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Munhoz J, Peron G, Bonfanti AP, Oliveira J, Silva TAADRE, Sutti R, Thomé R, Bombeiro AL, Barreto N, Chalbatani GM, Gharagouzloo E, Vitorino-Araujo JL, Verinaud L, Rapôso C. Components from spider venom activate macrophages against glioblastoma cells: new potential adjuvants for anticancer immunotherapy. J Biochem 2021; 170:51-68. [PMID: 33599263 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation has been considered an important approach in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, the modulation of innate immune cells remains an underexplored tool. Studies from our group demonstrated that the Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PnV) administration increased the infiltration of macrophage in glioblastoma, in addition to decreasing the tumor size in a preclinical model. The hypothesis that PnV would be modulating the innate immune system led us to the main objective of the present study: to elucidate the effects of PnV and its purified fractions on cultured macrophages. Results showed that PnV and the three fractions activated macrophages differentiated from bone marrow precursors. Further purification generated twenty-three subfractions named Low Weight (LW-1 to LW-12) and High Weight (HW-1 to HW-11). LW-9 presented the best immunomodulatory effect. Treated cells were more phagocytic, migrated more, showed an activated morphological profile and induced an increased cytotoxic effect of macrophages on tumor cells. However, while M1-controls (LPS) increased IL-10, TNF-alpha and IL-6 release, PnV, fractions and subfractions did not alter any cytokine, with the exception of LW-9 that stimulated IL-10 production. These findings suggest that molecules present in LW-9 have the potential to be used as immunoadjuvants in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Munhoz
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Peron
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP
| | - Amanda Pires Bonfanti
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP
| | - Janine Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP
| | | | - Rafael Sutti
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Thomé
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - André Luís Bombeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP
| | - Natalia Barreto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP
| | | | - Elahe Gharagouzloo
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - João Luiz Vitorino-Araujo
- Disciplina de Neurocirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Liana Verinaud
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP
| | - Catarina Rapôso
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Barreto N, Caballero M, Bonfanti AP, de Mato FCP, Munhoz J, da Rocha-E-Silva TAA, Sutti R, Vitorino-Araujo JL, Verinaud L, Rapôso C. Spider venom components decrease glioblastoma cell migration and invasion through RhoA-ROCK and Na +/K +-ATPase β2: potential molecular entities to treat invasive brain cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:576. [PMID: 33327966 PMCID: PMC7745393 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GB) cells have the ability to migrate and infiltrate the normal parenchyma, leading to the formation of recurrent tumors often adjacent to the surgical extraction site. We recently showed that Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PnV) has anticancer effects mainly on the migration of human GB cell lines (NG97 and U-251). The present work aimed to investigate the effects of isolated components from the venom on migration, invasiveness, morphology and adhesion of GB cells, also evaluating RhoA-ROCK signaling and Na+/K+-ATPase β2 (AMOG) involvement. METHODS Human (NG97) GB cells were treated with twelve subfractions (SFs-obtained by HPLC from PnV). Migration and invasion were evaluated by scratch wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. Cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton were shown by GFAP and phalloidin labeling. The assay with fibronectin coated well plate was made to evaluate cell adhesion. Western blotting demonstrated ROCK and AMOG levels and a ROCK inhibitor was used to verify the involvement of this pathway. Values were analyzed by the GraphPad Prism software package and the level of significance was determinate using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. RESULTS Two (SF1 and SF11) of twelve SFs, decreased migration and invasion compared to untreated control cells. Both SFs also altered actin cytoskeleton, changed cell morphology and reduced adhesion. SF1 and SF11 increased ROCK expression and the inhibition of this protein abolished the effects of both subfractions on migration, morphology and adhesion (but not on invasion). SF11 also increased Na+/K+-ATPase β2. CONCLUSION All components of the venom were evaluated and two SFs were able to impair human glioblastoma cells. The RhoA effector, ROCK, was shown to be involved in the mechanisms of both PnV components. It is possible that AMOG mediates the effect of SF11 on the invasion. Further investigations to isolate and biochemically characterize the molecules are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Barreto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Caballero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pires Bonfanti
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cezar Pinheiro de Mato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Munhoz
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Sutti
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Vitorino-Araujo
- Disciplina de Neurocirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Liana Verinaud
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina Rapôso
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.
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3
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Spider venom administration impairs glioblastoma growth and modulates immune response in a non-clinical model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5876. [PMID: 32246025 PMCID: PMC7125223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules from animal venoms are promising candidates for the development of new drugs. Previous in vitro studies have shown that the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer (PnV) is a potential source of antineoplastic components with activity in glioblastoma (GB) cell lines. In the present work, the effects of PnV on tumor development were established in vivo using a xenogeneic model. Human GB (NG97, the most responsive line in the previous study) cells were inoculated (s.c.) on the back of RAG−/− mice. PnV (100 µg/Kg) was administrated every 48 h (i.p.) for 14 days and several endpoints were evaluated: tumor growth and metabolism (by microPET/CT, using 18F-FDG), tumor weight and volume, histopathology, blood analysis, percentage and profile of macrophages, neutrophils and NK cells isolated from the spleen (by flow cytometry) and the presence of macrophages (Iba-1 positive) within/surrounding the tumor. The effect of venom was also evaluated on macrophages in vitro. Tumors from PnV-treated animals were smaller and did not uptake detectable amounts of 18F-FDG, compared to control (untreated). PnV-tumor was necrotic, lacking the histopathological characteristics typical of GB. Since in classic chemotherapies it is observed a decrease in immune response, methotrexate (MTX) was used only to compare the PnV effects on innate immune cells with a highly immunosuppressive antineoplastic drug. The venom increased monocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, and this effect was the opposite of that observed in the animals treated with MTX. PnV increased the number of macrophages in the tumor, while did not increase in the spleen, suggesting that PnV-activated macrophages were led preferentially to the tumor. Macrophages were activated in vitro by the venom, becoming more phagocytic; these results confirm that this cell is a target of PnV components. Spleen and in vitro PnV-activated macrophages were different of M1, since they did not produce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Studies in progress are selecting the venom molecules with antitumor and immunomodulatory effects and trying to better understand their mechanisms. The identification, optimization and synthesis of antineoplastic drugs from PnV molecules may lead to a new multitarget chemotherapy. Glioblastoma is associated with high morbidity and mortality; therefore, research to develop new treatments has great social relevance. Natural products and their derivatives represent over one-third of all new molecular entities approved by FDA. However, arthropod venoms are underexploited, although they are a rich source of new molecules. A recent in vitro screening of the Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PnV) antitumor effects by our group has shown that the venom significantly affected glioblastoma cell lines. Therefore, it would be relevant to establish the effects of PnV on tumor development in vivo, considering the complex neoplastic microenvironment. The venom was effective at impairing tumor development in murine xenogeneic model, activating the innate immune response and increasing tumor infiltrating macrophages. In addition, PnV activated macrophages in vitro for a different profile of M1. These activated PnV-macrophages have potential to fight the tumor without promoting tumorigenesis. Studies in progress are selecting the venom molecules with antitumor and immunomodulatory effects and trying to better understand their mechanisms. We aim to synthesize and carry out a formulation with these antineoplastic molecules for clinical trials. Spider venom biomolecules induced smaller and necrotic xenogeneic GB; spider venom activated the innate immune system; venom increased blood monocytes and the migration of macrophages to the tumor; activated PnV-macrophages have a profile different of M1 and have a potential to fight the tumor without promote tumorigenesis.
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Sharifzad F, Yasavoli‐Sharahi H, Mardpour S, Fakharian E, Nikuinejad H, Heydari Y, Mardpour S, Taghikhani A, khellat R, Vafaei S, Kiani S, Ghavami S, Łos M, Noureddini M, Ebrahimi M, Verdi J, Hamidieh AA. Neuropathological and genomic characterization of glioblastoma‐induced rat model: How similar is it to humans for targeted therapy? J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22493-22504. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sharifzad
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Yasavoli‐Sharahi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology University of Science and Culture Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Mardpour
- Department of Radiology Medical Imaging Center Imam Khomeini Hospital Tehran Iran
- Department of Radiology Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Esmaeil Fakharian
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Hassan Nikuinejad
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center Baqiyataallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Yasaman Heydari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Physics Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Adeleh Taghikhani
- Department of Immunology, Medical School Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Reza khellat
- Shafa Hospital Pathobiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Cancer Care Manitoba University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Marek Łos
- Biotechnology Centre Silesian Technical University of Technology Gliwice Poland
| | - Mehdi Noureddini
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Medical Physics Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Department, Children's Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Inácio RF, Zanon RG, Castro MVD, Souza HMD, Bajgelman MC, Verinaud L, Oliveira ALRD. Astroglioma conditioned medium increases synaptic elimination and correlates with major histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC I) upregulation in PC12Cells. Neurosci Lett 2016; 634:160-167. [PMID: 27751786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are multifunctional glial cells that actively participate in synaptic plasticity in health and disease. Little is known about molecular interactions between neurons and glial cells that result in synaptic stability or elimination. In this sense, the main histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC I) has been shown to play a role in the synaptic plasticity process during development and after lesion of the CNS. MHC I levels in neurons appear to be influenced by astrocyte secreted molecules, which may generate endoplasmic reticulum stress. In vitro studies are of relevance since cell contact can be avoided by the use of astrocyte conditioned medium, allowing investigation of soluble factors isolated from cell direct interaction. Thus, we investigated synaptic preservation by synaptophysin and MHC I immunolabeling in PC12 neuron-like cells exposed to NG97 astroglioma conditioned medium (CM). For that, PC12 cells were cultured and differentiated into neuron-like profile with nerve growth factor. MHC I was induced with interferon beta treatment (IFN), and the effects were compared to PC12 exposure to NG97 CM. Overall, the results show that NG97 CM increases, more than IFN alone, the expression of MHC I, negatively influencing synaptic stability. This indicates that glial soluble factors influence synapse elimination, compatible to in vivo synaptic stripping process, in a cell contact independent fashion. In turn, our results indicate that deleterious effects of astroglioma are not only restricted to rapid growth ratio of the tumor, but also correlated with secretion of stress-related molecules that directly affect neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fabrizzio Inácio
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Gacielle Zanon
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus Vidigal de Castro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Marques de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Chaim Bajgelman
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Research Center in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liana Verinaud
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ikemori RY, Machado CML, Furuzawa KM, Nonogaki S, Osinaga E, Umezawa K, de Carvalho MA, Verinaud L, Chammas R. Galectin-3 up-regulation in hypoxic and nutrient deprived microenvironments promotes cell survival. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111592. [PMID: 25369297 PMCID: PMC4219723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a β-galactoside binding protein related to many tumoral aspects, e.g. angiogenesis, cell growth and motility and resistance to cell death. Evidence has shown its upregulation upon hypoxia, a common feature in solid tumors such as glioblastoma multiformes (GBM). This tumor presents a unique feature described as pseudopalisading cells, which accumulate large amounts of gal-3. Tumor cells far from hypoxic/nutrient deprived areas express little, if any gal-3. Here, we have shown that the hybrid glioma cell line, NG97ht, recapitulates GBM growth forming gal-3 positive pseudopalisades even when cells are grafted subcutaneously in nude mice. In vitro experiments were performed exposing these cells to conditions mimicking tumor areas that display oxygen and nutrient deprivation. Results indicated that gal-3 transcription under hypoxic conditions requires previous protein synthesis and is triggered in a HIF-1α and NF-κB dependent manner. In addition, a significant proportion of cells die only when exposed simultaneously to hypoxia and nutrient deprivation and demonstrate ROS induction. Inhibition of gal-3 expression using siRNA led to protein knockdown followed by a 1.7–2.2 fold increase in cell death. Similar results were also found in a human GBM cell line, T98G. In vivo, U87MG gal-3 knockdown cells inoculated subcutaneously in nude mice demonstrated decreased tumor growth and increased time for tumor engraftment. These results indicate that gal-3 protected cells from cell death under hypoxia and nutrient deprivation in vitro and that gal-3 is a key factor in tumor growth and engraftment in hypoxic and nutrient-deprived microenvironments. Overexpression of gal-3, thus, is part of an adaptive program leading to tumor cell survival under these stressing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Yamashita Ikemori
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (RYI); (RC)
| | - Camila Maria Longo Machado
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Medicina Nuclear – LIM43, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Mie Furuzawa
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely Nonogaki
- Departamento de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Osinaga
- Facultad de Medicina de La Universidad de La Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Liana Verinaud
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (RYI); (RC)
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Establishment and partial characterization of a human tumor cell line, GBM-HSF, from a glioblastoma multiforme. Hum Cell 2014; 27:129-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-013-0086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Bagriacik EU, Baykaner MK, Yaman M, Sivrikaya G, Durdağ E, Emmez H, Fincan GÖ, Börcek AÖ, Seçen AE, Ercan S. Establishment of a primary pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma cell line: in vitro responsiveness to some chemotherapeutics. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:188-97. [PMID: 21629132 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182262c5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is an aggressively growing, malignant, and eventually fatal tumor of the central nervous system. Testing chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity under in vitro conditions would be a useful strategy to determine sensitive or resistant drugs for fatal brain cancers. OBJECTIVE To establish primary cell cultures of excised tumor tissue from pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma-bearing patients and to test their sensitivity against various anticancer chemotherapy drugs. METHODS Prepared suspensions of the excised tumor tissue from a patient who had a recurrent grade 3 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma was cultured in culture dishes until cells began to grow. Immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical visualizations were performed using confocal and light microscopy. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in comparison with ³H-thymidine incorporation assay was used to test cellular toxicity of several anticancer drugs. RESULTS We established vigorously growing primary cells of the tumor. Drug sensitivity testing was conducted successfully. CONCLUSION Primary cell cultures of surgically removed tumor tissues may be useful in studies of cancer biology and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity for recurrent malignant brain tumors, particularly for anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
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Huszthy PC, Daphu I, Niclou SP, Stieber D, Nigro JM, Sakariassen PØ, Miletic H, Thorsen F, Bjerkvig R. In vivo models of primary brain tumors: pitfalls and perspectives. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:979-93. [PMID: 22679124 PMCID: PMC3408261 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal modeling for primary brain tumors has undergone constant development over the last 60 years, and significant improvements have been made recently with the establishment of highly invasive glioblastoma models. In this review we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of model development, focusing on chemically induced models, various xenogeneic grafts of human cell lines, including stem cell–like cell lines and biopsy spheroids. We then discuss the development of numerous genetically engineered models available to study mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. At present it is clear that none of the current animal models fully reflects human gliomas. Yet, the various model systems have provided important insight into specific mechanisms of tumor development. In particular, it is anticipated that a combined comprehensive knowledge of the various models currently available will provide important new knowledge on target identification and the validation and development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Huszthy
- NorLux, Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Machado CML, Zorzeto TQ, Bianco JER, Rosa RG, Genari SC, Joazeiro PP, Verinaud L. Ultrastructural characterization of the new NG97ht human-derived glioma cell line using two different electron microscopy technical procedures. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:310-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Machado CML, Ikemori RY, Zorzeto TQ, Nogueira ACMA, Barbosa SDS, Savino W, Schenka AA, Vassallo J, Heinrich JK, Boetcher-Luiz F, Verinaud L. Characterization of cells recovered from the xenotransplanted NG97 human-derived glioma cell line subcultured in a long-term in vitro. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:291. [PMID: 18840301 PMCID: PMC2572634 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to elucidate tumoral progression and drug resistance, cultured cell lines are valuable tools applied on tumor related assays provided they are well established and characterized. Our laboratory settled the NG97 cell line derived from a human astrocytoma grade III, which started to develop and express important phenotypical characteristics of an astrocytoma grade IV after injection in the flank of nude mice. Astrocytomas are extremely aggressive malignancies of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and account for 46% of all primary malignant brain tumors. Progression to worse prognosis occurs in 85% of the cases possibly due to changes in cell tumor microenvironment and through biological pathways that are still unclear. METHODS This work focused on characterizing the NG97 cell line specifically after being recovered from the xenotransplant, who maintained their undifferentiated characteristics along the following 60th passages in vitro. These cells were subcultivated to evaluate the possible contribution of these undifferentiated characteristics to the malignant progression phenotype. These characteristics were the expression of molecules involved in the processes of migration, dedifferentiation and chromosomal instability. RESULTS Results showed that NG97(ht) had an decrease in doubling time through sub cultivation, which was characterized by a converse modulation between the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. In addition, beta1 integrins were present in intermediate levels while alpha5 integrins had a high expression profile as well as fibronectin and laminin. Cytogenetic analysis of NG97(ht) revealed several chromosomal abnormalities, 89% of the cells showed to be hyperdiploid and the modal number was assigned to be 63. Several acrocentric chromosomes were visualized and at least 30 figures were attributed to be murine. These findings suggest a possible fusion between the original NG97 cells with stromal murine cells in the xenotransplant. CONCLUSION In this study the NG97(ht) cells were characterized to embryonic recovery patterns of intermediate filaments, adhesion molecules expression, chromosomal imbalances and murine chromosomes. In the latter case, these presumably chromosomes were originated as fusions between murine stroma cells and NG97 cell lineage in the xenotransplant. Our results emphasize important queries about astrocytomas tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila ML Machado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP – Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Y Ikemori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP – Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Q Zorzeto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP – Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana CMA Nogueira
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Quality Control and Health, INCQS, FIOCRUZ – Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suse DS Barbosa
- Laboratory on Thymus Research – FIOCRUZ – Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research – FIOCRUZ – Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André A Schenka
- Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology-CIPED, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP – Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Vassallo
- Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology-CIPED, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP – Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana K Heinrich
- Clinical Specialized Laboratories, Centre of Integral Service to the Health of the Woman-CAISM, UNICAMP – Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fátima Boetcher-Luiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP – Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liana Verinaud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP – Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Wang J, Wang X, Jiang S, Lin P, Zhang J, Wu Y, Xiong Z, Ren JJ, Yang H. Establishment of a new human glioblastoma multiforme cell line (WJ1) and its partial characterization. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:831-43. [PMID: 17703357 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
(1) A new human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell line, WJ1, was established from the tissue derived from a 29-year-old patient diagnosed with a grade IV GBM. (2) The WJ1 cell line has been subcultured for more than 80 passages in standard culture media without feeder layer or collagen coatings. (3) GBM cells grow in vitro with distinct morphological appearance. Ultrastructural examination revealed large irregular nuclei and pseudo-inclusion bodies in nuclei. The cytoplasm contained numerous immature organelles and a few glia filaments. Growth kinetic studies demonstrated an approximate population doubling time of 60 h and a colony forming efficiency of 4.04%. The karyotype of the cells was hyperdiploid, with a large subpopulation of polyploid cells. Drug sensitivities of DDP, VP-16, tanshinone IIA of this cell line were assayed. They showed a dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition effect on the cells. (4) Orthotopic transplantation of GBM cells into athymic nude mice induced the formation of solid tumor masses about 6 weeks. The cells obtained from mouse tumor masses when cultivated in vitro had the same morphology and ultrastructure as those of the initial cultures. (5) This cell line may provide a useful model in vitro and in vivo in the cellular and molecular studies as well as in testing novel therapies for human glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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13
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Schenka AA, Machado CML, Grippo MC, Queiroz LS, Schenka NGM, Chagas CA, Verinaud L, Brousset P, Vassallo J. Immunophenotypic and ultrastructural validation of a new human glioblastoma cell line. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:929-41. [PMID: 16133944 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-4959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. A human glioma cell line, NG97, was established by Grippo et al. in 2001 from tissue obtained from a grade III astrocytoma (WHO, 2000). In this first study, the cell line grew as two morphologically distinct subpopulations: dendritic/spindle cells and small round cells. The injection of NG97 cells into nude mice induced an aggressive tumor characterized by: severe cytological atypia, vascular proliferation and pseudopalisading necrosis (glioblastoma multiforme features). 2. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the immunophenotype and ultrastructural aspects of this cell line, using the parental tumor, cultured cells and the xenotransplant, in order to assess its glial nature and possible divergent differentiation. 3. NG97 cells and xenotransplant expressed the main neuroglial markers (GFAP, S-100 protein, NSE and Leu-7) and showed no aberrant expression of other histogenetic markers. GFAP was similarly expressed in the parental tumor and in the cells in culture, but decreased in the xenotransplant. NSE expression was reduced in NG97 cells, but substantially recovered in the xenotransplant. This variability in expression of GFAP and NSE was interpreted as either a phenomenon of dedifferentiation or to microenvironmental selection of specific subclones. S-100 was equally expressed in the three contexts. The xenotransplant's ultrastructural features were those of a highly undifferentiated tumor. No significant immunophenotypic or ultrastructural differences between the two morphologically distinct populations were found. 4. Thus, our data demonstrate that NG97 cells constitute a pure glial-committed cell line, which may prove useful as a malignant glioma model in studies addressing pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Schenka
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Caixa Postal 6111, Campinas, São Paulo, EP 13084-971, Brasil.
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14
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Machado CML, Schenka A, Vassallo J, Tamashiro WMSC, Gonçalves EM, Genari SC, Verinaud L. Morphological characterization of a human glioma cell l ine. Cancer Cell Int 2005; 5:13. [PMID: 15885136 PMCID: PMC1142332 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A human malignant continuous cell line, named NG97, was recently established in our laboratory. This cell line has been serially subcultured over 100 times in standard culture media presenting no sign of cell senescence. The NG97 cell line has a doubling time of about 24 h. Immunocytochemical analysis of glial markers demonstrated that cells are positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100 protein, and negative for vimentin. Under phase-contrast microscope, cultures of NG97 showed cells with variable morphological features, such as small rounded cells, fusiform cells (fibroblastic-like cells), and dendritic-like cells. However, at confluence just small rounded and fusiform cells can be observed. At scanning electron microscopy (SEM) small rounded cells showed heterogeneous microextentions, including blebs and filopodia. Dendritic-like cells were flat and presented extensive prolongations, making several contacts with small rounded cells, while fusiform cells presented their surfaces dominated by microvilli.We believe that the knowledge about NG97 cell line may be useful for a deeper understanding of biological and immunological characteristics of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila ML Machado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Schenka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Vassallo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wirla MSC Tamashiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estela M Gonçalves
- Department of Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Selma C Genari
- Department of Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liana Verinaud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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