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Sember A, Nguyen P, Perez MF, Altmanová M, Ráb P, Cioffi MDB. Multiple sex chromosomes in teleost fishes from a cytogenetic perspective: state of the art and future challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200098. [PMID: 34304595 PMCID: PMC8310710 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of cytogenetic and genomic research of dynamic sex chromosome evolution in teleost fishes, multiple sex chromosomes have been largely neglected. In this review, we compiled available data on teleost multiple sex chromosomes, identified major trends in their evolution and suggest further trajectories in their investigation. In a compiled dataset of 440 verified records of fish sex chromosomes, we counted 75 multiple sex chromosome systems with 60 estimated independent origins. We showed that male-heterogametic systems created by Y-autosome fusion predominate and that multiple sex chromosomes are over-represented in the order Perciformes. We documented a striking difference in patterns of differentiation of sex chromosomes between male and female heterogamety and hypothesize that faster W sex chromosome differentiation may constrain sex chromosome turnover in female-heterogametic systems. We also found no significant association between the mechanism of multiple sex chromosome formation and percentage of uni-armed chromosomes in teleost karyotypes. Last but not least, we hypothesized that interaction between fish populations, which differ in their sex chromosomes, can drive the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes in fishes. This underlines the importance of broader inter-population sampling in studies of fish sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Manolo F. Perez
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235 cep, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235 cep, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
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Pinheiro Figliuolo VS, Goll L, Ferreira Viana P, Feldberg E, Gross MC. First Record on Sex Chromosomes in a Species of the Family Cynodontidae: Cynodon gibbus (Agassiz, 1829). Cytogenet Genome Res 2020; 160:29-37. [PMID: 32092757 DOI: 10.1159/000505889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The fish family Cynodontidae belongs to the superfamily Curimatoidea, together with the Hemiodontidae, Serrasalmidae, Parodontidae, Prochilodontidae, Chilodontidae, Curimatidae, and Anostomidae. The majority of the species of this superfamily that have been analyzed to date have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 54. Differentiated sex chromosomes (with female heterogamety) have been observed only in the Prochilodontidae, Parodontidae, and Anostomidae. The present study provides the first description of differentiated sex chromosomes in the cynodontid species Cynodon gibbus, which has a ZZ/ZW system, and shows that repetitive DNA has played a fundamental role in the differentiation of these sex chromosomes.
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Sex determination in Antarctic notothenioid fish: chromosomal clues and evolutionary hypotheses. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weingartner LA, Delph LF. Neo-sex chromosome inheritance across species in Silene
hybrids. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1491-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. F. Delph
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
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Kitano J, Peichel CL. Turnover of sex chromosomes and speciation in fishes. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES 2012; 94:549-558. [PMID: 26069393 PMCID: PMC4459657 DOI: 10.1007/s10641-011-9853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Closely related species of fishes often have different sex chromosome systems. Such rapid turnover of sex chromosomes can occur by several mechanisms, including fusions between an existing sex chromosome and an autosome. These fusions can result in a multiple sex chromosome system, where a species has both an ancestral and a neo-sex chromosome. Although this type of multiple sex chromosome system has been found in many fishes, little is known about the mechanisms that select for the formation of neo-sex chromosomes, or the role of neo-sex chromosomes in phenotypic evolution and speciation. The identification of closely related, sympatric species pairs in which one species has a multiple sex chromosome system and the other has a simple sex chromosome system provides an opportunity to study sex chromosome turnover. Recently, we found that a population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Japan has an X1X2Y multiple sex chromosome system resulting from a fusion between the ancestral Y chromosome and an autosome, while a sympatric threespine stickleback population has a simple XY sex chromosome system. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the neo-X chromosome (X2) plays an important role in phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation between these sympatric stickleback species pairs. Here, we review multiple sex chromosome systems in fishes, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the evolutionary role of sex chromosome turnover in stickleback speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory and JST PRESTO, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8540 Japan
| | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109–1024 USA
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Yoshido A, Sahara K, Marec F, Matsuda Y. Step-by-step evolution of neo-sex chromosomes in geographical populations of wild silkmoths, Samia cynthia ssp. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 106:614-24. [PMID: 20668432 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical subspecies of wild silkmoths, Samia cynthia ssp. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), differ considerably in sex chromosome constitution owing to sex chromosome fusions with autosomes, which leads to variation in chromosome numbers. We cloned S. cynthia orthologues of 16 Bombyx mori genes and mapped them to chromosome spreads of S. cynthia subspecies by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine the origin of S. cynthia neo-sex chromosomes. FISH mapping revealed that the Z chromosome and chromosome 12 of B. mori correspond to the Z chromosome and an autosome (A₁) of S. c. ricini (Vietnam population, 2n=27, Z0 in female moths), respectively. B. mori chromosome 11 corresponds partly to another autosome (A₂) and partly to a chromosome carrying nucleolar organizer region (NOR) of this subspecies. The NOR chromosome of S. c. ricini is also partly homologous to B. mori chromosome 24. Furthermore, our results revealed that two A₁ homologues each fused with the W and Z chromosomes in a common ancestor of both Japanese subspecies S. c. walkeri (Sapporo population, 2n=26, neo-Wneo-Z) and S. cynthia subsp. indet. (Nagano population, 2n=25, neo-WZ₁Z₂). One homologue, corresponding to the A₂ autosome in S. c. ricini and S. c. walkeri, fused with the W chromosome in S. cynthia subsp. indet. Consequently, the other homologue became a Z₂ chromosome. These results clearly showed a step-by-step evolution of the neo-sex chromosomes by repeated autosome-sex chromosome fusions. We suggest that the rearrangements of sex chromosomes may facilitate divergence of S. cynthia subspecies towards speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yoshido
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Penman DJ, Piferrer F. Fish Gonadogenesis. Part I: Genetic and Environmental Mechanisms of Sex Determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260802324610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A ZZ–ZW sex chromosome system in the finless eel Dalophis imberbis (Anguilliformes, Ophichtidae). Genetica 2008; 135:283-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ezaz T, Stiglec R, Veyrunes F, Marshall Graves JA. Relationships between Vertebrate ZW and XY Sex Chromosome Systems. Curr Biol 2006; 16:R736-43. [PMID: 16950100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The peculiar cytology and unique evolution of sex chromosomes raise many fundamental questions. Why and how sex chromosomes evolved has been debated over a century since H.J. Muller suggested that sex chromosome pairs evolved ultimately from a pair of autosomes. This theory was adapted to explain variations in the snake ZW chromosome pair and later the mammal XY. S. Ohno pointed out similarities between the mammal X and the bird/reptile Z chromosomes forty years ago, but his speculation that they had a common evolutionary origin, or at least evolved from similar regions of the genome, has been undermined by comparative gene mapping, and it is accepted that mammal XY and reptile ZW systems evolved independently from a common ancestor. Here we review evidence for the alternative theory, that ZW<-->XY transitions occurred during evolution, citing examples from fish and amphibians, and probably reptiles. We discuss new work from comparative genomics and cytogenetics that leads to a reconsideration of Ohno's idea and advance a new hypothesis that the mammal XY system may have arisen directly from an ancient reptile ZW system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ezaz
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Yoshido A, Marec F, Sahara K. Resolution of sex chromosome constitution by genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization with (TTAGG) n telomeric probe in some species of Lepidoptera. Chromosoma 2005; 114:193-202. [PMID: 16021495 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-005-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple method to resolve the sex chromosome constitution in females of Lepidoptera by using a combination of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization with (TTAGG)( n ) telomeric probe (telomere-FISH). In pachytene configurations of sex chromosomes, GISH differentiated W heterochromatin and telomere-FISH detected the chromosome ends. With this method we showed that Antheraea yamamai has a standard system with a fully differentiated W-Z sex chromosome pair. In Orgyia antiqua, we confirmed the presence of neo-W and neo-Z chromosomes, which most probably originated by fusion of the ancestral W and Z with an autosome pair. In contrast to earlier data, Orgyia thyellina females displayed a neo-ZW(1)W(2) sex chromosome constitution. A neo-WZ(1)Z(2) trivalent was found in females of Samia cynthia subsp. indet., originating from a population in Nagano, Japan. Whereas another subspecies collected in Sapporo, Japan, and determined as S. cynthia walkeri, showed a neo-W/neo-Z bivalent similar to O. antiqua, and the subspecies S. cynthia ricini showed a Z univalent (a Z/ZZ system). The combination of GISH and telomere-FISH enabled us to acquire not only reliable information about sex chromosome constitution but also an insight into sex chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Yoshido
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University N9, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Sá-Gabriel LG, Molina WF. Sex Chromosomes in Stephanolepis hispidus (Monacanthidae, Tetraodontiformes). CYTOLOGIA 2004. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.69.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Sá-Gabriel
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Wagner Franco Molina
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Ota K, Tateno Y, Gojobori T. Highly differentiated and conserved sex chromosome in fish species (Aulopus japonicus: Teleostei, Aulopidae). Gene 2003; 317:187-93. [PMID: 14604807 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While highly differentiated and long-conserved sex chromosomes such as XY and ZW chromosomes are observed, respectively, in mammalian and avian species, no counterparts to such chromosomes were observed in fish until we reported in the previous study that well-conserved and highly differentiated ZW sex chromosomes existed in the family of Synodontidae. Then, the problem was if the evolutionary history of the fish ZW chromosomes was long enough to be comparable to the mammalian and avian counterparts. To tackle the problem, we had to extend our finding of the fish sex chromosomes further than a family alone. For this purpose, we chose Aulopus japonicus that belonged to one of the related families to Synodontidae. Our cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses have clearly demonstrated that A. japonicus also has ZW chromosomes. We have also found that 5S rDNA clusters are located on the Z and W chromosomes in this species. Using nontranscribed intergenic sequences in the 5S rDNA clusters as PCR primers, we successfully amplified a 6-kb-long female-specific sequence on the W chromosome. The 6-kb-long sequence contained one transposable element and two tRNA sequences. The function of the sequence remains to be studied. Our Southern blot analysis confirmed that the 6-kb sequence was located only on the W chromosome.Therefore, it is now said that highly differentiated ZW chromosomes have been conserved over two fish families. As these families were reported to have been diverged 30-60 million years ago, the fish ZW chromosomes have an evolutionary history corresponding to the history of the families. This is perhaps the first case that fish sex chromosomes are shown to have such a long evolutionary lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya Ota
- Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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