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast/cytology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Division
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, ras/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Middle Aged
- Transplantation, Heterologous
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tan A Ince
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sivko GS, DeWille JW. CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein delta (c/EBPdelta) regulation and expression in human mammary epithelial cells: I. "Loss of function" alterations in the c/EBPdelta growth inhibitory pathway in breast cancer cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2005; 93:830-43. [PMID: 15389879 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
"Loss of function" alterations in growth inhibitory signal transduction pathways are common in cancer cells. In this study, we show that growth arrest (GA) treatments--serum and growth factor withdrawal and growth inhibitory IL-6 family cytokines (Interleukin-6 and Oncostatin M (OSM))--increase STAT3 phosphorylation (pSTAT3), increase CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBPdelta) gene expression and induce GA of primary, finite-lifespan human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), and immortalized breast cell lines (MCF-10A and MCF-12A). In contrast, serum and growth factor withdrawal from human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, SK-BR-3, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) for up to 48 h induced a relatively modest increase in pSTAT3 levels and C/EBPdelta gene expression and resulted in varying levels of GA. In most breast cancer cell lines, IL-6 family cytokine treatment increased pSTAT3 levels and C/EBPdelta gene expression, however, growth inhibition was cell line dependent. In addition to "loss of function" alterations in growth inhibitory pathways, breast cancer cell lines also exhibit "gain of function" alterations in growth signaling pathways. The Akt growth/ survival pathway is constitutively activated in T-47D and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The Akt inhibitor LY 294,002 significantly enhanced T-47D growth inhibition by serum and growth factor withdrawal or IL-6 family cytokine treatment. Finally, we show that activation of the pSTAT3/C/EBPdelta growth control pathway is independent of estrogen receptor status. These results demonstrate that "loss of function" alterations in the pSTAT3/C/EBPdelta growth inhibitory signal transduction pathway are relatively common in human breast cancer cell lines. Defective activation of the pSTAT3/ C/EBPdelta growth inhibitory signal transduction pathway, in conjunction with constitutive activation of the Akt growth stimulatory pathway, may play a synergistic role in the etiology or progression of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Sivko
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mills Shaw KR, Wrobel CN, Brugge JS. Use of three-dimensional basement membrane cultures to model oncogene-induced changes in mammary epithelial morphogenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004; 9:297-310. [PMID: 15838601 PMCID: PMC1509102 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-004-1402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of breast carcinomas involves a complex set of phenotypic alterations in breast epithelial cells and the surrounding microenvironment. While traditional transformation assays provide models for investigating certain aspects of the cellular processes associated with tumor initiation and progression, they do not model alterations in tissue architecture that are critically involved in tumor development. In this review, we provide examples of how three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models can be utilized to dissect the pathways involved in the development of mammary epithelial structures and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for oncogene-induced phenotypic alterations in epithelial behavior and architecture. Many normal mammary epithelial cell lines undergo a stereotypic morphogenetic process when grown in the presence of exogenous matrix proteins. This 3D morphogenesis culminates in the formation of well-organized, polarized spheroids, and/or tubules that are highly reminiscent of normal glandular architecture. In contrast, transformed cell lines isolated from mammary tumors exhibit significant deviations from normal epithelial behavior in 3D culture. We describe the use of 3D models as a method for both reconstructing and deconstructing the cell biological and biochemical events involved in mammary neoplasia.
Collapse
Key Words
- mammary epithelial cells
- breast cancer
- morphogenesis
- 3d cell culture
- oncogenesis
- 3d
- three-dimensional
- bard-1, brca-1 associated ring domain
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- cgh, comparative genomic hybridization
- csf-1, colony-stimulating factor
- csf-1r, colony-stimulating factor receptor
- dcis, ductal carcinoma in situ
- e7, human papilloma virus 16 e7 protein
- ecm, extracellular matrix
- egf, epidermal growth factor
- egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ehs, engelbreth-holm-swarm
- emt, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- er, estrogen receptor
- gap, gtpase activating protein
- gef, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- hgf, hepatocyte growth factor
- igf, insulin-like growth factor
- il-1, interleukin-1
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mec, mammary epithelial cell
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- mmtv, mouse mammary tumor virus
- pi3k, phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase
- pr, progesterone receptor
- rb, retinoblastoma protein
- tgfβ, transforming growth factor beta
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn N. Wrobel
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; e-mail: joan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Herbert BS, Pan KH, Shay JW, Cohen SN. Disparate effects of telomere attrition on gene expression during replicative senescence of human mammary epithelial cells cultured under different conditions. Oncogene 2004; 23:6193-8. [PMID: 15195144 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Telomere shortening in populations of human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) that survive early replicative arrest (M0) by the inactivation of p16(INK4A) during cell culture on plastic dishes leads to a state of permanent replicative arrest termed senescence. While culture of HMECs on feeder layers abrogates M0 and p16(INK4A) inactivation, progressive telomere attrition in these cells also eventually results in permanent replicative arrest. Expression of telomerase prevents both senescence on plastic (S-P) and senescence on feeder layers (S-FL) in HMECs, as it does also in cultured primary human fibroblasts. We report here that the gene expression profiles of senescence in HMECs of the same lineage maintained under different culture conditions showed surprisingly little commonality. Moreover, neither of these senescence-associated profiles in HMECs resembles the profile for senescence in human fibroblasts. These results indicate that senescence-associated alterations in gene expression resulting from telomere attrition are affected by culture conditions as well as by cell origins, and argue that replicative senescence at the molecular level is a diverse rather than unique cellular process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nemos C, Rémy-Martin JP, Adami P, Arbez-Gindre F, Schaal JP, Jouvenot M, Delage-Mourroux R. Improved TRAP-silver staining versus conventional radioactive TRAP assays: quantification of telomerase activity during immortalization and in pathological human endometrium. Clin Biochem 2003; 36:621-8. [PMID: 14636877 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(03)00111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a sensitive telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP)-silver staining assay for telomerase activity quantification. DESIGN AND METHODS TRAP assays were performed by using a TRAPeze telomerase kit with or without [alpha-32P]-dCTP. Amplification products were electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels and detected by autoradiography or a modified silver staining protocol. Telomerase activity was quantified from radioactive counts or optical density of telomerase products from test extracts and controls. RESULTS TRAP-silver staining assay was at least as sensitive as radioactive TRAP assay and quantified telomerase activity within linearity from 10 to 3,000 cell equivalents. Both methods quantified a weak telomerase activity in normal endometrial glandular epithelial cells (GEC) and a strong increase in immortalized GEC. In human pathologic endometria (n=24), telomerase activity was correlated with lesion seriousness and distinguished simple hyperplasias from nonhyperplasic or cancerous lesions. CONCLUSIONS TRAP-silver staining assay is suitable for cell and tissue telomerase activity routine quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Nemos
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Franche-Comté, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|