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Turpin C, Catan A, Meilhac O, Bourdon E, Canonne-Hergaux F, Rondeau P. Erythrocytes: Central Actors in Multiple Scenes of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115843. [PMID: 34072544 PMCID: PMC8198892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of atherosclerosis (ATH) involves lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and both vascular and blood cell dysfunction. Erythrocytes, the main circulating cells in the body, exert determinant roles in the gas transport between tissues. Erythrocytes have long been considered as simple bystanders in cardiovascular diseases, including ATH. This review highlights recent knowledge concerning the role of erythrocytes being more than just passive gas carriers, as potent contributors to atherosclerotic plaque progression. Erythrocyte physiology and ATH pathology is first described. Then, a specific chapter delineates the numerous links between erythrocytes and atherogenesis. In particular, we discuss the impact of extravasated erythrocytes in plaque iron homeostasis with potential pathological consequences. Hyperglycaemia is recognised as a significant aggravating contributor to the development of ATH. Then, a special focus is made on glycoxidative modifications of erythrocytes and their role in ATH. This chapter includes recent data proposing glycoxidised erythrocytes as putative contributors to enhanced atherothrombosis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Turpin
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Aurélie Catan
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
| | | | - Philippe Rondeau
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +262(0)-2-62-93-88-43; Fax: +262-(0)-2-62-93-88-01
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Dhananjayan R, Koundinya KSS, Malati T, Kutala VK. Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 31:372-9. [PMID: 27605734 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is an imbalance in the production of vasodilator factors and when this balance is disrupted, it predisposes the vasculature towards pro-thrombotic and pro-atherogenic effects. This results in vasoconstriction, leukocyte adherence, platelet activation, mitogenesis, pro-oxidation, impaired coagulation and nitric oxide production, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Endothelial dysfunction is focussed as it is a potential contributor to the pathogenesis of vascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Under physiological conditions, there is a balanced release of endothelial-derived relaxing and contracting factors, but this delicate balance is altered in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis, thereby contributing to further progression of vascular and end-organ damage. This review focuses on endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus, markers and genetics that are implicated in endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dhananjayan
- Department of Biochemistry, ACS Medical College & Hospital, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - T Malati
- Department of Biochemistry, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - Vijay Kumar Kutala
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Biochemistry), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana India
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Zheng H, Liu X, Patel KP. Centrally mediated erectile dysfunction in rats with type 1 diabetes: role of angiotensin II and superoxide. J Sex Med 2013; 10:2165-76. [PMID: 23841890 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. Apart from the peripheral actions, central mechanisms are also responsible for penile erection. AIM This study aims to determine the contribution of angiotensin (ANG) II in the dysfunction of central N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)- and nitric oxide (NO)-induced erectile responses in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic (T1D) rats. METHODS Three weeks after streptozotocin injections, rats were randomly treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-enalapril, or the ANG II type 1 receptor blocker, losartan, or the superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol, or vehicle via chronic intracerebroventricular infusion by osmotic mini-pump for 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Central NMDA receptor stimulation or the administration of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced penile erectile responses and concurrent behavioral responses were monitored in conscious rats. RESULTS Two weeks of enalapril, losartan, or tempol treatment significantly improved the erectile responses to central microinjection of both NMDA and SNP in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of conscious T1D rats (NMDA responses-T1D+enalapril: 1.7 ± 0.6, T1D+losartan: 2.0 ± 0.3, T1D+tempol: 2.0 ± 0.6 vs. T1D+vehicle: 0.6 ± 0.3 penile erections/rat in the first 20 minutes, P < 0.05; SNP responses-T1D+enalapril: 0.9 ± 0.3, T1D+losartan: 1.3 ± 0.3, T1D+tempol: 1.4 ± 0.4 vs. T1D+vehicle: 0.4 ± 0.2 penile erections/rat in the first 20 minutes, P < 0.05). Concurrent behavioral responses including yawning and stretching, induced by central NMDA and SNP microinjections, were also significantly increased in T1D rats after enalapril, losartan, or tempol treatments. Neuronal NO synthase expression within the PVN was also significantly increased, and superoxide production was reduced in T1D rats after these treatments. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support the contention that enhanced ANG II mechanism/s within the PVN of T1D rats contributes to the dysfunction of central NMDA-induced erectile responses in T1D rats via stimulation of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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de Sales Santos ÍM, da Rocha Tomé A, Feitosa CM, de Souza GF, Feng D, de Freitas RM, Jordán J. Lipoic acid blocks seizures induced by pilocarpine via increases in δ-aminolevulinic dehydratase and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95:88-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lipoic acid alters delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase, glutathione peroxidase and Na+,K+-ATPase activities and glutathione-reduced levels in rat hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced seizures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:381-7. [PMID: 19798568 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of lipoic acid (LA) in the brain oxidative stress caused by pilocarpine-induced seizures in adult rats. Wistar rats were treated with 0.9% saline (i.p., control group), lipoic acid (10 mg/kg, i.p., LA group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p., pilocarpine group), and the association of LA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) plus pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min before the administration of LA (LA plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments, all groups were observed for 1 h. The enzyme activities [delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase (delta-ALA-D), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and Na+,K+-ATPase] as well as the glutathione-reduced (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AA) concentrations were measured using spectrophotometric methods, and the results were compared to values obtained from saline and pilocarpine-treated animals. Protective effects of LA were also evaluated on the same parameters. In pilocarpine group, no changes were observed in GPx and GR activities and AA content. Moreover, in the same group, decrease in GSH levels as well as a reduction in delta-ALA-D and Na+,K+-ATPase activities after seizures was observed. In turn, in LA plus pilocarpine group, the appearance of seizures was abolished, and the decreases in delta-ALA-D and Na+,K+-ATPase activities produced by seizures as well as increases in GSH levels and GPx activity were reversed, when compared to the pilocarpine seizing group. The results of the present study demonstrated that preadministration of LA abolished seizure episodes induced by pilocarpine in rat, probably by reducing oxidative stress in rat hippocampus caused by seizures.
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Whillier S, Raftos JE, Kuchel PW. Glutathione synthesis by red blood cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Redox Rep 2009; 13:277-82. [PMID: 19017468 DOI: 10.1179/135100008x309046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Glycoxidation may damage the enzymes that synthesise glutathione (GSH), an endogenous intracellular antioxidant. Erythrocytes (RBCs) taken from NIDDM subjects, and non-diabetic controls, were GSH-depleted using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, incubated in a solution containing GSH-rebuilding substrates, and sampled for GSH using a 5,5'-gamma-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)/enzymatic recycling procedure. NIDDM subjects, on average, had the same GSH concentration and synthesising ability as non-diabetic controls, indicating normal function of the synthesis enzymes. A positive correlation between synthesis and concentration of GSH seen in non-diabetic controls did not exist in NIDDM, due to their putatively larger oxidative load. The results, to the best of our knowledge, provide the first evidence that, despite a higher oxidative load, intact RBCs from NIDDM subjects are able to synthesise GSH normally. It is hypothesised that increased rates of GSH synthesis would maintain a normal steady-state GSH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephney Whillier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Richards RS, Wang L, Jelinek H. Erythrocyte oxidative damage in chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Med Res 2006; 38:94-8. [PMID: 17174731 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that a link exists between erythrocyte metabolism (particularly redox metabolism) and erythrocyte shape and that both are related to erythrocyte deformability. The aim of this research is to confirm the results of earlier studies and to investigate a correlation between erythrocyte morphology and erythrocyte oxidative damage in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). METHODS Reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), methemoglobin (metHb) and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) were measured in 31 patients suffering from CFS and 41 healthy control subjects. Scanning electron microscopic studies of the erythrocytes from both groups were also carried out. RESULTS There was evidence of oxidative damage in CFS with statistically significant increases in 2,3-DPG (p < 0.05), metHb (p < 0.005) and MDA (p < 0.01). The CFS patients in this study also had significantly more stomatocytes in their blood than the normal subjects (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS There is a strong likelihood that the increase in erythrocyte antioxidant activity is associated with the presence of stomatocytes. The results of this study provide further evidence for the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of CFS and a link between erythrocyte metabolism and erythrocyte shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Richards
- School of Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia.
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Nwose EU, Jelinek HF, Richards RS, Kerr PG. Changes in the erythrocyte glutathione concentration in the course of diabetes mellitus. Redox Rep 2006; 11:99-104. [PMID: 16805963 DOI: 10.1179/135100006x116583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the significance of the changes of erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) in the course of diabetes mellitus including the pre-diabetes stage and cardiovascular disease co-morbidity. A total of 222 participants (female:male, 107:115) were selected and their erythrocyte GSH levels were measured. The participants were divided into four groups: (i) control; (ii) those with blood glucose level > or =5.6 mmol/l but < 6.9 mmol/l as pre-diabetes mellitus with no other pathology; (iii) diabetes without co-morbidity; and (iv) those with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Statistical analysis was by ANOVA followed by a Fisher's LSD post hoc test. We observed that GSH concentration was significantly different between groups (P < 0.04). The Fisher's post hoc test indicated significant differences in erythrocyte GSH levels between the pre-diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus groups compared to control (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively). A statistically significant change (P < 0.001) involving an initial fall followed by a rise in erythrocyte GSH levels was observed when diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus+cardiovascular disease groups were combined and assessed with respect to period of diabetes. We conclude that oxidative stress is already present in the pre-diabetes stage as determined by the fall in GSH, representing the initial phase of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus progression. This finding provides evidence that antioxidant markers such as GSH could be a useful tool for pre-diabetes mellitus screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel U Nwose
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
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Manuel-y-Keenoy B, Van Campenhout A, Aerts P, Vertommen J, Abrams P, Van Gaal LF, Van Gils C, De Leeuw IH. Time Course of Oxidative Stress Status in the Postprandial and Postabsorptive States in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Relationship to Glucose and Lipid Changes. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24:474-85. [PMID: 16373944 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare oxidative stress status (OSS) with blood glucose and lipid changes during the fasting, postprandial and postabsorptive phases in type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Twenty-three patients on intensive insulin treatment received a standard fat-rich breakfast and lunch. OSS was monitored at fasting (F), just after the post-breakfast glycemia peak (BP) (identified by continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring), 3.5-h post-breakfast (B3.5), just after the post-lunch peak (LP), just after the post-lunch dale (LD) and 5 hours after lunch (L5). RESULTS Whereas whole blood glutathione and plasma protein thiols increased in the postprandial period (from 6.52 +/- 1.20 (F) to 7.08 +/- 1.45 micromol/g Hb (BP), p = 0.005), ascorbate decreased gradually from 44 +/- 17 (F) to 39 +/- 19 micromol/L (LD), p = 0.015. Retinol and alpha-tocopherol also decreased from 27.1 +/- 7.0 (F) to 25.3 +/- 5.2 micromol/L (BP), p = 0.005. Uric acid decreased later, from 213 +/- 77 (BP) to 204 +/- 68 micromol/L (B3.5), p = 0.01, but then increased in LP (231 +/- 70 micromol/L) and LD to values higher than F (215 +/- 64, micromol/L, p = 0.01). Malondialdehyde increased gradually from 1.02 +/- 0.36 (F) to a maximum of 1.14 +/- 0.40 micromol/L (LP). In the postabsorptive phase (L5) all parameters except for thiols reverted to fasting concentrations. CONCLUSIONS In type 1 diabetes lipid peroxidation increases during the postprandial phase in parallel to glucose and triglyceride changes. Blood antioxidants, however, followed diverse patterns of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Manuel-y-Keenoy
- University of Antwerp campus Drie Eiken, Metabolic Research Unit T4.37, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Al-Dalain SM, Menéndez S, Re L, Giuliani A, Candelario-Jalil E, Alvarez H, Fernández-Montequín JI, León OS. Therapeutic efficacy of ozone in patients with diabetic foot. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 523:151-61. [PMID: 16198334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is suggested to have an important role in the development of complications in diabetes. Because ozone therapy can activate the antioxidant system, influencing the level of glycemia and some markers of endothelial cell damage, the aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of ozone in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic feet and to compare ozone with antibiotic therapy. A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed with 101 patients divided into two groups: one (n = 52) treated with ozone (local and rectal insufflation of the gas) and the other (n = 49) treated with topical and systemic antibiotics. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by comparing the glycemic index, the area and perimeter of the lesions and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and endothelial damage in both groups after 20 days of treatment. Ozone treatment improved glycemic control, prevented oxidative stress, normalized levels of organic peroxides, and activated superoxide dismutase. The pharmacodynamic effect of ozone in the treatment of patients with neuroinfectious diabetic foot can be ascribed to the possibility of it being a superoxide scavenger. Superoxide is considered a link between the four metabolic routes associated with diabetes pathology and its complications. Furthermore, the healing of the lesions improved, resulting in fewer amputations than in control group. There were no side effects. These results show that medical ozone treatment could be an alternative therapy in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez
- Center of Studies for Research and Biological Evaluation (CEIEB-IFAL), University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
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